lecture quiz 2 Flashcards
What is the function and mechanism of the swim bladder?-
- bouyancy control
- can expand and contract in response to external pressure
- adjust gas gland to obtain neutral buoyancy and ascend/ descend in the water
- low pH = O2 removed from hemoglobin
- High pH = O2 binding
what organisms are in order synghathiformes?
- sea horses
- pipefish
- leafy seadragons
Characteristics of sygnathiformes?
- tube shaped snout
- elongated body w bony rings
- prehensile tail
- monogamous
- males care for young
Which species are in subclass chondrostei
- surgeon: cartilage skeleton, caviar
- Paddlefish: american paddlefish, elongated snout, chinese paddlefish
Describe subclass neopterygii?
- skeletal/muscle changes to fins: complex movement
- skeletal/muscle changes to jaw: suction feeding
- higher metabolism, higher O2 intake
Describe order seminotiformes?
- Gars
- have connection between pharynx
- freshwater
- pharyngeal tube connected to swim bladder: can gulp air… air to SB… capillaries take O2… deliver to body
Describe infraclass teleostei
- modern bony fish
- can protrude jaw
- successful
- pharyngeal jaws
Describe order coelacanthiformes
- notochord in adults
- diphycercal tail
describe subclass dipnoi
- have lungs, lungfish
- no gills
- freshwater
- diphycercal tail
- cocoon… living tissue filled with immune system cells
Describe the circulatory system of fish (non-myxini)
- single circuit
- one way flow through heart
Describe the gills of fishes
- most have four gill arches per side… made from bone
- 2 stacks of gill filaments
describe the purpose of lamellae in gills
- sites of O2/ Co2 exchange
- countercurrent flow across these give max gas exchange
Describe the bony scales
- thin lays of bone (dermal scales)
- stack of “coins”
- grows bigger, new ring forms below the last… scales grow at different rates per organism
Describe vision in fish
- eyes similar to other verts, except
- lidless
- lens doesn’t change shape, it changes position
- lens does all the focusing, not the cornea
Describe hearing in fish
- detects speed of sound waves in water
- no external ears, they are internal
- weberian ossicles
- no coiled cochlea
- chambers called macula… instead of cochlea
- macula have dense bones, known as osoliths that detect sound waves… hairs move… signal to bring
- growth rings on otoliths
Describe lateral lines
- sensory spots/pores
- detect changes in: water pressure, water speed, predators/prey
- connected by canals under epidermis
- neuromast organ/cells: sensory hairs.. bend… send signals down nerve to brain
- high concentration around head
Describe the electrical signal/field generaiton in fish
- electrocytes: modified muscle cells, produce electric field close to animal
- pulse wave form: shape of individual pulse
- pulse rate: how many per unit time
describe strong electrical field generation in fish
- for prey capture and predator avoidance
- electric eels
- electric rays
Describe weak electrical field generation in fish
- detect objects which disturb ones own electric field
- communication:
pulse waveform: species, gender, individual
pulse rate: social status, aggression
What are the three types of electroreceptors?
- Ampullary electroreceptors (ampullae of lorenzini)
- Tuberous
- mormyromasts
- knollen organs
Describe ampullary electroreceptors
- direct opening to the outside
filled with glycoprotein… sensitive to detect small voltages - detect other animals electric fields
describe tuberous electroreceptors
- NO direct opening to external environment
- mormyromasts
- knollen organs
- describe mormyromasts
- detect distortions in ones own electric field
- ## good for schooling behavior
describe knollen organs
- communication
- detect other fish’s signal
- wave shape, pulse shape, pulse rate
Characteristics of class amphibia?
- live in water and land
- all larvae are aquatic and have gills
- no notochord in adults
- all adults are carnivorous
- ectothermic
- non-amniotic = no amniotic membrane in egg
draw amphibian egg and label
-
Describe order caudata
- salamanders
- live in moist forest
- have tail throughout life
- modified internal fertilization ( male deposit sperm, female picks up spermatophores
- neotony (pactomorphisis) : attaining reproductive maturity while retain juvenile characteristics (gills)
Describe family plethodontidae
- lungless as adults
- use skin for gas exchange
- only salamanders to have projectile tongue( spring muscle, powered muscle)
- nasolabial grooves for smelling
- males mark territory with urine
Describe family crytobranchidae
- giant salamander
- small lungs, gas exchange thru skin
- hellbender (species)
- japanese giant salamander
- chinese giant salamander
describe family abystomatidae
- mole salamanders
- all in north america
- live in burrows or leaves
- hybrid of female populations
Describe family salimandridae
- newts
- aquatic salamanders
- rough skin
- poison glands: TTX
descibe TTX
- tetrachotoxin
- block voltage gated sodium channels in neurons and muscles
- possibly from microbia
- garder snakes have ttx resistant Na+ channels
Describe order gymnophionia
- caecilians
- blind : skin covers eyes
- elongated, small
- no external eggs
- vestigial legs
- true internal fertilization
- some are oviporous
- some are viviporous
- fangs with poison glands
Describe wha happens to a mother caecilian after giving brith
- produces fat in skin to feed young
- young eat mouther skin with their dermophage
describe order anura
- frogs and toads
- external fertilization
- pacific tailed frogs
- frog = wet and smooth, aquatic
- toad = dry and bumpy, terrestrial
- jumping specialization
Describe the jumping specialization in order anura
- long hind legs
- fused caudal vertebrae muscles attaches
- strong front legs: shock absorption… australian rocket frog
