Lecture Slides - Introduction to the Developmental Perspective Flashcards
What perspective is this: Human development is the product of changing relations between the developing person and his or her changing multilevel contexts
developmental systems perspective
What is the problem with the developmental systems perspective model?
they do not look at the “exception to the rule” – these are just models, they are not hard wired facts
Motor development is the study of change in motor behaviour as influenced by ____ and _____ factors.
biological and environmental
In the article about school recess and how it is regularly given and only to students up to the 4th grade, identify the aspects of physical and social context at this school that influenced the children’s development?
1) irregular recess
2) only until 4th grade
3) very little space
4) teacher dependent
change can be measured in what two ways?
qualitatively and quantitatively
What are the 5 major goals of the developmentalist?
- describe characteristic change
- when changes occur
- what causes changes
- can change be predicted
- is change individual or universal
LEARN THE VENN DIAGRAM OF THE DETERMINANTS OF MOTOR BEHAVIOUR
it is page 5 of the text
____ are opportunities for action that objects,
events or places in the environment provide.
affordances
“fixed qualities at birth that account for
individual traits and characteristics”
heredity
“observable changes in quantity”
growth
“process of change in individual’s level of
functioning”
development
“biological events occur e.g. 1st menstrual flow for females, adolescent growth spurts”
maturation
“circumstances, objects or conditions of one’s surroundings”
environmental contexts
“conditions within the environment that may
alter or modify various developmental characteristics
through learning process”
experience
“permanent changes in performance as a result from practice or previous experience”
learning
how are growth and development related?
growth is a component of development - development is a change in function and it needs growth
How are growth and the environment related?
we need appropriate nutrition to grow; proteins, vitamins, minerals
how are environment and development related?
affordances
“Refers to when
specific biological events occur i.e. the underlying timetable of developmental events e.g. age that children start to walk, age of menarche.”
maturation
“Refers to change
in the individual’s level of functioning e.g. Change from walking with assistance to walking alone, beginning to step forward to transfer weight during the throw.”
development
opportunities for action that objects, events, or places provide are referred to as _____
affordances
The evidence about tricycle riding from Johnny & Jimmy demonstrate the concept of ______
readiness
9 major assumptions about development?
- continual and cumulative process
- all domains of development are interrelated
- wide range of individual differences
- environmental context plays a major role
- critical and sensitive periods
- aided by positive stimulation
- plasticity
- motor development is a dynamic process - not pre-wired but self organizing
- regression is inevitable
STAGES:
- prenatal
- infancy
- childhood
- adolescence
- adulthood
- prenatal = conception to birth
- infancy = birth to 2yr
- childhood = 2-6yr (early) and 6-12yr (late)
- adolescence = 12-18yrs
- adulthood = 18yrs and older
PHASES:
- reflexive/spontaneous movement
- rudimentary
- fundamental movement
- sport skill
- growth and refinement
- peak performance
- regression
- reflexive/spontaneous movement = 0-6 month
- rudimentary = birth to 2 yrs
- fundamental movement = 2-6 yrs
- sport skill = 6-12yrs
- growth and refinement = 12-18yrs
- peak performance = approx 18-30
- regression = approx 30-70
4 reasons why we study motor development?
- Need to be aware of what others can and cannot do
- Understand normal vs abnormal
- Improve health and optimize motor performance
- Knowledge enhances understanding of ourselves
What are microgenetic research designs?
- Tracked over time but over a series of sessions from the time it begins until stabilizes as subjects master an expected or novel task (eg. reflexes)
What is a sequential research design?
Allows researchers to study several different-aged samples over a period of years - different ages by compared at the same chronological ages
Research in motor development has a goal of explaining ______. It seeks to identify what two processes?
change; perception-action and brain-body
Biggest problem with longitudinal studies?
dropout
___ ____ studies give you a snapshot in time, while _____ allows you to track change
cross sectional; longitudinal
What is the problem with cross-sectional research?
you can not compare because the subjects are different ages - differences in measuring changes
“tracks change from the time it begins until it stabilizes, as subjects master a novel or an everyday task”
microgenetic research
“follows a group of subjects born in different years over time”
sequential research designs
What are the 4 theoretical views?
- Contributing
- Environmental systems
- Biological systems
- Environmental/biological
“development is tied predominantly to biological maturation”
Maturation view - Contributing View
“learning comes from observation of others and the environment”
Learning-behavioural view - Contributing View
“Children are not passive learners; they seek experiences. In the process of developing the cognitive domain, play is important”
Cognitive-developmental view - Contributing View
“Individual development may be modified by 5 distinct ecological systems”
Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory - Environmental Systems
“individuals can directly perceive info in the environ. and act with a reasonable response - the environ. provides affordances”
Gibson’s ecological perspective - Environmental Systems
“development is described in the context of a computer that has hardware and software, which operate in the form of input, central processing (planning), and output (motor response)”
Information-processing view - Biological Systems
“the question of how the brain controls muscle and joint movements is addressed - control is executed by collections of muscles and joint variables that act as basic units of movement (synergies)”
Coordinative structures - Biological Systems
“the emergence (unfolding) of movement patters as a dynamic and self-organizing process is described”
Dynamic systems theory - Biological Systems
“wiring and control of motor control from the brain to the muscle (motor) unit are explained”
Neuronal group selection theory - Biological Systems
“this applied model describes three analytical features (constraints) to motor performance: the performer, the environment, and the task”
Constraints model - Applied (environment/biology)
Maturation View (Gesell) is: ___ tied to ____
behaviour; maturation
“1930-40s. Basically it’s the result of inherited factors and required little stimulation (born a pro), emergence of patterns of development of organize systems, physical structures, and motor capabilities under genetic forces” What view?
Maturation View
Learning-Behavioural View (Bandura): ____ Learning (“modeling”) and _____ learning theory
observational; social
“cognitively represent the behaviour of others and then are likely to adopt this behaviour ourselves. A boy may adopt the competitive manner of this father and display such behaviour when observed with the boys peers”
social learning theory (learning behavioural view)
Cognitive-Developmental View (Piaget): ____ experience and importance of ____
contextual; play
“solves problems through interactions with environment, child seeks out experiences, through play we can test : physical, cognitive, social behaviours and once practiced/tested can be part of memory”
cognitive developmental view
The two prominent theories that are consistent with a developmental systems perspective are?
- Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory
2. Gibson’s Ecological Perspective
What 6 parts does Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory include?
- Individual
- Microsystem (setting in which individual lives)
- Mesosystem (interactions in micro)
- Exosystem (not active member)
- Macrosystem (attitudes and ideologies of culture)
- Chronosystem (sociohistorical)
In gibson’s ecological perspective, we act on _____
affordances
“Similar to developmental systems but added TASK constraints…An approach to observing and studying motor behaviour. Incorporates developmental system of task and environment; but also includes the individual. e.g. walking, and age….steps, hills, unstable objects”
Newell’s Constraints Model
A ____ can facilitate or restrict development
constraint
New motor behaviours emerge as a result of changes in _____, ____, or _____
individual (eg. height), task (eg. goal, rules, equipment), or environment (eg. surface)
Motor development is change in motor behaviour, resulting from interaction of ____ processes and ______
biological; environment
The goal of motor development is to understand factors that influence ____
change
Motor skill development is ______ and ____ ____
dynamic and self-organizing
Research assists in what 3 things?
- understanding
- guide development
- improve health and performance
