Exam 1 new info

Question 1

special features of order Anura skin?

Answer 1

• no scales, feathers or hair for gas/ion exchange… NA+ and K+… cant have uptake barriers
• poison glands for defense
• highly vascularized.. many blood vessels for gas exchange

Question 2

Describe order anura poison glands

Answer 2

• all over the body
• parotid glands… large poison glands..
• poison arrow frogs… insect derived alkaloids.

Question 3

Describe family bufonidae

Answer 3

• large carotid glands
• this family has a mixture of bufagin (Na/K ATPase blocker and bufotenin which has hallucination properties

Question 4

desccribe how the poison in poison arrow frogs work

Answer 4

• open NA channels and they remain open with no control

Question 5

Describe order anura hearts

Answer 5

• 3 chambers (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
• less than 5% mixing, very efficient due to valves and folds
• can stop the flow of blood when in the water

Question 6

Describe order anura vocalization

Answer 6

• primarily a reproductive function
• sound producing apparatus
• different calls

Question 7

Describe sound producing apparatus

Answer 7

• lungs… air goes past the larynx (vocal chords) and out of the mouth
• vocal sac acts as a resonance chamber to make sound louder

Question 8

Types of anura calls?

Answer 8

• advertisement call.. male attracting female
• reciprocal call… female responding
• distress call… when predator is present
• release call… males when another male attempts to mate

Question 9

Describe the causes of amphibian population declines

Answer 9

• habitat destruction/split
• introduction of exotic species (fish, amphibians)
• pesticides and pollution
• chytrid fungus
• diseases

Question 10

describe the chemicals that are killing amphibians

Answer 10

• atrazine… herbicide… causes chemical castration, destroys gonads
• terbufos… insecticide… causes mutation
• picaridin… insect repellent… stops development in salamanders

Question 11

Describe the impact of chytrid fungus on amphibians

Answer 11

• the species are Bd and B.sal
• Bd: causes excessive epidermal growth… lowers gas exchange and K+/Na+… cardiac arrest
• B.sal: causes epidermal erosion: skin ulceration, eroding blood vessels, bacteria can now enter

Question 12

Are some frogs resistant to these issues?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

Describe the diseases impacting amphibians

Answer 13

• perkinsea - ciliate… no treatment
• ranavirus… DNA virus

Question 14

draw a reptilian egg

Question 15

reptile characteristics

Answer 15

• one chondyle, flexible necks
• lungs as adults and young
• true internal fert
• ectothermic and poikilothermic
• 3 chambered hearts
• ## dry

Question 16

Describe reptile skin

Answer 16

• dry
• multiple epidermal layers
• skin arranged in scales
• turtles is arranged in plates
• turtles/lizards have fission zone: thin, no keratin, can break, related to shedding… epidermal layers fall off

Question 17

Describe basic skull anatomy of reptiles

Answer 17

• anapsids: 0 temporal fenestrae
• synapsids: 1 TF
• diapsids: 2 TF

Question 18

characteristics of order testudines

Answer 18

• anapsids
• only reptiles with no teeth
• four pentadactyl legs
• shell/plates
• appendage joints inside ribcage
• flexible cervical vertebrae
• oviparous
• long life span
• indeterminate growth

Question 19

what do turtles have instead of teeth

Answer 19

• epidermal beak (keratinized)

Question 20

describe turtle shell/plates

Answer 20

• dorsal: carapace… fusion of vertibrae and ribs… covered by epidermis with lots of keratin
• ventral: plastron

Question 21

What are the sections of a carapace called

Answer 21

• scutes

Question 22

describe the different flexible cervical vertebrae

Answer 22

order cryptodira= verticle flexibility… complete cover
order pleurodira= horizontal… not completely covered

Question 23

describe order squamata

Answer 23

• scales
• epidermal fission zone (shedding)
• quadrate + articular bones

Question 24

characteristics of suborder sauria

Answer 24

• four pentadactyl limbs in most
• oviparous

Question 25

what are the 20 families of suborder sauria

Answer 25

• gekkonidae
• scincidae
• helodermatidae
• varanidae
• iguanidae
• legless lizards

Question 26

characteristics of gekkonidae?

Answer 26

• geckos
• small
• nocturnal
• arboreal
• vocal
• van der waal forces
• setae (fibers on toes) –> seta –> spatulae

Question 27

characteristics of scincidae

Answer 27

• skinks
• smooth, non overlapping scales
• western skink

Question 28

characteristics of helodermatidae

Answer 28

• bumpy skin
• non overlapping scales
• venomous
• gila monster… mexican beaded lizard
• forked tongue for chemoreception

Question 29

describe the forked tongue

Answer 29

• chemo reception
• touches the vemeronasal organ as a sense of smell

Question 30

characteristics of varanidae

Answer 30

• monitor lizard
• long neck.. cervical vertebrae
• forked tongue
• non-autonomous tail
• komodo dragon