Lecture Part 1

Question 1

What does the upper respiratory consist of?

Answer 1

The upper respiratory consist of :
Nose
Nose cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx

Question 2

What does the lower respiratory system consists of?

Answer 2

The lower respiratory consists of:

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
And lungs

Question 3

What clinical infections do we come across when exploring the upper respiratory system?

Answer 3

Sinusitis
Tonsillitis
Pharyngitis

Question 4

What is sinusitis?

Answer 4

Sinusitis is an infection of the sinus

Question 5

What is tonsillitis?

Answer 5

Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils.

Could present differently depending on which time of infectious agent it’s caused by.

Question 6

What is pharyngitis?

Answer 6

Pharyngitis is an infection or the pharynx. Often know as a sore throat.

Question 7

What are some clinical infections we come across in the lower respiratory system?

Answer 7

Laryngitis
Tracheitis
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pleurisy
Pneumonia

Question 8

What is laryngitis?

Answer 8

Laryngitis is an infection of the larynx.

Question 9

What is tracheitis?

Answer 9

Tracheitis is an infection of the trachea.

Question 10

What is bronchitis?

Answer 10

Bronchitis is an infection of the bronchi.

Question 11

What is bronchiolitis?

Answer 11

Bronchiolitis is an infection of the bronchioles.

Question 12

What is pleurisy?

Answer 12

Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura and is often caused by an infection.

Question 13

What is pneumonia?

Answer 13

Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli and lung.

Question 14

On the thoracic cavity where are the true ribs?

Answer 14

The true ribs are found from rib 1 to rib 7 on the thoracic cavity.

Question 15

On the thoracic cavity which ones are the false ribs.

Answer 15

The false ribs go from rib 8 to rib 12 in the thoracic cavity.

Question 16

What are the accessory muscles in the thoracic and abdominal cavity that can be involved in inspiration and expiration?

Answer 16

Sternocleidomastoid muscle 
Parasternal intercoastal
External abdominal oblique 
Internal abdominal oblique
Transverse abdominis 
Rectus abdominis

Question 17

What might accessory muscles be used?

Answer 17

The use of accessory muscles is usually due to a physiological response. This may involve lifting hands or bending over when out of breath. These muscles are used to help bring in more oxygen into the body and remove more Carbon dioxide.

Question 18

What muscles are involved during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 18

Internal intercoastal muscle
External intercoastal muscle
Diaphragm

Question 19

What happens during inspiration?

Answer 19

During inspiration:

1) diagram contracts and flattens which increases the thoracic cavity.
2) external intercostal muscles contact and move the rib cage upwards and outwards.
3) sternocleidomastoid also pulls the clavicle and rib cage upwards.
3) internal intercoastal muscles relax

The combination of all of this leads to the volume in the lungs to increase and pressure to fall beneath atmospheric pressure. Which then results in air being drawn into the lungs.

Question 20

What happens during expiration?

Answer 20

During expiration:
The diagram relaxes and becomes dome shaped. The thoracic cavity reduces
The internal intercoastal muscles contract and pull the ribcage down.
The external intercostal muscles relax

This results in the volume of the cavity decreasing and pressure of the cavity increasing above atmospheric pressure. Which leads to air being forced out of the lungs.