CONTROL OF BREATHING AND COUGH

Question 1

WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RESPIRATION?

Answer 1

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION IS WHEN OXYGEN IS TAKEN IN FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND CARBON DIOXIDE IS RELEASED FROM THE BLOOD TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
INTERNAL RESPIRATION IS THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AT BODY TISSUE AND THE COLLECTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE.

Question 2

Describe the central contol of respiration.

Answer 2

There are sensory receptors that are involved in respiration and these are:
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors
Pulmonary mechanoreceptors
The receptors then transmit information to the central respiratory center which is located in medulla and pons.
The central respiratory center genreates a reponse which is then sent to effector- muscles (Diaphragm and Accessory msucles)

Question 3

what do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 3

The peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in arterial oxygen levels. Examples of these receptors are your carotid and aorctic bodies.

Question 4

what do the central chemoreceprtors detect?

Answer 4

The central chemoreceptors detect changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Question 5

What do pulmonary chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 5

The pulmonary chemoreceptors detect changes in pressure of the lungs, for instance if it stetches too much.

Question 6

Clinically if a person is using accessory muscles when breathing what does it indicate.

Answer 6

This indicates that the person may be facing respiratory distress.

Question 7

what is partial pressure?

Answer 7

partial pressure is a concept that decribes the concentration of a gas in a mixture of gases.

Question 8

whats it called when theres a rise in carbon dioxide levels?

Answer 8

HYPERCAPNIA

Question 9

whats it called when theres a fall in carbon dioxide levels?

Answer 9

HYPOCAPNIA is a fall in carbon dioxide levels.

Question 10

Whats a fall in oxygen levels called?

Answer 10

HYPOXIA

Question 11

Whats is Hyperventilation?

Answer 11

Hyperventilation is an increase in respiration (respiratory rate) without a change in the metabolism.

Question 12

What is Hypoventilation?

Answer 12

Hypoventilation is a decrease in respiration ( respiatory rate ) without changes in metabolism.

Question 13

How does Hyperventilation effect blood PH?

Answer 13

Hyperventilation results in hypocapnia which leads to an decrease in co2 and increase in blood ph. also known as respiritory alkalosis.

Question 14

How does Hypoventilation effect blood ph?

Answer 14

Hypoventilation results in Hypercapnia which results in a descrese in blood ph as theres more co2 present. This is acause of respiratory acidosis.

Question 15

How does partial pressure of co2 effect ph?

Answer 15

Increased pco2 leads to a decrease in ph.

Decreased pco2 leads to a rise in ph.

Question 16

How do the central chemoreceptors detect change?

Answer 16

The central chemoreceptors detect changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
The carbon dioxide in blood vessels leave and cross the extracellualr matrix to enter the neurone. Once co2 enters the neurone it is then broken down into h+ and hco3-. The h+ is then detected by the chemoreceptors. an increase or decrese can indicate the ph.

Question 17

What nerve links to the aortic bodies?

Answer 17

the vagus nerve

Question 18

what nerve links to the carotid bodies?

Answer 18

The glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 19

what is Type 1 respiratory failure?

Answer 19

Type 1 respiratory failure is Hypoxia and normal to low pco2

Question 20

what is type 2 respiratory failure?

Answer 20

Type 2 respiratory failure is a Hypoxia and Hypercapnia

Question 21

Before explaining the cough mechanism decreibe the stucture of the trachea airway which is involved in this.

Answer 21

Lining the trachea you have layer of epithelial cells that are reasponsible for detecting the entry of forgen particles.
the outtermost layer is the mucosa- this comprises of the pesudostratified ciliated columnar epthelial cells and golblet cells. beneath this theres the basment membrane, then a layer of smooth muscle.
under this theres theres the sub mucosa which is has mast cells and then the cartilage layer.
GOING THROUGH THIS LAYER YOU HAVE RARS AND SARS NERVE RECEPTORS THAT ARE PART OF THE VAGUS NERVE.

Question 22

EXPLAIN THE COUGH MECHANISM

Answer 22

RARS AND SARS RECEPTORS THAT ARE PART OF THE VAGUS NERVE. THEY DETECT CHEMICAL OR MECHANICAL STIMULENTS AND  BRING INFROMATION TO THE MEDULLA AT A SITE KNOWN AS THE NTS. NTS GENERATES A RESPONSE AND SENDS THEM DOWN EFFERANT NERVE. THESE FIBRES CAN BE PHENIC, VAGUS, AND SPINAL MOTOR NERVES. THE RESPONSE IS ICE (JUST A WAY TO REMEMBER)
INSPIRATION
COMPRESSION 
EXPIRATION 
WHICH IS YOUR COUGH