lecture questions from the lectures we did not attend Flashcards
quiz questions that the prof did with class during the lectures
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION
what is a fault
a. fractures along which rocks bend
b. folds along which rocks bend
c. folds along which rocks move
d. fractures along which rocks move
d. fractures along which rocks move
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION
what are rocks below and above a fault called
a. the footwall below and the upper wall above
b. the lower wall below and the hanging wall above
c. the lower wall below and the upper wall above
d. the hanging wall below and the footwall above
e. the footwall below and the hanging wall above
e. the footwall below and the hanging wall above
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION
__________ faults combine elements of strike-slip and dip-slip motions
a. thrust
b. oblique-slip
c. reverse
d. normal
e. strike-slip
b. oblique-slip
HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS
describe the water transport path before exiting through a black smoker at the seafloor
a. water circulates through the ocean crust, down to the mantle, where it turns to steam and migrates upwards
b. hot water is produced within the deep mantle and migrates upward through the crust
c. water infiltrates the oceanic crust, causing it to lose all dissolved minerals
d. water circulates through the ocean crust, causing it to heat up and become saturated with dissolved minerals
e. water circulates through the oceanic crust, causing it to cool and precipitate minerals
d. water circulates through the ocean crust, causing it to heat up and become saturated with dissolved minerals
HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS
____________ naturally concentrate(s) the less common elements of earth’s crust
a. hydrothermal solutions
b. ocean water
c. lab experiments
d. sedimentary rock formation
e. weathering processes
a. hydrothermal solutions
HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS
pegmatites are igneous rocks with __________ crystals, formed from a ______________
a. small; wet magma
b. large; volcanic eruption
c. small; geyser eruption
d. large; wet magma
e. large, black smoker
e. large, black smoker
HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS
when minerals precipitate in a fracture, they are referred to as:
a. vein deposits
b. geyser deposits
c. a porphyry
d. pegmatites
e. host rocks
a. vein deposits
TSUNAMI (EARTHQUAKES)
a _______________ is located at a plate boundary between a subducting slab of oceanic crust and an overlying plate
a. megathrust fault
b. divergent setting
c. strike-slip fault
d. normal fault
a. megathrust fault
TSUNAMI (EARTHQUAKES)
what happens to tsunami waves as they move closer to shore
a. the waves maintain a constant speed and height
b. velocity ↑ and height ↓
c. both velocity and height ↓
d. both velocity and height ↑
e. velocity ↓ and height ↑
e. velocity ↓ and height ↑
TSUNAMI (EARTHQUAKES)
___________ is a seismic zone that has not produced a large earthquake for a considerable length of time
a. a convergent plate boundary
b. an earthquake belt
c. a seismic gap
d. a subduction zone
e. The Circum-Pacific Belt
c. a seismic gap
INTENSITY VS MAGNITUDE (EARTHQUAKES)
a smaller earthquake in Virginia was felt over a larger distance, as compared to a larger earthquake in California. what is a reason this occurred?
a. higher population density
b. warmer crust
c. colder crust
d. location of epicenter
e. less rigid bedrock
c. colder crust
INTENSITY VS MAGNITUDE (EARTHQUAKES)
define earthquake intensity:
a. the quantitative amount of energy released from the earthquake source
b. a qualitative measure of the amount of ground shaking at a certain location
c. the amount of time between P and S wave arrival
d. the measure of the maximum amplitude of a surface wave
e. a quantitative measure of ground motion
b. a qualitative measure of the amount of ground shaking at a certain location
INTENSITY VS MAGNITUDE (EARTHQUAKES)
Richter magnitude (ML) is derived from measuring ____________ and ___________, and then plotting them on a Richter diagram
a. S minus P wave time; max S wave height
b. S minus P wave time; distance
c. distance away from earthquake; minimum S wave height
d. maximum S wave height; moment magnitude
e. S minus P wave time; maximum P wave height;
a. S minus P wave time; max S wave height
INTENSITY VS MAGNITUDE (EARTHQUAKES)
why is moment magnitude (MW) preferred Richter magnitude (ML)
a. moment magnitude is calculated by measuring the amplitude of the largest seismic wave and the distance to the earthquake
b. moment magnitude includes a qualitative measurement of intensity, while the Richter scale does not
c. moment magnitude measures the total energy released during an earthquake and can adequately measure the energy of large earthquakes
d. the moment magnitude scale contains more accurate quantitative measurements
c. moment magnitude measures the total energy released during an earthquake and can adequately measure the energy of large earthquakes
HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS
how do black smokers get their name
a. black chimneys near mid-ocean ridges eject smoke from molten rocks in the mantle
b. hot molten rock seeps from fissures near mid-ocean ridges and turns black when cooling
c. mineral precipitation in the oceanic crust produces veins and pegmatites rich in dark minerals
d. dissolved minerals are ejected from chimneys and rapidly precipitate out of solution, creating a dark colour
e. magma devolatilizes and is erupted as lava from black columns on the seafloor
d. dissolved minerals are ejected from chimneys and rapidly precipitate out of solution, creating a dark colour
COAL-FIRED PLANT
many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment
a. carbon dioxide
b. oxygen
c. nitrous oxide
d. sulfur dioxide
e. methane gas
a. carbon dioxide
COAL-FIRED PLANT
all fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of _________ energy
a. renewable
b. geothermal
c. nuclear
d. solar
e. wind
d. solar
COAL-FIRED PLANT
where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant
a. silo
b. boiler
c. cooling tower
d. generator
e. control room
d. generator
COAL-FIRED PLANT
during peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity
a. it depends on where the the power plant is located
b. cost of electricity always stays the same
c. it depends on the time of year
d. it almost always decreases
e. it almost always increases
e. it almost always increases
COAL-FIRED PLANT
what colour smoke coming from a coal-fires power plant would indicate wasted fuel
a. red
b. black
c. white
d. clear
e. green
b. black
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
what has caused the hypoxic “dead zone” to form off the coast of the Gulf states
a. fertilizers and pesticides are toxic chemicals. when they run off of fields and into the mississippi river, they make their way to the Gulf and poison fish and other species
b. the highly turbulent mississippi river carries so much sand and silt into the Gulf of Mexico during the spring that it chokes marine species
c. fertilizers promote the growth of algae. when they die and decompose, oxygen is depleted in the Gulf of Mexico
d. poor farming practices increase the sediment load in the mississippi river, blocking sunlight and thereby inhibiting photosynthesis
c. fertilizers promote the growth of algae. when they die and decompose, oxygen is depleted in the Gulf of Mexico
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
what is discharge a measurement of
a. the speed of a river
b. the amount of water in a river
c. the turbulence of a river
d. the ability of a river to erode
b. the amount of water in a river
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
where are the headwaters of the mississippi river
a. Gulf of Mexico
b. Misouri River
c. Rocky Mountains
d. Northern Minnesota
c. Rocky Mountains
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
water erodes the outside of a river bend to form a ________
a. point bar
b. cut bank
c. oxbow lake
d. meander
b. cut bank
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
how did the mississippi river delta form
a. as sea level has risen since the end of the last ice age, wave action along the gulf coast has eroded the mainland, leaving behind a lobe-shaped landmass
b. when the mississippi river floods its banks, sand grains settle out just beyond the river’s normal banks to form a natural ridge
c. dams and locks trap sediment. to keep the mississippi river clear for navigation, sediment is dredged and dumped along the shoreline and forms a delta
d. as the mississippi river enters the gulf of mexico, its velocity decreases and it begins to drop its sediment load
d. as the mississippi river enters the gulf of mexico, its velocity decreases and it begins to drop its sediment load
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
how can pieces of rock in contact with a stream bed move
a. rolling, sliding, dissolution
b. rolling, sliding, suspension
c. bouncing, sliding, dissolution
d. bouncing, suspension, twisting
e. rolling, sliding, bouncing
e. rolling, sliding, bouncing
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
complete this analogy: bouncing is to sand as suspension is to ________
a. clay
b. gravel
c. ions
d. sand
a. clay
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
complete this analogy: sliding is to gravel as dissolution is to ________
a. clay
b. gravel
c. ions
d. sand
c. ions
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
which of the following are part of the bed load
a. clay
b. gravel
c. ions
d. sand
d. sand
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
what are the 3 types of loads carried by streams
a. bed load, bouncing load, dissolved load
b. bed load, sliding load, rolling load
c. bed load, bouncing load, suspended load
d. bed load, suspended load, dissolved load
e. sliding load, rolling load, bouncing load
d. bed load, suspended load, dissolved load
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
what is suspended load
a. the ions that travel along the stream bed
b. the fine-grained particles that travel in the water column above the stream bed
c. the ions that travel in the water column above the stream bed
d. the fine-grained particles that travel along the stream bed
b. the fine-grained particles that travel in the water column above the stream bed
TSUNAMI (EARTHQUAKES)
a tsunami s caused by ________
a. storms
b. man-made sea vessels
c. tides
d. earthquakes only
e. anything that displaces water
e. anything that displaces water
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION
what type of fault has NO vertical motion of rocks associated with it
a. normal fault
b. strike-slip fault
c. reverse fault
d. shear fault
b. strike-slip fault
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION
which fault will see the hanging wall move down relative to the footwall
a. normal fault
b. thrust fault
c. reverse fault
d. left-lateral strike-slip fault
e. right-lateral strike-slip fault
a. normal fault
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION
what kind of force would create a reverse fault
a. compression
b. tension
c. shear
a. compression
HALF LIFE
which of the following includes all common types of radioactive decay
a. alpha particle emission, beta particle emission, electron capture
b. alpha particle emission, stable daughter, electron capture
c. atomic number, beta particle emission, electron capture
d. alpha particle emission, beta particle emission, half-life
e. alpha particle emission, beta particle emission, radioactive parent isotope
a. alpha particle emission, beta particle emission, electron capture
HALF LIFE
which of the following statements regarding radioactive decay is true
a. the number of half-lives decrease over time
b. a mineral starts out with a parent : daughter isotope ratio of 75:25
c. the nucleus of a radioactive particle is not affected
d. more parent isotopes accumulate over time
e. more daughter products accumulate over time
e. more daughter products accumulate over time
HALF LIFE
if one half-life has lapsed, what is the radioactive parent to stable daughter isotope ratio
a. 50:50
b. 75:25
c. 6:94
d. 25:75
e. 13:87
a. 50:50
HALF LIFE
radioactive decay in mineral shows that two half-lives have elapsed, giving an age of approximately 1.4 billion years. what is the correct radioactive parent and stable daughter isotope pair
a. Th^232, Pb^208
b. K^40, Ar^40
c. Rb^87, Sr^87
d. U^235, Pb^207
e. U^238, Pb^206
d. U^235, Pb^207
RELATIVE DATING
which of the following describes the principle of original horizontality
a. the oldest sedimentary unit is located at the base of the sequence, while the youngest is at the top
b. inclusions within a sedimentary rock at older than the sedimentary rock itself
c. folded sedimentary layers were originally laid down flat and later deformed
d. undeformed sedimentary layers present on one side of a river-cut canyon are the same as those on the opposite side
e. a fault or dike that cuts a sedimentary sequence is younger than the sedimentary rocks it breaks through
c. folded sedimentary layers were originally laid down flat and later deformed
RELATIVE DATING
a uniformed sequence of sedimentary rocks is exposed in a large river canyon. which two principles would be demonstrated by the rocks
a. principle of superposition and dating by inclusions
b. principles of lateral continuity and inclusions
c. principle of cross-cutting relationships and superposition
d. principle of lateral continuity and cd cross-cutting relationships
e. principles of superposition and lateral continuity
e. principles of superposition and lateral continuity
RELATIVE DATING
an igneous dike cuts through limestone, but not through the overlying sandstone. which of the following statements is accurate
a. the limestone and sandstone was deposited and then cut by the igneous dike
b. first, the limestone was laid down, then intruded by the igneous dike, and lastly the sandstone was deposited
c. first, the sandstone was laid down, next to the limestone was deposited, and finally was cut by the igneous dike
d. first, limestone was laid down, folded and cut by an igneous dike, and finally the sandstone was deposited
e. the igneous dike represents the oldest rock, while the sedimentary rocks are relatively younger
b. first, the limestone was laid down, then intruded by the igneous dike, and lastly the sandstone was deposited
RELATIVE DATING
a sandstone contains inclusions of metamorphic rock. an igneous dike cuts both the sandstone and inclusions. list the rocks from youngest to oldest
a. sandstone, metamorphic rock, igneous dike
b. igneous dike, sandstone, metamorphic rock
c. metamorphic rock, igneous dike, sandstone
d. metamorphic rock, igneous dike, sandstone
e. igneous dike, metamorphic rock, sandstone
b. igneous dike, sandstone, metamorphic rock
RELATIVE DATING
if a sequence of sedimentary units is cut by a fault, what does the principle of cross-cutting relationships tell a geologist
a. the sedimentary units on the left side of the fault are the same as those on the right side
b. the fault is older than the sedimentary sequence
c. the oldest sedimentary unit is located at the base of the sequence, while the youngest is at the top
d. all of the sedimentary units must have been deposited and lithified before being cut by the fault
e. sedimentary layers are laid down horizontally
d. all of the sedimentary units must have been deposited and lithified before being cut by the fault
METAMORPHISM
what kind of metamorphic texture results in the segregation of light and dark mineral bands
a. slaty texture
b. foliated texture
c. gneissic texture
d. schistose texture
e. fine texture
c. gneissic texture
METAMORPHIC
why are garnets used in sandpaper
a. garnets fracture easily and have abrasive edges
b. garnets have many crystal faces and therefore have sharp edges
c. the sandpaper take on an appealing reddish colour when the garnets are incorporated into it
d. garnets have a value of 8 or 9 on the Mohs Hardness Scale, making them very abrasive
e. garnets have no other use
d. garnets have a value of 8 or 9 on the Mohs Hardness Scale, making them very abrasive
METAMORPHISM
what role does hot ion-rich water play in the process of metamorphism
a. water migrates into host rock carrying ions to stable minerals in order to facilitate growth of new metamorphic minerals
b. water boils the rocks that it comes in contact with, causing them to liquefy and slowly cool and harden into a new, stable state
c. water flows downhill, eroding the host rock to make it smooth
d. water cleanses the iron-bearing minerals, which helps to delineate the crystal faces
e. water interferes with mineral crystallization, thereby delaying the process of metamorphism
a. water migrates into host rock carrying ions to stable minerals in order to facilitate growth of new metamorphic minerals
METAMORPHISM
by what process did the gabbro turn into amphibole
a. the gabbro was heated to 500°C and buried a few miles below the earth’s surface
b. gabbro naturally turns to amphibolite through the process of weathering over long periods of time
c. the gabbro was heated to 500°C and buried a few miles below the earth’s surface
d. mineral-laden water from the ocean caused changes in the mineral composition during the Grenville Orogeny
e. mineral-rich fluids from the overlying Paleozoic sedimentary rocks cemented the minerals in the gabbro and altered their structure
a. the gabbro was heated to 500°C and buried a few miles below the earth’s surface
METAMORPHISM
mineral-laden water from the ocean caused changes in the mineral composition during the Grenville Orogeny
a. a plume of hot water and gas that mobilizes the pond in the surrounding country rock
b. hot mantle rock rising from deep within the earth
c. a plume of fire
d. a region of the mantle that has doubled in thickness
b. hot mantle rock rising from deep within the earth
WEATHERING
which of the following statements regarding weathering and erosion is NOT true
a. weathering breaks down rock. then erosion, most often powered by water or wind, carries grains away
b. weathering and erosion are separate processes, but the two can be intertwined
c. weathering is caused by mechanical or chemical forces
d. erosion and weathering have the same definition and can be used interchangeably
e. erosion is most often powered by water or wind
d. erosion and weathering have the same definition and can be used interchangeably
WEATHERING
which of the following is NOT an example of mechanical weathering process
a. reactions that occur when rain mixes with carbon dioxide to form a carbonic acid
b. animal burrowing
c. human activities, such as mining for coal
d. frosh wedging, which occurs as water that creeps into rock crevices and once there, repeatedly freezes and thaws
e. salt crystal growth, whereby salts dissolved in water settle into crevices, grow, and enlarge cracks
a. reactions that occur when rain mixes with carbon dioxide to form a carbonic acid
WEATHERING
during the late Cretaceous, the Bisti Badlands were home to numerous animals including turtles, crocodiles, and even dinosaurs. what type of environment were they living in
a. the animals were living in badlands as evidenced by the moon-looking landscape composed of weathered hill slopes
b. they were living on an isolated island, which is why fossils of unique species have been found in Bisti
c. just like New Mexico today, these animals were living inland, far from the coastline
d. they were living along rivers and deltas on the edge of an inland sea
e. as evidenced by the sandstone layers, these animals were living in a sandy environment, most likely a desert
d. they were living along rivers and deltas on the edge of an inland sea
WEATHERING
a hoodoo with a cap rock of sandstone and shale below is an example of _______
a. human activity
b. feldspar decomposition
c. unloading
d. differential weathering
e. acid hastening
d. differential weathering
