Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards
Define anatomy
the study of structure
What are the three subclasses of anatomy
gross anatomy
microscopic anatomy
pathological anatomy
Define gross anatomy
studies large body structures visible to the naked eye
ex: organs
Define systemic anatomy
gross anatomy of the body studied by system
ex: respiratory, muscular, and intestinal systems
Define regional anatomy
gross anatomy of the body studied bye egion
ex: leg, abdomen
Define microscopic anatomy
studies anatomy with the aid of a microscope
Define cytology
study of cells
Define histology
study of tissues
Define pathological anatomy
studies the change of structure due to disease
Define physiology
a study of function, how things work, and how they are regulated
Define homeostasis
the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
Balance
ex: low blood pressure - baroreceptors in blood vessels tell your brain - vasomotor center in brain tells effector organs - heart increases contractions, vasoconstriction - equilibrium
What are the levels of organization?
arms molecules cells tissues organs organ systems organism
Define atom
smallest unit of matter that maintains properties of an element
Define molecules
a group of atoms connected by a chemical bond
What are some inorganic molecules?
water, salts, acids, bases
What are some organic molecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
all contain card
What are carbohydrates?
molecules that contain C, H, and O
ex: glucose, glycogen, starch
fxn: fuel, structural
What are lipids?
molecules that contain C, H, and O
ex: fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids in cell membranes
fxn: structural, energy storing
What are proteins?
chains of amino acids (20 in nature)
chained between peptide bonds to make peptides or polypeptides
contain C, H, N, and O
chains are arranged on several levels and are either globural or fibrous proteins
What are enzymes?
Proteins that bind to one or more substrates or reactants at the active site
This forms enzyme-substrate complex
interaction stressed or weakens chemical bonds in the substrates which ecourages a link between the two substrates and forms a new molecule which is then released
Define cell
smallest unit of life that varies tremendously in structure and fxn
Define tissues
an organization of similar cells designed to perform a specific function
ex: muscle cells cause contraction
What are the four types of tissues?
connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous
Define organs
multiple tissues forming a structure with a specific function
ex: brain has blood, protective epithelial tissues, and nervous tissue
Define organ system
multiple organs working together to accomplish a function
What are the organ systems we will be studying?
Q1: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine
Q2: nervous, cardiovasular, lymphatic
Q3: gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, reproductive
What is an organism?
all systems in a living individual
How many cells is the human body comprised of?
~30 trillion
What are the seven characteristics of living things?
maintaining boundaries in order to maintain a unique internal environment
movement of cells or its components
responsiveness or excitability - ability to sense changes in environment and respond
digestion - break down of molecules into useful components and release energy
metabolism - all chemical reactions used to maintain other functions
excretion - waste elimination
reproduction - ability to create offspring
Why are cells the smallest living thing and viruses are not?
Viruses cannot reproduce on their own, they must be within a cell in order to reproduce therefore it is not a living organism
What are eukaryotic cells comprised of?
plasma membrane
nucleus/DNA
cytoplasm containing organelles and cytoskeleton
What are prokaryotic cells comprised of?
no nucleus
no membrane-enclosed organelles
genetic material
always single-celled
Why are cells like red blood cells considered eukaryotic even though they do not have a nucleus?
Red blood cells came from cells that once had a nucleus
In the bone marrow as the red blood cells are growing, they contain a nucleus
What is the plasma membrane?
a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and protein molecules embedded in it
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
isolates the cell
provides selective interation with the environment
divides cell into compartments
encloses organelles
What does the nucleus consist of?
nuclear envelope, chromatin, and nucleolus
gene-containing control center of the cell
dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized
What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope?
limits access of large molecules into the nucleus
pores in the nuclear envelope allow transport of small materials
What is the purpose o fchromatin?
responsible for absorption stains when microscopic specimen is prepared
it consists of dissolve DNA
When are chromosome seen?
Only during cell division - it is when the chromatin organizes itself into bundles
What is the nucleolus?
the sit of ribosome assembly
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
consists of series of interconnected membrane-enclosed tubes and channels
What is rough ER?
contains ribosomes, which are protein units bound by RNA
major function is protein synthesis
What is smooth ER?
does not contain any ribosomes
site of lipid synthesis
ex: sex hormone production, glycogen synthesis in the liver, detoxification of drugs
What is the Golgi complex?
consists of flattened membranous sacs
What is the purpose of the Golgi complex?
sorting - lysosomal enzymes are transported to the lysosome, exporting enzymes go to the vesicles
chemical altercations, such as glycoprotein formation
packaging
What are lysosomes?
serve as digestive organelle in phagocytosis
food vacuoles deliver ingested food to lysosomes
lysosomes also act as garbage recycling organelles
What are peroxisomes?
small membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes oxidases and catalase
they neutralize free radicals
unlike lysosomes, they use oxygen
What is the mitochondria and what is its purpose?
An organelle surrounded by a double layer membrane
they are the energy plants of a cell
they couple oxygen to break high-energy bonds to build ATP molecules
the site of cellular respiration
What is the cytoskeleton?
a network of protein fibers that provides shape, support, and movement
What does the cytoskeleton contain?
microfilaments - thin fibers, mostly actin, responsible for motion within and outside of the cell
intermediate filaments - stiff skeleton and cannot be reassembled
microtubules - help guide secretary vesicles, can be reassembled in the area of need, centrioles participate in cell division
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
cell shape - it can disassemble in one place and reassemble in the other, thus changing the shape of the cell
cell movement - WBCs, muscle contraction
organelle movement - it guides lysosome to fuse with food vacuole
cell division - it moves chromosomes into two parts of dividing nucleus
What is the centrosome?
consists of microtubules and additional protein
in contains two centromeres used for cell division, building microtubules, cilia, and flagella
What are cilia?
move fluid past the cell for movement
What are flagella?
moves cells in the environment
only human cell that is a flagellum is sperm
What is primary ciliary dyskinesia?
Disorder where the cilia cells in a pt’s trachea are disorganized
Mucus does not get eliminated and more bacteria is likely to make its way into the respiratory system
Pt’s predisposed to respiratory infections
