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BIO 231 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Briefly describe bone tissue’s replication - how much in how long?

A

very metabolically actibe
one gram of bony matrix may be gained or lost in any 24 hour period
bones are completely remodeled every three years

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2
Q

What causes bone remodeling and how long are cycles?

A

microfractures occur via everyday wear and tear and are healed by ongoing bone remodeling
occurs in 120 day cycles

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3
Q

Describe what osteoclasts do to bone

A

bone resorption
they release proteases which dissolve bone matrix and collagen
clear away damaged bone
they then release matrix-bound growth factors that chemically attract osteoblasts

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4
Q

Describe what osteoblasts do to bone

A

bone formation
occurs during last 100 days
fill in bony cavity with bone amtrix
release cytokines to attract osteoclasts

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5
Q

What is Wolff’s law in bone remodeling?

A

mechanical stress and grav ity provoke microfracturing and remodeling which leads to a formation of a stronger bone

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6
Q

What is the role of parathyroid hormone in bone remodeling?

A

PTH stimulate osteoclasts to reabsorb bone mineral
increases the production of an active form of vitamin A
comes from parathyroid glands

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7
Q

What is the role of calcitonin in bone remodeling?

A

slows down the activity of osteoclasts

released from thyroid gland

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8
Q

What is the role of sex hormones in bone remodeling?

A

testosterone and estrogen
stimulate osteoblasts and slow down osteoclasts
puberty - osteoblasts build more bone

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9
Q

How does menopause affect bone remodeling?

A

Dramatic decrease in estrogen leads to disturbance in balance of osteoblast and osteoclasts
this leads to low calcium and low vitamin d
can lead to osteoporosis

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10
Q

Can men be affected by osteoporosis?

A

Yes
decrease in testosterone happens with age
drop is not as dramatic as in women who reach menopause

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11
Q

What is the first stage of bone repair?

A

blood from ruptured blood vessels forms a hematoma, which provides a temporary splint

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12
Q

What is the second stage of bone repair?

A

a fibrous connective tissue connects the ends of a broken bone known as fibrocartilagenous callus
capillaries frow into hematoma
macrophages remove cell debris
fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts move into the area
release collagen, cartilage, and spongy bone

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13
Q

What is the third stage of bone repair?

A

bony callus
osteoblasts slowly make spongy bone that replaces fibrocartilage
spongy bone lacks strength, therefore excessive bone is formed
bone remodeling follows - osteoclasts remove excessive bone tissue restoring bone tissue much like the original

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14
Q

What is intramembranous ossification simply described as?

A

the formation of bone from fibrous connective tissue

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15
Q

What type of bones are forms through intramembranous ossification?

A

flat bones of the skull
clavicle
axial ribs

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16
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells of the fibrous connective tissue turn into osteoblasts
osteoblasts secrete bone matrix
trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
spongy bone is formed
the process of differentiation of mesenchymal cells continues on the outer surfaces of the bone
new osteoblasts and osteocytes cannot penetrate into the center because of mineralization of the matrix
compact bone is formed on the surface

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17
Q

What is endochondral ossification simply described as?

A

cartilage is substituted by the bone

this is the process associated with fetal bone development, day-to-day bone growth, and fracture repair

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18
Q

What bones are formed through endochondral ossification?

A

long bones such as
femur
humerus

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19
Q

Describe the process of endochonral ossification

A

mesenchymal cells turn into chondroblasts
chondroblasts generate hyaline cartilage
a cartilaginous cast of the bone is formed
in the diaphysis of the future bone, cartilage is substituted by the osseous tissue and the primary ossification center forms
secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses of the forming bone
epiphyses ossify
an avascular band of hyaline cartilage, the epiphyseal plate, forms between the two centers
this allows bone to grow in length

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20
Q

When do epiphyseal plates close? What does this mean for growth?

A

18 for females
21 for males
this means bones cannot elongate after that age

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21
Q

How do bones grow in length?

A

bone growth in length is due to the epiphyseal plate
cartilage on the epiphyseal side continues to grow (growth zone)
as new layers are formed, older cartilage layers get closer to the diaphysis (transformation zone)
eventually they become ossifies (ossification zone)
bone elongates

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22
Q

How is bone length growth regulated?

A

Groth hormone

low levels of GH can lead to dwarfism

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23
Q

How do bones grow in width?

A

bone thickness varies during the life of an individual based on the stress placed on the osseous tissue
increase in thickness is due to periosteal ossification (growth by opposition)
this process is similar to bone remodeling

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24
Q

What is synarthrosis?

A

joins the bones that do not move at all
this is a fibrous type of atriculation
bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue
there are three types: gamphosis, suture, and syndesmosis

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25
Q

What is gamphosis?

A

A type of synathrosis
con peg and socket joint
tooth joint to jaw

26
Q

What is a suture?

A

synthrosis example
a thing layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects bones of the skull
provides no motion between the bones, but allows bones to grow

27
Q

What is syndesmosis?

A

a joint in which fibrous ligament connects the bones and allows limited amount of motion
ex: tibio-fibular articulations

28
Q

What is amphiarthrosis?

A

provides limited motion between bones
cartilaginous type of articulation
bones are lined and held together by cartilage
ex: epiphyseal plates, rib-sternum joint, intervertebral articulations, and the symphysis pubis

29
Q

What is diarthrosis?

A

aka synovial
joins bones that move a lot
joints have synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid

30
Q

What is a synovial cavity?

A

space between the bones

31
Q

What is an articular capsule?

A

consists of fibrous capsule, outer layer, that provides strength
has synovial capsule which produces the synovial fluid and contains proprioceptors and bursae

32
Q

What are bursae?

A

extensions of the synovial membrane that makes a sack where ligaments, tendons, and bone run on each other
contain synovial fluid to decrease friction

33
Q

What does the synovial fluid do?

A

lubricates the joints
provides nutrients to chondrocytes
remove waste products
reduces stress

34
Q

What are bones in diarthrosis lined with?

A

hyaline cartilage which covers but does not bind the bones

also absorbs compression

35
Q

What contributes to stability of diarthrosis?

A 
articular capsule
articular surface
ligaments
tendons
bursae
36
Q

Where are the ligaments in diarthrosis?

A

can be capsular, intracapsular, and extracapsular

contain proprioceptors

37
Q

Describe a gliding joint

A

the articular surface is flat, allowing a slight gliding motion
found in: sternum and clavicle
scapula and clavicle
carpal and tarsal bones

38
Q

Describe a hinge joint

A

occur where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
allows flexion and extension
found between: humerus and ulna
tibia and femur

39
Q

Describe a pivot joint

A

characterized by the pointed surface of one bone articulating with a ring formed by bone and cartilage
allows pronation and supination
found between: radius and ulna
atlas and axis vertebrae

40
Q

Describe ellipsoidal joint

A

oval shaped end of one bone fits into an oval-shaped cavity in another bound
allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
found between: bones of the wrist
radius and carpals
metacarpals and phalanges

41
Q

Describe saddle joints

A

both articulating surfaces are saddle shaped, but one surface is concave and the other is convex
this joint is only found in apes
only found between metacarpal of thumb and trapezium
allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and slight rotation

42
Q

Describe ball and socket joints

A 
consists of a ball-like protrusion of one bone fitting into a rounded socket formed by another bone
allows all movement
examples: shoulder joint (between scapula and humerus)
hip joint (femur and hip bones)
43
Q

Simply describe skeletal muscles

A

associated with the bony skeleton
consist of large striated cells
all skeletal muscles are controlled voluntarily by the somatic nervous system

44
Q

What are the four properties of muscle?

A

excitability - ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
contractibility - ability to generate force as it shortens
extensibility - ability to be stretched
elasticity - ability to return to its original shape after contraction or extension

45
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A

movement - muscles act on the bones of the skeleton, they are responsible for pumping blood and propelling substances through hollow organs
maintaining posture - muscles adjust the position of the body with respect to gravity
stabilizing joints - muscles exert tension around the joint
thermoregulation - muscles generate heat i.e. shivering

46
Q

Describe the anatomy of muscle

A

it is stretched between two bones
origin is attached to an immovable bone
insertion is attached to a movable bone

47
Q

Describe muscle attachments to bones

A

may be direct when epimysium is fused with periosteum

may be indirect when a muscle is attached via tendon or aponeurosis

48
Q

What is the hierarchy of a muscle, starting at the smallest point?

A 
muscle fibers (cells)
endomysium surrounds muscle fiber
fascicle is group of cells
perimysium surrounds fascicles
epimysium encases entire muscle (groups of fascicles)
49
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

the connection between an axon terminal and a muscle fiber

each muscle cell is electrically isolated and is stimulated via individual neuromuscular junction

50
Q

What happens at neuromuscular junction?

A

neurons release the neurotransmitter achetylcholine (Ach) to stimulate myocytes
each muscle cell is electrically isolated and is stimulated via individual neuromuscular junctions

51
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm of muscle cells

contains myoglobin and mitochondria

52
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

the cell membrane of muscle cells

53
Q

What are T-tubules?

A

transverse tubules
infoldings of the sarcolemma
conduct electrical impulses from the surface of the cell to the terminal cisternae

54
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

the contractile elements (cystoskeleton) of the muscle cell

account for ~80% of cell volume

55
Q

Describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell that surrounds each myofibril
stores Ca2+

56
Q

What do myofibrils consist of?

A

thick filaments (mostly myosin)
thin filaments that contain actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
actin - forms cross-bridges with myosin
tropomyosin - the backbone
troponin - activates and deactivates actin

57
Q

What is the hierarchy of muscle anatomy from large to small?

A 
Muscle
fascicle
muscle fiber
myofibril
myofilament
58
Q

How are myofilaments arranged?

A

in a parallel manner with areas of overlap between the thick and thin filaments

59
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

a repeating segment of a myofibril stretched between the adjacent z-lines

60
Q

How are sarcomeres organized?

A

H-zone - thick filaments only with no overlap
A-band - the entire lentgth of thick filaments with or without overlap
I-band - thin filaments only
M- anchors thick filaments
Z - connects thin filaments
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BIO 231 Anatomy OIT (9 decks)

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