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Natural History of Vertebrates > lecture quiz 2 > Flashcards

lecture quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function and mechanism of the swim bladder?-

A
  • bouyancy control
  • can expand and contract in response to external pressure
  • adjust gas gland to obtain neutral buoyancy and ascend/ descend in the water
  • low pH = O2 removed from hemoglobin
  • High pH = O2 binding
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2
Q

what organisms are in order synghathiformes?

A
  • sea horses
  • pipefish
  • leafy seadragons
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3
Q

Characteristics of sygnathiformes?

A
  • tube shaped snout
  • elongated body w bony rings
  • prehensile tail
  • monogamous
  • males care for young
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4
Q

Which species are in subclass chondrostei

A
  • surgeon: cartilage skeleton, caviar
  • Paddlefish: american paddlefish, elongated snout, chinese paddlefish
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5
Q

Describe subclass neopterygii?

A
  • skeletal/muscle changes to fins: complex movement
  • skeletal/muscle changes to jaw: suction feeding
  • higher metabolism, higher O2 intake
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6
Q

Describe order seminotiformes?

A
  • Gars
  • have connection between pharynx
  • freshwater
  • pharyngeal tube connected to swim bladder: can gulp air… air to SB… capillaries take O2… deliver to body
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7
Q

Describe infraclass teleostei

A
  • modern bony fish
  • can protrude jaw
  • successful
  • pharyngeal jaws
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8
Q

Describe order coelacanthiformes

A
  • notochord in adults
  • diphycercal tail
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9
Q

describe subclass dipnoi

A
  • have lungs, lungfish
  • no gills
  • freshwater
  • diphycercal tail
  • cocoon… living tissue filled with immune system cells
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10
Q

Describe the circulatory system of fish (non-myxini)

A
  • single circuit
  • one way flow through heart
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11
Q

Describe the gills of fishes

A
  • most have four gill arches per side… made from bone
  • 2 stacks of gill filaments
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12
Q

describe the purpose of lamellae in gills

A
  • sites of O2/ Co2 exchange
  • countercurrent flow across these give max gas exchange
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13
Q

Describe the bony scales

A
  • thin lays of bone (dermal scales)
  • stack of “coins”
  • grows bigger, new ring forms below the last… scales grow at different rates per organism
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14
Q

Describe vision in fish

A
  • eyes similar to other verts, except
  • lidless
  • lens doesn’t change shape, it changes position
  • lens does all the focusing, not the cornea
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15
Q

Describe hearing in fish

A
  • detects speed of sound waves in water
  • no external ears, they are internal
  • weberian ossicles
  • no coiled cochlea
  • chambers called macula… instead of cochlea
  • macula have dense bones, known as osoliths that detect sound waves… hairs move… signal to bring
  • growth rings on otoliths
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16
Q

Describe lateral lines

A
  • sensory spots/pores
  • detect changes in: water pressure, water speed, predators/prey
  • connected by canals under epidermis
  • neuromast organ/cells: sensory hairs.. bend… send signals down nerve to brain
  • high concentration around head
17
Q

Describe the electrical signal/field generaiton in fish

A
  • electrocytes: modified muscle cells, produce electric field close to animal
  • pulse wave form: shape of individual pulse
  • pulse rate: how many per unit time
18
Q

describe strong electrical field generation in fish

A
  • for prey capture and predator avoidance
  • electric eels
  • electric rays
19
Q

Describe weak electrical field generation in fish

A
  • detect objects which disturb ones own electric field
  • communication:
    pulse waveform: species, gender, individual
    pulse rate: social status, aggression
20
Q

What are the three types of electroreceptors?

A
  • Ampullary electroreceptors (ampullae of lorenzini)
  • Tuberous
  • mormyromasts
  • knollen organs
21
Q

Describe ampullary electroreceptors

A
  • direct opening to the outside
    filled with glycoprotein… sensitive to detect small voltages
  • detect other animals electric fields
22
Q

describe tuberous electroreceptors

A
  • NO direct opening to external environment
  • mormyromasts
  • knollen organs
23
Q
  • describe mormyromasts
A
  • detect distortions in ones own electric field
  • ## good for schooling behavior
24
Q

describe knollen organs

A
  • communication
  • detect other fish’s signal
  • wave shape, pulse shape, pulse rate
25
Q

Characteristics of class amphibia?

A
  • live in water and land
  • all larvae are aquatic and have gills
  • no notochord in adults
  • all adults are carnivorous
  • ectothermic
  • non-amniotic = no amniotic membrane in egg
26
Q

draw amphibian egg and label

A

-

27
Q

Describe order caudata

A
  • salamanders
  • live in moist forest
  • have tail throughout life
  • modified internal fertilization ( male deposit sperm, female picks up spermatophores
  • neotony (pactomorphisis) : attaining reproductive maturity while retain juvenile characteristics (gills)
28
Q

Describe family plethodontidae

A
  • lungless as adults
  • use skin for gas exchange
  • only salamanders to have projectile tongue( spring muscle, powered muscle)
  • nasolabial grooves for smelling
  • males mark territory with urine
29
Q

Describe family crytobranchidae

A
  • giant salamander
  • small lungs, gas exchange thru skin
  • hellbender (species)
  • japanese giant salamander
  • chinese giant salamander
30
Q

describe family abystomatidae

A
  • mole salamanders
  • all in north america
  • live in burrows or leaves
  • hybrid of female populations
31
Q

Describe family salimandridae

A
  • newts
  • aquatic salamanders
  • rough skin
  • poison glands: TTX
32
Q

descibe TTX

A
  • tetrachotoxin
  • block voltage gated sodium channels in neurons and muscles
  • possibly from microbia
  • garder snakes have ttx resistant Na+ channels
33
Q

Describe order gymnophionia

A
  • caecilians
  • blind : skin covers eyes
  • elongated, small
  • no external eggs
  • vestigial legs
  • true internal fertilization
  • some are oviporous
  • some are viviporous
  • fangs with poison glands
34
Q

Describe wha happens to a mother caecilian after giving brith

A
  • produces fat in skin to feed young
  • young eat mouther skin with their dermophage
35
Q

describe order anura

A
  • frogs and toads
  • external fertilization
  • pacific tailed frogs
  • frog = wet and smooth, aquatic
  • toad = dry and bumpy, terrestrial
  • jumping specialization
36
Q

Describe the jumping specialization in order anura

A
  • long hind legs
  • fused caudal vertebrae muscles attaches
  • strong front legs: shock absorption… australian rocket frog

Natural History of Vertebrates (6 decks)

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