Lecture Slides - Perceptual Development Flashcards
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- motor incompetence
- tabula rasa
- emergence of abilities
The wire cube test is a test of ____ _____
guided hallucinations
When doing research on babies, we can use the preference method: active ____ and ______. This involves what three things?
selective and adaptive;
- looking rate - ability to focus on an object for a long period of time
- sucking rate
- heart rate
The preference method also includes what 4 things?
- perceptual discrimination
- perceptual preference
- habituation
- dishabituation
Fill in the blank:
- ______ ______: differentiating stimuli
- ____ _____: attractive vs not
- _____: something becomes boring
- ____: something new or stimulating
- perceptual discrimination
- perceptual preference
- habituation
- dishabituation
_____ is limited at birth
acuity
colour early on is distinguishable with ____ ____. example?
high contrasts; eg. black vs white
by ___ months, babies usually have colour patterns down
4
At 1 month, babies are _____ ____ when it comes to vision. What does this mean?
contour oriented; this means they see the outside - if you put a triangle inside a circle they will only see the circle
What age can babies look beyond the contours?
2 months generally
What do children value?
faces and expressions, this is where the verbal stimuli comes from! They are exposed to them a lot; they are brought into the world and see a face, and that face is who takes care of them
Studies examining highest rates of focus and “looking time” found the _____ to be the most stimulating to a child
face
Children show interest in faces after about ___ days
3
by __ months, children show preferential treatment and facial recognition
3
By 6 months, what can a child recognize in a face? (3)
- distorted faces (thatcherized)
- classify sex
- classify attractiveness
At what age do children get the ability to distinguish depth perception?
around 6-7 months they can identify a looming stimulus
Habituation:
- ?
- ?
- sucking rate and or HR, head turn
- baby talk (detecting sound at a higher pitch)
When can babies start detecting sounds at a higher pitch? (eg. “baby talk”)
25th week
Intermodal perception is ___, ____, and ____
sight, sound and feeling
at __-__ months babies are able to read lips
3-4
By 6 months, babies will pick a happy looking dog over a scary looking dog, why is this a good thing?
they have developed a defense mechanism
Babies are activity seekers, meaning that they use ___ to sample
senses (they take in sensory information to learn)
Perception involves the _____ (reception) and _____ of sensory information
monitoring and interpretation
What is interpretation (part of perceptual development) based on?
pas experience (memory) and cognitive analysis (judgement) of the information
An aeroplane is an example of ___ _____ meaning it continues to exist as it is despite changes in angle, height, ect.
perceptual constancy
When a baby understands that a toy is still there when you put it under a blanket out of sight this is called ______ _____
object permenance
Around 1 year, experts say that native conceptualizing broadens while non-native decreases. What is this called?
perceptual narrowing
Of the 6 perceptual modalities, ___ and _____ are most important for movement.
vision and kinesthesis
human movement has ____-_____ characteristics
spatial-temporal
Approximately ___% of all sensory information is derived from the visual system
80%
Visual information is used to formulate a ___ ___, monitory movement activity, and provide _____
motor program; feedback
T/F: All visual structures are intact at birth, but several are immature.
True!
How does the size of the eye change between birth and maturity?
it doubles
The retina contains two _______. What do they do?
photoreceptors; turn light into nerve signals
____ are responsible for vision in low illumination (night vision)
rods
____ are responsible for colour vision and visual acuity.
cones
where are cones most densely packed?
in the fovea
Cones are contained within the ____, the portion of the retina responsible for ___ vision
macula; central
Tip to help remember:
Cone = Colour and visual aCuity (all C’s)
yeaaaaaaa
What 5 difficulties does a newborn eye have compared to an adult eye?
- difficulty focusing because cornea is not symmetrical
- farsighted because distance from lense to nerves is short
- inefficient nerves to brain
- retina (no fovea) = clarity problems
- cant change shape of cornea to adjust focus
By year _ the basic structures of retina are similar to adults
1
Increasing the number of dendritic branches and myelination is complete at __-__ months
4-5
How is static visual acuity determined?
using a Snellen eye chart - the one you would see at the eye doctors - eg. measures 20/40 vision (meaning you see at 20ft what a person with normal vision sees at 40ft)
“ability to see the detail in moving objects; ability of CNS to estimate and objects direction; ability of the ocular-motor system to catch and hold an objects image on the eyes fovea long enough to see detail”
dynamic visual acuity
Visual acuity for the following ages:
- birth
- 6 months
- end of 1 year
- 12 years
- 20/200 to 20/600
- 20/100 (static)
- 20/20 (static)
- dynamic adult like
“the ability to distinguish detail in objects”
visual acuity
____ ____ (8-12 m; A not B error [last seen] approx 2 years)
object permanence
Perceptual constancy - conservation (matures approx __ years)
11
Aware of basic spatial dualism (high/low, front/back, over/under) approx __-__ years
3-4
Perceived spatial orientation by __ years
8
Object permanence: Under __ months = no object permanence, __-__ months = some recognition if object is partially visible, __-__ months shows signs of object permanence
4, 4-8, 8-12
“ability to distinguish an object from its surrounding background; example: tracking ball as it moves through the sky”
figure-ground perception
Figure group perfection improves steadily between ages of __ and ___
4 and 13
All ages are more proficient at distinguishing ____ figures in distracting backgrounds
familiar
T/F: Depth perception is absent at birth
true
Depth perception - Fair accuracy at judging depth at __ months; by age ___ there is adult-like depth perception
6; 12
Field of vision is also known as _____ vision
peripheral
“the entire extent of the environment that can be seen without a change in the fixation of the eye; approximately 180 degrees”
field of vision
Field of vision has basic development at __ months and is adult like by __ years
12; 5 years
Perception of movement: ____, ___, and ____ of moving objects
detection, tracking and interception
“rapid movements between one point of visual fixation and another - the process of focusing one’s gaze on something”
saccadic eye movements
By ___ hours, infants can track something, by __ months they can track and predict path of slow-moving objects,
48; 4
At maturity (approx ___ years), a saccade moves the eye approx __% of the distance to the target. Can these be changed?
12 years; 90%; yea they can changed based on how much a child is exposed to opportunity
__-__ wks can track a 180 degree arc; __-__ years can track objects in horizontal plane; __-__ years can track balls that travel in arc
all without moving head
40-52wks; 5-6yrs; 8-9yrs
“process involving object interception”
coincidence timing
Tracing matures at about ___ years
12
Ability to time movements to an interception point improves until young adulthood. Accuracy decreases when ____ increases.
velocity
“ability to coordinate visual and motor behaviour to a single coincident point such as in catching a ball”
What is the best predictor of this?
coincident timing
amount of sport experienced is a better indicator of ability than age is
Where does the kinesthetic system receive sensory input from?
receptors located in muscles, tendons, joints, and the vestibular system (balance, orientation)
“the ability to sense the position and location and orientation and movement of the body and its parts”
proprioception
The ____ system is the inner-ear balance organ that senses the position and motion of the head in space and contributes to our balance and sense of spatial orientation.
vestibular
Dynamic balance results from a complex interplay between what three things?
- vestibular system
- vision
- proprioception
“ability to proprioceptively detect differences and match qualities such as location, distance, weight, force, speed”
kinesthetic (discrimination) acuity
kinesthetic (discrimination) acuity approaches adult levels by age __
8
“reproduction of movements”
kinesthetic memory
Kinesthetic memory reaches a mature state after __ years of age
12
The two basic physiological aspects of kinesthetic perception are what?
kinesthetic acuity and memory
Applied aspects of kinesthetic perception: Body awareness consists of what 4 aspects?
- Spatial awareness
- Directional awareness
- Vestibular awareness
- Temporal (rhythmic) awareness
Applied aspects of kinesthetic perception: Spatial awareness consists of what 3 aspects?
- Directional awareness
- Vestibular awareness
- Temporal (rhythmic) awareness
Directional awareness:
- _____ (internal - two sides of body)
- ____ (external - eg. under, over, behind, beside)
laterality; directionality
Vestibular Awareness:
- Adult-like at approx __ years, specific continues to develop (if what?)
12; if trained
Temporal (rhythmic) awareness:
- Keeping time improves dramatically from __-__ years
2-5
By __ years old, children can RESPOND to someone naming parts
1
By ___ years, children are able to IDENTIFY body parts - what is this ability associated with?
6; associated with language and conceptual skills
Body awareness is LURN. What does this acronym stand for?
L-locate
U-understand
R-relationships
N-name
“ability to detect, discriminate, associate, and interpret auditory stimuli”
auditory perception
When is hearing present?
before birth
Refinement of hearing is from ____ to ___ months - almost as sensitive as adults (significant improvement to early teens)
birth to 6 months
Gibson’s Ecological Perspective:
- holds that infants directly perceive and act on info that exists in the ______
- individuals actively explore the environment and experience rather than having an experience
- environment provides _____
- action depends on what 5 things?
environment
affordances
- task
- developmental level
- experience
- present need
- cognitive awareness
What did Karen Adolph’s research highlight?
The important role of experience in motor skill acquisition and the essential role of perceptual exploration in controlling motor actions adaptively
