Lecture Slides - Motor Behaviour in Early Childhood Flashcards
What are the three fundamental movement skills?
Locomotor
Manipulative
Non-locomotor
A ____ ____ is the basic functional structure of a FMS.
motor pattern
“movements that transport an individual from one place to another; walking, running, skipping”
locomotor
“axial movements, movements of balance, executed with minimal or no movement of base of support; bending, twisting, swaying”
nonlocomotor
“includes fine motor manual movements and gross motor skills that involve control of objects using hands and feet; throwing, catching, kicking, striking”
manipulative
Movement pattern execution: immature (initial) is - years of age, elementary skill at - years, and mature at - years. However, what is key?
2-3, 4-5, 6-7
Skill is key, rather than just age.
____ ____ movement patterns: mature movements adapted to special requirements
sport skill
Stodden (2008) proposed that what is at the heart of a developmental model that might explain participation in physical activity?
motor competence, not just perceptions of motor competence
Why do younger children tend to have inflated perceptions of their motor competence?
They do not possess the cognitive skills to distinguish between actual competence and effort
Perceptions of physical competence is associated with what four things?
- Physical Activity
- Organized Sport
- Skill Specific PA
- Time spent in MVPA
Poor motor skills are associated with ____ perceptions of physical competence.
lower
Only __% of boys and __% of girls meet the Canada PA Guidelines of 60-minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA on at least 6 days of the week.
9 ; 4
4 components of forming self-perceptions?
- Peer comparison - how children perceive themselves in relation to peers (changes from early to late childhood)
- Feedback from significant adults - what is said to the child about what they do
- Role Modeling of significant adults
- Actual competence
Formation of self-perception using peer comparison in early vs middle - late childhood?
Early - not consistently used, mostly use it for personal mastery (ie. learn how to)
Middle to late - peer comparison is the PRIMARY SOURCE
Feedback and its influence on formation of self perception in early vs middle to late childhood?
Early - feedback from significant adults, and personal effort are important
Middle/late - evaluative feedback (eg. coach, spectators, peers, parents) and internal information (effort, skill improvement, ease/speed of learning) are both important
What age range does not take feedback at face value? What does this mean?
Middle to late childhood (7-12)
This means they integrate it with other sources (ie. outcome)
Does gender influence PA levels and gross motor competence?
Yes!! Both.
Difference between boys and girls when it comes to PA levels and gross motor skill competence?
boys are more active, more vigorous, and have more developed object control skills. Locomotor skills are mixed (generally lower in males).
In the study that examined relationships between motor skills and perceptions of competence, what 4 points did they find?
- motor skills quite low
- perceptions positive
- gender based differences in motor skills and perceptions
- associations low, but higher than expected
The study found that associations were low, but higher than expected, what does this suggest?
emerging awareness of competence
Only __% of children are meeting the current physical activity guidelines. In early childhood, only __% are involved in MVPA and > __% are sedentary.
7 ; 3 ; 80
There are multiple factors said to influence PA in early childhood, two of which are?
Fundamental movement skills and physical competence
Enhanced Opportunities for Success: ____ ____ drives FMS, increased PA offers opportunities to promote ____ _____
physical activity; neuromotor development
FMS development begins at age __ and consists of what three skills?
3 years old
- Locomotor (running/jumping)
- Object Control (throwing/kicking)
- Nonlocomotor (bending, twisting)
What does the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance measure and in what test battery is it used?
- measures perceptions of physical competence (includes 6 statements, max of 24)
- used in TGMD-2
What/how does an actigraph measure?
physical activity by detecting acceleration - both frequency and intensity of activity
3 Criteria that must be met to establish mediation?
- The predictor must be significantly related to outcome variable
- The predictor variable must significantly predict the mediator
- The mediator must be related to the outcome variable
Literature suggests that perceptions of _____ ____ may mediate the relationship between ____ ____ ___ and _____ in physical activity; and the reverse pathway may exist
physical competence; motor skill proficiency; participation
Did the study find that perceptions of competence mediated the relationship between FMS and MVPA?
no, it does not mediate it
MVPA is influenced directly by ___ ___ skills but object control skills do not indirectly influence MVPA through children’s perceptions of physical competence
object controls
T/F: Kindergarten children’s participation in PA is not yet being influenced by their perceptions of physical competence
True
There is a reciprocal relationship between ___ and ____
PA and FMS
Object control is responsible for high ___
PA
two approaches to observation and assessment?
- composite
- component
“breakdown of movement pattern changes into a sequence of stages covering all parts of the body”
composite (aka total body) approach to observation and assessment
“changes divided into sub-stages; each body component is followed through the development process”
Component approach to observation and assessment
___ is the most difficult motor pattern of skills that combine locomotor movements
skipping
___ is a step then leap onto trailing leg
gallop
____ is a sideways gallow
slide
___ is a step-hop
skip
“Step-hop pattern. Little effective use of arms. An exaggerated step or leap is present during the transfer of weight from one supporting limb to the other. Total action appears segmented”
Skipping - Composite approach - Stage 1
“Rhythmical transfer of weight during the step phase. Increased use of arms in providing forward and upward momentum. Exaggeration of vertical component during airborne phase (hop)”
Skipping - Composite approach - Stage 2
“Rhythmical transfer of weight during all phases. Reduced arm action during the transfer of weight phase. Foot of the supporting limb is carried near the surface during the hopping phase”
Skipping - Composite approach - Stage 3
What approach is this?
- A rhythmical repetition of the step-hop on alternate feet
- Foot of nonsupport leg is carried near surface during the hop
- Arms alternately moving in opposition to legs at about waist level
skipping - component approach
What does TGMD stand for?
test of gross motor development
“Complex manipulative skill in which one or both arms are used to thrust an object away from the body and into space”
throwing - movement patterns (process characteristics)
:Gross motor, manipulative skill that involves tracking an incoming object, stopping its momentum, and gaining control of it bu use of the hands”
catching - movement patterns (process characteristics)
What are the two variations of immature catching pattern?
- Child displays a fear reaction
- Child exhibits urgent-like actions, responding to the ball only after it has touched his/her hands, then trapping it against hi/her chest
Dribbling is a _____ skill that occurs when a ball is bounced __ or __ consecutive times
manipulative; 3 or 4
What are the 4 directions of the CS4L-LTAD Activation Strategy?
- Educate all Canadians about CS4L and LTAD
- Sporting organizations align and integrate the LTAD (improve quality of sport programs)
- Sectors (health, rec, sport, edu) collaborate to advance physical literacy
- Advance knowledge and monitor progress in CS4L-LTAD
