Lecture One

Question 1

What is the foundation of cellular communication

Answer 1

The Ability of all living cells to maintain an electrical membrane potential

Question 2

What are nerve cells 4 specialized regions

Answer 2

Cell body, dendrites, axon, presynaptic terminals

Question 3

What is the cell body

Answer 3

Contains cells components. It is the portion surrounding the nucleus

Question 4

What are the dendrites

Answer 4

Main areas for receiving information. They have neurotransmitter receptors

Question 5

What are the axons

Answer 5

Message sending portion of the neuron

Question 6

What is the point of origin on the axon

Answer 6

Axon hillock

Question 7

What is the un myelinated region of the axon known as and what does it do?

Answer 7

Initial segment and it is where the action potential occurs

Question 8

What is the presynaptic terminal?

Answer 8

Multiple endings that are the rapid conversion of neurone electrical signal into chemical signal

Question 9

What contributes to the shape of action potentials

Answer 9

It is dependent on the different channels

Question 10

What is conductance

Answer 10

Opposite to resistance. If a Channel is open you have conductance

Question 11

What is an action potential

Answer 11

Transient depolarization triggered by depolarization beyond the threshold

Question 12

How do cells communicate

Answer 12

They communicate through action potentials but action potentials are just one letter

Question 13

Why did scientists use a squid

Answer 13

In a squid there is a long axon even a naked eye can see

Question 14

What do changes in a membrane potential depend on

Answer 14

The flow of positive or negative ions in or out of a cell

Question 15

What is the flow caused by

Answer 15

The opening of ion channels

Question 16

What are Ion channels

Answer 16

Proteins that form pores through the cell membrane

Question 17

What does the term gated mean

Answer 17

Ion channels can be open or closed

Question 18

Who won the novel prize in 1963 for action potentials

Answer 18

Hodgkin and Huxley

Question 19

How do different neuronal types respond to a continuous depolarization

Answer 19

Neurones can transform a simple input of information into a variety of output patterns

Question 20

What are rhythmically bursting cells

Answer 20

Cells that participate in central circuits that generate rhythmic motor outputs such as locomotion and respiration

Question 21

Who won the Nobel prize in 1991 for work on the function of a single ion channel

Answer 21

Neher and sackman

Question 22

How are open/ closed states observed

Answer 22

Detecting the flow of current conducted by the receptors

Question 23

What is a patch clamp

Answer 23

A tool for recording current flowing through a single ion channel

Question 24

What is ligand gating

Answer 24

Channels open when the energy from ligand binding drives channel toward open state

Question 25

What is phosphorylation gating

Answer 25

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation regulates open/ close
Energy to do so comes from the transfer of high energy phosphate 1 (p1)

Question 26

What is voltage gated

Answer 26

Energy from change in electrical potential difference across the membrane causes conformational changes

Question 27

What is stretch or pressure gated

Answer 27

Energy comes from mechanical forces that are passed to the channel through the cytoskeleton

Question 28

How does a change in membrane potential close or inactivate channels

Answer 28

The refractory(inactivated state) comes after the Transition from resting or close to to open up on membrane depolarization

Question 29

How does calcium binding close or inactivate channels

Answer 29

The internal increase of calcium due to activity of a channel may inactivate a channel due got binding of ca2+

Question 30

How does dephosphorylation close or inactivate a channel

Answer 30

The increase of calcium internal concentration in voltage gated calcium channels may produce inactivation through dephosphorylation of a channel