Exam 1 new info Flashcards
special features of order Anura skin?
- no scales, feathers or hair for gas/ion exchange… NA+ and K+… cant have uptake barriers
- poison glands for defense
- highly vascularized.. many blood vessels for gas exchange
Describe order anura poison glands
- all over the body
- parotid glands… large poison glands..
- poison arrow frogs… insect derived alkaloids.
Describe family bufonidae
- large carotid glands
- this family has a mixture of bufagin (Na/K ATPase blocker and bufotenin which has hallucination properties
desccribe how the poison in poison arrow frogs work
- open NA channels and they remain open with no control
Describe order anura hearts
- 3 chambers (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
- less than 5% mixing, very efficient due to valves and folds
- can stop the flow of blood when in the water
Describe order anura vocalization
- primarily a reproductive function
- sound producing apparatus
- different calls
Describe sound producing apparatus
- lungs… air goes past the larynx (vocal chords) and out of the mouth
- vocal sac acts as a resonance chamber to make sound louder
Types of anura calls?
- advertisement call.. male attracting female
- reciprocal call… female responding
- distress call… when predator is present
- release call… males when another male attempts to mate
Describe the causes of amphibian population declines
- habitat destruction/split
- introduction of exotic species (fish, amphibians)
- pesticides and pollution
- chytrid fungus
- diseases
describe the chemicals that are killing amphibians
- atrazine… herbicide… causes chemical castration, destroys gonads
- terbufos… insecticide… causes mutation
- picaridin… insect repellent… stops development in salamanders
Describe the impact of chytrid fungus on amphibians
- the species are Bd and B.sal
- Bd: causes excessive epidermal growth… lowers gas exchange and K+/Na+… cardiac arrest
- B.sal: causes epidermal erosion: skin ulceration, eroding blood vessels, bacteria can now enter
Are some frogs resistant to these issues?
yes
Describe the diseases impacting amphibians
- perkinsea - ciliate… no treatment
- ranavirus… DNA virus
draw a reptilian egg
reptile characteristics
- one chondyle, flexible necks
- lungs as adults and young
- true internal fert
- ectothermic and poikilothermic
- 3 chambered hearts
- ## dry
Describe reptile skin
- dry
- multiple epidermal layers
- skin arranged in scales
- turtles is arranged in plates
- turtles/lizards have fission zone: thin, no keratin, can break, related to shedding… epidermal layers fall off
Describe basic skull anatomy of reptiles
- anapsids: 0 temporal fenestrae
- synapsids: 1 TF
- diapsids: 2 TF
characteristics of order testudines
- anapsids
- only reptiles with no teeth
- four pentadactyl legs
- shell/plates
- appendage joints inside ribcage
- flexible cervical vertebrae
- oviparous
- long life span
- indeterminate growth
what do turtles have instead of teeth
- epidermal beak (keratinized)
describe turtle shell/plates
- dorsal: carapace… fusion of vertibrae and ribs… covered by epidermis with lots of keratin
- ventral: plastron
What are the sections of a carapace called
- scutes
describe the different flexible cervical vertebrae
order cryptodira= verticle flexibility… complete cover
order pleurodira= horizontal… not completely covered
describe order squamata
- scales
- epidermal fission zone (shedding)
- quadrate + articular bones
characteristics of suborder sauria
- four pentadactyl limbs in most
- oviparous
what are the 20 families of suborder sauria
- gekkonidae
- scincidae
- helodermatidae
- varanidae
- iguanidae
- legless lizards
characteristics of gekkonidae?
- geckos
- small
- nocturnal
- arboreal
- vocal
- van der waal forces
- setae (fibers on toes) –> seta –> spatulae
characteristics of scincidae
- skinks
- smooth, non overlapping scales
- western skink
characteristics of helodermatidae
- bumpy skin
- non overlapping scales
- venomous
- gila monster… mexican beaded lizard
- forked tongue for chemoreception
describe the forked tongue
- chemo reception
- touches the vemeronasal organ as a sense of smell
characteristics of varanidae
- monitor lizard
- long neck.. cervical vertebrae
- forked tongue
- non-autonomous tail
- komodo dragon
