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BIO 231 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main characteristics of connective tissues?

A

arise from a type of embryonic tissue - mesenchyme
cells lack intercellular contact
surrounded by large amounts of extracellular matrix consisting of protein fibers and ground substance
well vascularized with the exception of cartilage

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2
Q

What are the functions of connective tissues?

A

structural framework (bone, cartilage)
transport of nutrients and waste (blood)
protection (bone, cartilage, adipose)
support and interconnection (tendons, ligaments, capsules)
insulation and energy storage as well as production of important cells of blood and lymphatic tissues (adipose, bone marrow)
body defense and repair (blood, lymph, dense ct)

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3
Q

Describe the extracellular matrix

A

includes all materials surrounding the cells
consists of ground substance and protein fibers
product of specialized cells

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4
Q

What is the relationship between connective tissue and extracellular matrix?

A

the function of connective tissue is determined by composition of the extracellular matrix

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5
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

a mix of extracellular fluid, mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, minerals, and other substances
can be fluid, gel-like, or solid
fibers include collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

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6
Q

Describe collagen fibers

A

the strongest of the fibers with only 3% stretch

ligaments and tendons are mostly made of collagen

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7
Q

Describe elastic fibers

A

composed of protein, but exhibit significant recoil when stretched
most structures that exhibit elasticity contain elastic fibers

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8
Q

Describe reticular fibers

A

protein fibers that are lacy and fragile
most lymphoid structures such as lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer’s patch contain significant amount of reticular fibers
the residence for many of our immune cells

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9
Q

Describe cell development in the connective tissue

A

all cells develop from a common presursor - mesenchymal cells - that differentiate into tissue-specific blast, which in turn mature into tissue specific cells (chondroblasts and chrondrocytes for ex)

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10
Q

What additional cells do connective tissues contain?

A

adipocyte - store nutrients
mast cells - detect foreign cells and initiate inflammation response by releasing heparin, histamine, and macrophages
macrophages - phagocytic cells that engulf foreign cells
white blood cells may also migrate into connective tissues to assist with immune response

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11
Q

What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

A

blood - transports fueld, nutrients, ocygen, and the cells of the immune system throughout the body. Extracellular matrix is called plasma
lymph - formed from the plasma and interstitial fluids draining from the capillary beds

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12
Q

What are the cells of the immune system carried in blood?

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
Thrombocytes (platelets) - just cellular debris

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13
Q

What are the different types of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes - monocytes, lymphocytes

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14
Q

Describe areolar connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue
acts as the “packing material” of the body
it is found in all membranes and underlining epithelial tissues
site of immune response
mostly matrix with randomly arranged protein fibers of all three types
abundant intercellular spaces

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15
Q

Describe adipose connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue
consists of adipocytes, cells that store energy in fat
enlarged droplets of fat push the nuclei and cytoplasm, to the periphery
two types - brown and white

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16
Q

Describe reticular connective tissue

A

makes up the framework of glands, organs, and lymph nodes

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17
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue

A

strongest tissue in the body
makes up the ligaments, tendons, and aponeurosis
collagen fibers run parallel providing additional strength
slow to heal

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18
Q

Describe irregular connective tissues

A

consists mostly of collagen fibers
has few cells and practically no ground substance
found in protective fascia, fibrous joint capsules, dermis, and hypodermis, pericardium, heart valves
slow to heal

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19
Q

Describe elastic connective tissue

A

consists mostly of elastic fibers and therefore is capable of stretching
found in arterial walls, lungs, vocal cords, etc

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20
Q

Describe cartilage

A 
supportive connective tissue
flexible but strong
maintains its shape well
collagen fibers are firmly implanted in gelatinous ground substance called chondroitin sulfate - 80% water
there are three types of cartilage
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21
Q

What is hyaline cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage - matrix is rich in strong collagen fibers, which provide support and hyaluronic acid that helps to reduce friction and absorb shock
precursor in bone development
most common type of cartilage
found in the nose, rib cartilage, synovial joins, and epiphysis of the bones

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22
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

elastic fibers found in the matrix give the cartilage exceptional rebound capabilities
found in the external ear, Eustachian tubes, and epiglottis

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23
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

contains fine collagen fibers arranged in layered arrays
exhibits exceptional resistance to compression
found in intervertebral disks, menisci of the knee join, and symphysis pubis

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24
Q

Describe osseous tissue

A

matrix is rich in calcium phosphate which provides strength

two types

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25
Q

Describe compact bone

A

found in the shafts of long bones and in the outer layer of all other bones
its functional unit is called osteon - consists of matrix deposited in layers (lamella) around a canal containing blood vessels
matrix is produced by the osteocytes

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26
Q

Describe cancellous or spongy bone

A

does not have an osteon structure
site of the bone growth
surrounds red bone marrow

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27
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A 
skin
hair
nails
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
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28
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system

A

protection
thermoregulation
vitamin production
excretion of metabolic waste

29
Q

Describe the skin

A 
largest organ in the body
weighs 9 lbs
avg surface area is 20 cubic ft
two layers - epidermis and dermis
a layer of loose connective tissue, hypodermis, can be seen below the skin
30
Q

Describe the epidermis

A

consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

this includes keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans’ cells, and merkel cells

31
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis?

A 
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

Bad Skin Gets Large Calluses

32
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A

deepest layer of the epidermis
consists of a single layer of columnar or cuboidal cells that rest on the basement membrane
cells rapidly proliferate and give rise to all other layers of the epidermis

33
Q

How long does the renewal of the epidermis take?

A

3 to 4 weeks

34
Q

Describe melanocytes

A

found in the stratum basale
produce melanin
this is then injected into the keratinocytes of the basal layer
protects the chromosomes of mitotically active basal cells against light-induced damage
sun causes production of melanin granules

35
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A

5-10 layers of tightly interdigitating live cells irregular in shape
Contain the intermediate filament pre-keratin
varies in thickness

36
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of cells that begin to degenerate
they become flat, their nuclei disintegrate, and the cellular membrane thickens
multiple granules of keratin is found in this layer

37
Q

Describe the stratum lucidum

A

consists of several layers of lear, flat, dead cells
only visible in thick skin
best seen in palms and soles of feet

38
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

makes upper 2/3 of the epidermis
20-30 layers of very flat, dead cells make up the most superficial layer of skin
designed for protection
dead cells shed off at roughly the rate at which new cells are produced underneath

39
Q

Describe the dermis

A

consists of connective tissues and is found below the epidermal layer of skin
rich in capillaries, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
has two layers

40
Q

Describe the papillary layer

A

loose areolar connective tissue
makes nipple-like projections into epidermis (dermal papillae)
dermal papillae with overlaying epidermis make a unique pattern (fingerprints)

41
Q

Describe the reticular layer

A

makes up to 80% of the dermis
dense irregular connective tissue
has collagen that provides strength and elastin that provides stretch and recoil

42
Q

What causes wrinkles?

A

decreased elasticity of the dermis
resorption of the bone
atrophy of subcutaneous fat

43
Q

What determines skin pigmentation?

A

three pigments:
melanin
carotene
hemoglobin

44
Q

Describe melanin

A

a dark brown protein pigment produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale that absorbs UV radiation
increased exposure to UV light results in more melanin secretion
varies in color and amount produced
regulated genetically by the pituitary and adrenal glands

45
Q

How is melanin produced?

A

from amino acid tyrosine utilizing enzyme tyrosinase

in albinism, this enzyme is absent due to genetic mutation

46
Q

Describe carotene

A

a yellow non-polar hydrocarbon pigment produced by vegetables, such as carrots and spinach, and gives skin a yellow shade

47
Q

How does hemoglobin affect skin pigmentation?

A

iron-based protein found in the blood

skin is transparent, hemoglobin carries blood to the capillaries of the dermis and gives the skin a pink color

48
Q

What metabolic process occurs in the skin?

A

the active form of vitamin D is produced in the skin in the presence of UV light
a small amount of UV light is sufficient
folic acid, which is required for DNA synthesis and is needed in pregnant women, is destroyed by UV light

49
Q

Describe nails

A

facilitate grasping by the fingers
analogous to the epidermis
stratume basale gives rise to the entire nail
adheres tightly to the epidermis at the nail bed

50
Q

Describe the hair

A

body is covered by vellus hair
skull is covered by terminal hair
avg head has 100,000 hairs, each living 2-4 years
over 5 million hair follicles on the body
hair matrix is analogous to the stratum basale

51
Q

Describe hair follicles

A

contain the root of the hair
extends to the upper layers of the hypodermis
its lower portion, the bulb, consists of mitotically active cells
these produce keratin that does not flake off

52
Q

What is the muscle involved in a hair?

A

arrector pili
smooth muscle that connects the papillary layer of the dermis and the follicle
causes hair to stand up

53
Q

Describe sebaceous glands

A

secrete a lipid-rich material into the upper parts of the hair follicles or onto the surface of the skin
has no softening effect on the skin
very limited antibacterial and antifungal activity
makes the skin water-resistant
liable for acne

54
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

Apocrine sweat glands

55
Q

Describe Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

A

produce a secretion containing mostly water and salt
important for regulation of body temperature
sweat is emptied directly onto the surpace of the skin
no damage to cells in gland, therefore no cellular debris

56
Q

Describe apocrine sweat glands

A

located in teh axillary and anogenital regions
produce a more lipid-rich secretion that empties into the upper part of the hair follicle
stimulated by sexual hormones
parts of cell are pinches off to release sweat
bacteria feeds on cellular debris, this causes the smell

57
Q

What are the parts of the skeleton?

A

axial skeleton - skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

appendicular skeleton - arm, shoulder, and pectoral girdle

58
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A 
support
movement
protection
hematopoiesis
mineral storage
59
Q

What are the types of bone?

A

long - tibia, femur
short - carpals, tarsals
flat - frontal, parietal (skull)
irregular - vertebrae

60
Q

What are the features of a long bone?

A

the epiphysis is the end of the bone- outer layer is compact bone, inner layer is spongy
diaphysis is the shaft - a collar of compact bone and a medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow
periosteum is outer covering of the bone

61
Q

Describe the periosteum

A

consists of a fibrous layer (dense irregular connective tissue) and an osteogenic layer that gives rise to osteoblasts
contains nerves and vessels
serves as a site of bone growth and repair

62
Q

What are the features of flat bone

A

spongy bone filled with red bone marrow

surrounded by thin layer of compact bone and covered by the periosteum

63
Q

Where is bone marrow taken from?

A

the pelvis

64
Q

Describe an osteon

A

functional unit of compact bone
consists of columns with central Harvesian canal that carries capillaries and nerves
perforating volksman canals bring vessels from the periosteum to the central canals
concentric lamella composed of bone matrix and cells surround central canal

65
Q

Describe the bone matrix in an osteon

A

organic collagen fibers are oriented in the same direction in each osteon and provide high resistance to stretch
calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite provide high resistance to stretch

66
Q

What are the cells of the bone? Describe them

A

osteoblasts - produce matrix and are not embedded in it, eventually bury themselves and become
osteocytes - mature cells that occupy lacunae and connect with each other thru canaliculi
osteoclasts - reabsorb the bone

67
Q

How are bones typically broken?

A

torsional forces

68
Q

Describe the lamella of osteons

A

gelatinous matrix
mineral salts hydroxyapatite provide high resistance to stress
collagen fibers oriented in teh same direction in each osteon and provides high resistance to stretch

BIO 231 Anatomy OIT (9 decks)

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