Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 231 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is sphingosine

A

polar/hydrophillic phospholipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe phospholipids

A

water solubule heads and water insoluble tails

separate the cytoplasm of a cell from the outside world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A

double layer of phospholipids

cholesterol and protein embedded in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane?

A

decreases membrane fluidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do proteins do in the plasma membrane?

A

serve as recognition, receptor, and transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

isolate the cell from the external environment
regulate the exchange of essential compounds
communicate with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define gradient

A

a difference of concentrations between two regions in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is passive transport?

A

the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
down the gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of molecules from low to high concentration
against the gradient
this process requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules down the concentration gradient - from high concentration to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

small water-soluble molecules and fat-soluble molecules can directly diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer down the concentration gradient, from high to low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

Ions and bigger water-soluble molecules, such as amino acids and monosaccharides, can diffuse through the membrane with the help of transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do channel proteins do?

A

pores
form permanent hydrophilic opening
ions go through pores down the concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Permeability of channels is often regulated by what two things?

A

Chemicals (ligands) or voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do carrier proteins do?

A

bind to specific molecule

changes the shape of the carrier in such a way that the molecule is passed through the other side of the plasmamembrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

special channels for water molecules to pass through the plasma membrane directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water down the concentration gradient into a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define isotonic

A

when water concentration in the solution is the same as inside the cell, and the movement of water into the cell and out of the cell is the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define hypotonic

A

when the concentration of water in the solution is higher than in the cell
concentration of other substances (ions) is lower than in the cell
water enters the cell, increasing its volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define hypertonic

A

when the concentration of water in the solution is lower than in the cell
concentration of other substances (ions) higher than in the cell
Water leaves the cell and the cell shrinks

21
Q

Describe active transport

A

substances are moved against their concentration gradient which requires energy input
primary active transport - pumps, energy comes from ATP
secondary active transport - symport or antiport, energy comes from diffusion of another substance

22
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

the cell engulfs materials and forms vesicles that separate the from the cell membrane and float in the cytoplasm

23
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

24
Q

What cellular processes involve exocytosis?

A

secretion of proteins like enzymes, peptide hormones, and antibodies from cells
turnover of plasma membrane
release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neurons
placement of membrane proteins
antigen presentation during the immune response
recycling of plasma membrane-bound receptors

25
Q

What is vesicular trafficking?

A

moves substances within the cell from one membrane-enclosed area of the cell or organelle to another

26
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

moves vesicles into the cell, through, then out of it
endothelialiocytes lining the capillary
enterocytes lining the gut

27
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

28
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

a type of cell junction

a fluid that seal that prevents fluid from leaving a cavity

29
Q

What is an anchoring junction?

A

cell junction
adhesion
found in tissues that stretch, such as a heart muscle

30
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

cell junction

allows a passage of chemical and electrical signals

31
Q

What are the properties of epithelial tissue?

A

cells bound tightly together in sheets
apical and basal surfaces
cells rest on basement membrane
capable of rapid cell division

32
Q

What can epithelial tissues be subdivided into?

A

glandular (secretory) and surface epithelium

33
Q

All epithelia are named according to:

A

number of cell layers
cell shapes
surface modifications

34
Q

What are the two names for different number of cell layers in epithelia?

A

simple - single layer of cells resting on basal membrane

stratified - multiple layers of cells

35
Q

What are the three different cell types in epithelia?

A

squamous - flattened or scale-like
cuboidal - resembles a cube
columnar - cylindrical in shape

36
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelia

A

form the thinnest membranes in the body

it is found in the sacs in lungs and lining of blood vessels

37
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelia

A

found lining ducts and other tubular structures
often adapted for secretion and absorption
kidney tubules and pancreatic ducts are made of this tissue

38
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelia

A

cells are taller than they are wide
most commonly found lining the digestive tract and some exocrine glands
functions to absorb nutrients and secrete mucous
may be equipped with cilia or microvilli

39
Q

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

found lining the trachea and bronchi, as well as certain areas of the naval cavity
often ciliated to facilitate mucus removal from the airway

40
Q

Describe stratified squamous epithelium

A

designed for abrasion and other abuse
protects against absorption, drying out, and infection
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found in the epidermis of the skin
upper layers formed by dead cells filled with waterproof keratin
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium is the mucous membrane which lines most body orifices

41
Q

Describe stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia

A

found in mammary glands and salivary glands

adapted for secretion and absorption of water

42
Q

Describe transitional epithelium

A

capable of a great deal of distension
when stretched it appears as stratified squamous
found in the lining of the urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters

43
Q

Define glands

A

one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid: mucus, hormones, enzymes, etc
formed by modified epithelial tissue
classified by site of product release

44
Q

Describe endocrine glands

A

have no ducts
release their secretory products into the interstitial spaces around the cells
hormones diffuse into nearby capillaries and are then carried to all parts of the body

45
Q

Describe exocrine glands

A

more numerous than endocrine glands
secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities
have a secretory part and a duct
ex: mucous, sweat, oil, or salivary glands
classified according to shape and structure of the duct or mode of the secretion

46
Q

What is the merocrine mode of secretion?

A

secretory vesicles are moved to the apical surface where the vesicles coalesce with the membrane on the apical surface to release the product

47
Q

What is the apocrine mode of secretion?

A

apical portions of cells are pinched off and lost during the secretory process
mammary glands release their products in this manner

48
Q

What is the holocrine mode of secretion?

A

involves death of the cell

sebaceous glands release their product in this manner

BIO 231 Anatomy OIT (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions