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BIO 231 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define anatomy

A

the study of structure

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2
Q

What are the three subclasses of anatomy

A

gross anatomy
microscopic anatomy
pathological anatomy

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3
Q

Define gross anatomy

A

studies large body structures visible to the naked eye

ex: organs

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4
Q

Define systemic anatomy

A

gross anatomy of the body studied by system

ex: respiratory, muscular, and intestinal systems

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5
Q

Define regional anatomy

A

gross anatomy of the body studied bye egion

ex: leg, abdomen

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6
Q

Define microscopic anatomy

A

studies anatomy with the aid of a microscope

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7
Q

Define cytology

A

study of cells

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8
Q

Define histology

A

study of tissues

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9
Q

Define pathological anatomy

A

studies the change of structure due to disease

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10
Q

Define physiology

A

a study of function, how things work, and how they are regulated

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11
Q

Define homeostasis

A

the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
Balance
ex: low blood pressure - baroreceptors in blood vessels tell your brain - vasomotor center in brain tells effector organs - heart increases contractions, vasoconstriction - equilibrium

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12
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A 
arms
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
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13
Q

Define atom

A

smallest unit of matter that maintains properties of an element

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14
Q

Define molecules

A

a group of atoms connected by a chemical bond

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15
Q

What are some inorganic molecules?

A

water, salts, acids, bases

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16
Q

What are some organic molecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

all contain card

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

molecules that contain C, H, and O

ex: glucose, glycogen, starch
fxn: fuel, structural

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18
Q

What are lipids?

A

molecules that contain C, H, and O

ex: fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids in cell membranes
fxn: structural, energy storing

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19
Q

What are proteins?

A

chains of amino acids (20 in nature)
chained between peptide bonds to make peptides or polypeptides
contain C, H, N, and O
chains are arranged on several levels and are either globural or fibrous proteins

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20
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that bind to one or more substrates or reactants at the active site
This forms enzyme-substrate complex
interaction stressed or weakens chemical bonds in the substrates which ecourages a link between the two substrates and forms a new molecule which is then released

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21
Q

Define cell

A

smallest unit of life that varies tremendously in structure and fxn

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22
Q

Define tissues

A

an organization of similar cells designed to perform a specific function
ex: muscle cells cause contraction

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23
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous

24
Q

Define organs

A

multiple tissues forming a structure with a specific function
ex: brain has blood, protective epithelial tissues, and nervous tissue

25
Q

Define organ system

A

multiple organs working together to accomplish a function

26
Q

What are the organ systems we will be studying?

A

Q1: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine
Q2: nervous, cardiovasular, lymphatic
Q3: gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, reproductive

27
Q

What is an organism?

A

all systems in a living individual

28
Q

How many cells is the human body comprised of?

A

~30 trillion

29
Q

What are the seven characteristics of living things?

A

maintaining boundaries in order to maintain a unique internal environment
movement of cells or its components
responsiveness or excitability - ability to sense changes in environment and respond
digestion - break down of molecules into useful components and release energy
metabolism - all chemical reactions used to maintain other functions
excretion - waste elimination
reproduction - ability to create offspring

30
Q

Why are cells the smallest living thing and viruses are not?

A

Viruses cannot reproduce on their own, they must be within a cell in order to reproduce therefore it is not a living organism

31
Q

What are eukaryotic cells comprised of?

A

plasma membrane
nucleus/DNA
cytoplasm containing organelles and cytoskeleton

32
Q

What are prokaryotic cells comprised of?

A

no nucleus
no membrane-enclosed organelles
genetic material
always single-celled

33
Q

Why are cells like red blood cells considered eukaryotic even though they do not have a nucleus?

A

Red blood cells came from cells that once had a nucleus

In the bone marrow as the red blood cells are growing, they contain a nucleus

34
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and protein molecules embedded in it

35
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

isolates the cell
provides selective interation with the environment
divides cell into compartments
encloses organelles

36
Q

What does the nucleus consist of?

A

nuclear envelope, chromatin, and nucleolus
gene-containing control center of the cell
dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized

37
Q

What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope?

A

limits access of large molecules into the nucleus

pores in the nuclear envelope allow transport of small materials

38
Q

What is the purpose o fchromatin?

A

responsible for absorption stains when microscopic specimen is prepared
it consists of dissolve DNA

39
Q

When are chromosome seen?

A

Only during cell division - it is when the chromatin organizes itself into bundles

40
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

the sit of ribosome assembly

41
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

consists of series of interconnected membrane-enclosed tubes and channels

42
Q

What is rough ER?

A

contains ribosomes, which are protein units bound by RNA

major function is protein synthesis

43
Q

What is smooth ER?

A

does not contain any ribosomes
site of lipid synthesis
ex: sex hormone production, glycogen synthesis in the liver, detoxification of drugs

44
Q

What is the Golgi complex?

A

consists of flattened membranous sacs

45
Q

What is the purpose of the Golgi complex?

A

sorting - lysosomal enzymes are transported to the lysosome, exporting enzymes go to the vesicles
chemical altercations, such as glycoprotein formation
packaging

46
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

serve as digestive organelle in phagocytosis
food vacuoles deliver ingested food to lysosomes
lysosomes also act as garbage recycling organelles

47
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

small membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes oxidases and catalase
they neutralize free radicals
unlike lysosomes, they use oxygen

48
Q

What is the mitochondria and what is its purpose?

A

An organelle surrounded by a double layer membrane
they are the energy plants of a cell
they couple oxygen to break high-energy bonds to build ATP molecules
the site of cellular respiration

49
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

a network of protein fibers that provides shape, support, and movement

50
Q

What does the cytoskeleton contain?

A

microfilaments - thin fibers, mostly actin, responsible for motion within and outside of the cell
intermediate filaments - stiff skeleton and cannot be reassembled
microtubules - help guide secretary vesicles, can be reassembled in the area of need, centrioles participate in cell division

51
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

cell shape - it can disassemble in one place and reassemble in the other, thus changing the shape of the cell
cell movement - WBCs, muscle contraction
organelle movement - it guides lysosome to fuse with food vacuole
cell division - it moves chromosomes into two parts of dividing nucleus

52
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

consists of microtubules and additional protein

in contains two centromeres used for cell division, building microtubules, cilia, and flagella

53
Q

What are cilia?

A

move fluid past the cell for movement

54
Q

What are flagella?

A

moves cells in the environment

only human cell that is a flagellum is sperm

55
Q

What is primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

Disorder where the cilia cells in a pt’s trachea are disorganized
Mucus does not get eliminated and more bacteria is likely to make its way into the respiratory system
Pt’s predisposed to respiratory infections

BIO 231 Anatomy OIT (9 decks)

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