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Natural History of Vertebrates > FINAL EXAM DINOSAURS > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM DINOSAURS Flashcards

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1
Q

laurasiatheria

A
  • 7 extinct orders
  • 1: order chiroptera.. vampire bats
  • 2: order carnivora
  • 3: order perissodactyla
  • 4: order cetartiodactyla
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2
Q

Order carnivora

A

cats, dogs, bears, weasels, skunks, seals, walruses

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3
Q

order perissodactyla

A
  • odd toed hoofed mammal
  • rhinoes, horses, zebras
  • digest cellulose in intestine
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4
Q

order cetartiodactyla

A
  • artiodactyla
  • even toed hoofed mammals
  • camels, pigs, cows, hippos
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5
Q

devonian period

A
  • precursor for all major fish groups present
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6
Q

late devonian extinction

A
  • 80% all marine species extinct
  • hypothesis:
  • asteroid
  • rise of plants/phytoplankton… eutrophication (low O2)
  • volcanic activity
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7
Q

tetrapod/amphibin origins

A
  • association with late devonian extinctions
  • fish to tetrapod
  • evodevo: hox genes + limb development
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8
Q

transitions needed to make land dwelling tetrapod

A
  • fins to limb
  • water to land body and jaw
  • water to air breathing
  • water to air hearing
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9
Q

kenichthys

A
  • early devonian period
  • sarcopterygian
  • external and internal nostrils
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10
Q

eusthenopteron

A
  • middle devonian period
  • sarcopterygian
  • internal nostrils
  • limbs with distinct humeroud, ulna, radius
  • femur, tibia, fibula
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11
Q

elpistostege

A
  • middle devonian period
  • oldest digits
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12
Q

pandrichthyes

A
  • middle devonian period
  • limbs with digits
  • stronger shoulders
  • transitional ear
  • hyomandibula
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13
Q

tiktaalik

A
  • late devonian period
  • fisha pod
  • terrestrial like front limbs
  • flexible neck, hyomandibula, fully free of jaw
  • flexing jaw
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14
Q

acanthostega

A
  • late devonian
  • all limbs and digits well developed
  • hyomandibula fully in ear - stapes
  • aquatic tail
  • no vertebral column arch
  • small lungs and gills
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15
Q

ichthyostega

A
  • late devonian
  • able to walk on land
  • arched back
  • strong ribs
  • small lungs
  • small gills
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16
Q

emergence of new body plan in carboniferous tetrapods

A
  • distinct terrestrial characteristics
  • limbs
  • snout/jaws enlarge
  • fish scales disappear
  • stapes in ear
  • arched back
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17
Q

carboniferous period

A
  • large amphibian abundance and diversity
  • age of amphibians
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18
Q

gerobatrachus (permian period)

A
  • frogamander
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19
Q

reptilomorphs

A
  • carboniferous
  • where amnion allows independence from water reptiles begin to morph
  • doesnt fossilize well
20
Q

casineria

A
  • early carboniferous
  • amphibian skull
  • reptile limbs
21
Q

solenodonsaurus

A
  • carboniferous period
  • eggs in terrestrial nests
22
Q

synapsida and sauropsida

A
  • two reptile groups
  • synapsid:
    1 TF, air movement via diaphragm, alveolar lungs, 2 way air flow
  • sauropsida:
    0-2 TF (anapsida, diapsida)
    air movement via air sac, gizzard, faviolar lungs, 1 way air flow
23
Q

oldest sauropsids

A
  • hylonomus paleothyris
  • full reptilian bone structure
  • many terrestrial nests
  • anapsids
  • look like modern lizards
24
Q

petrolacosaurus

A
  • petrolacosaurus:
  • oldest fossil record
  • nocturnal
  • small sharp teeth
  • insects inside them
25
Q

permiam triassic extinction event

A
  • great dying
  • 90% of all organisms dying
  • volcanic activity… siberian traps…
  • high CO2, CH4 and H2S in atmosphereq
26
Q

ichthypterygia, sauropterygia

A
  • ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs
  • triassic
  • ichthy: similar body plan and lifestyle as dolphins, viviparous
  • plesio: heavy body, limbs paddle like, long neck, fish eaters
27
Q

archosaurs

A
  • late permian period
  • ruling reptile
  • large skull fenetrae for large muscle
  • serrated teeth
  • femus trochanter: muscle attachment, indicative of bipedalism
28
Q

pterosauria

A
  • late triassic
  • winged lizard
  • elongated 4th finger
  • keeled sternum
  • pneumatized bones
29
Q

Dinosaurs

A
  • ornithischia (bird hip) and Saurischia (reptile hip)
30
Q

Ornithischia

A
  • medium sized herbivores
  • bipedal herbivores
  • duck billed dinosaurs
31
Q

saurischia

A
  • sauropods: large herbivores
  • theropods: bipedal carnivores
32
Q

Dinosaur extinction when?

A

66 mya
cretaceous-paleogene boundary (K-Pg) : the major extinction event, 70% of all plants and animals

33
Q

asteroid hypothesis: What caused the extinction?

A
  • asteroid
  • Luis and Walter Alvarez… iridium in earth soil, result of asteroid
  • gulf of mexico, evidence of huge wave action
  • chicxulub crater: crater is 110m wide, 12 miles deep
34
Q

What killed living things when the asteroid struck?

A
  • short term: (s to days)
    earth quakes, global heat pulse, tsunami
  • medium term (m to y)
    debris ejected, caused 90% sun decrease, temp decreased 20 deg C
  • long term: (dec to cen)
    CO2 from limestone, cause greenhouse effect and sulfur
35
Q

volcanic activity: Deccan Plateau of India

A
  • CO2 increased due to increase in Volcanic activity
  • created the Deccan traps
36
Q

Reptile to mammal transition

A
  • posture: reptile is sprawled… to upright mammal
  • reduction in lower jaw bone
  • teeth differentiation
  • middle ear: one to 3 bones
  • jaw articulation: quadrate connect to articular bone (reptile)… squamosal connect to dentary (mammal)
37
Q

Synapsids

A
  • 1 TF
  • makes skull lighter
  • more attachment points
38
Q

Earliest synapsids

A
  • pelycosaurs
    mammal like: canines, no scales (smooth), eccrine glands
    reptile like: multiple bones in lower jaw, one middle ear bone, jaw articulation, sprawled
  • highly vascularized sails for thermoregulation
39
Q

Therapsids

A
  • incisors, canines, premolars, molars
  • hair
  • bones: highly vascularized… endothermy
  • erect limb posture, body held high
    allows for avoidance of carriers constraint (squeezing lungs and air back n forth when running)
  • large herbivores and predators
40
Q

cynodonts

A
  • full teeth differentiation
  • fewer lower jaw bones
  • vibrisse
  • nasal turbinates: structures in nasal passages
  • high diversity
41
Q

Mammaliaformes

A
  • triassic
  • size reduction
  • morganucodon
  • hadrocodium
42
Q

morganucodon

A
  • morgie: mouse sized
  • tree climber
  • double jaw articulation:
    -articular- quadrate (reptilian)
    squamosal-dentary (mammalian)
  • teeth growth rings
43
Q

hadrocodium

A
  • oldest fossil with 3 middle ear bones
  • full mammalian jaw articulation
  • eggs
44
Q

Eutherians

A
  • Juramaia Sinensis
  • Eumaia
45
Q

Juramaia Sinensis

A
  • oldest known eutherian
  • mammalian characterstics, NOT placental
46
Q

Eumaia

A
  • “dawn mother”
  • full mammalian characteristics
  • placenta
47
Q

Eutherian Radiation

A
  • rapid diversification after K-pg

Natural History of Vertebrates (6 decks)

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