Lecture Number 4 - Structure And Functions Of Macromolecules

Question 1

Backbone of molecules

Answer 1

Carbon based molecules

Question 2

Carbons distinctive properties

Answer 2

Four valence electrons, can form four covalent bonds with other moelcules or atoms

Question 3

Functional groups of carbon

Answer 3

Componets that attatch itself to carbon to give it distinct properties

Question 4

Polymer

Answer 4

Composed of monomers

Question 5

Monomers

Answer 5

Single unit

Question 6

How do monomers create polymers

Answer 6

Dehydration reaction happens when two or more monomers join together because of the loss of water

Question 7

Enzymes

Answer 7

Macromolecules that speed up dehydration

Question 8

Polymores to monomers

Answer 8

Hydrolysis break down polymers into monomers

Question 9

Macromolecules

Answer 9

Large molecules compsed of thousand of covalent bonded atoms

Question 10

4 groups of macromolecules

Answer 10

Protein
Carb
Lipids
Nucleic acids

Question 11

Carbohydrates

Answer 11

Include sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 12

Polyssaccharides

Answer 12

Polymoers composed of many sugar building blocks

Linked toether b glycosidic bonds formed by condensation

Question 13

Monosaccharides

Answer 13

Fuel fr ceels and raw material for building molecules

Question 14

Structural isomers

Answer 14

Identical moelcular formulas but diff structure

Question 15

Sucorse

Answer 15

Glucose and fructose

Question 16

Lactose

Answer 16

Glucose and galactose

Question 17

Maltose

Answer 17

Glucose and glucose

Question 18

Roles of polysaccharides

Answer 18

To store energy

Structural polysaccharides

Question 19

Cellulose

Answer 19

Indigetsibkle polysaccharide made by reapting units of glucose
Humans lack enzyme to digest cellulose

Question 20

Lipids n

Answer 20

Form of biological molecules that do not form polymers

Have little to n affnity bfor water, hydrophobic

Question 21

Why do lipids have little affinity for water

Answer 21

Made up of hydrocarbons which are non polar covelnt bonds

Question 22

Roles of lipids

Answer 22

Store energy
Insulates from cold
Protect internal organs

Question 23

What are the 2 molecules fat is made from

Answer 23

Glycerol and fatty acids

Question 24

Glycerol

Answer 24

3 carbon alchahol with hydrocl group attcthed

Question 25

Fatty acids

Answer 25

Hold alot of energy

Question 26

Satrurated fats

Answer 26

Saturated fatty acids | Max amount of hydrigen atoms and no douvblen bonds

Question 27

Unsaturated fats

Answer 27

Unsatirated fatty acids One or more double bonds Certain unsaturated fats cannot be made by the human body

Question 28

Omega 3

Answer 28

Essetial fatty acid

Question 29

Hydrogenation

Answer 29

Turnin unstaurated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Question 30

Trans fats

Answer 30

Created from hydrogenation, conatin double bonds

Question 31

Two major components of all cell membranes

Answer 31

Phospholipid molecules | Protein molecules

Question 32

Phospholipids

Answer 32

Composed of two fatty acids and phosphate group, attatched to glycverol

Question 33

Steroids

Answer 33

Consist of four interlocking carbn ring compounds hat attahc to various molecules

Question 34

Hormones

Answer 34

Compunds released by specific cells in one area of the organism that sned out messages that affect other cells

Question 35

Lipid soluble

Answer 35

Diffuse dairly easy frm blood into other target cytoplams

Question 36

Proteins

Answer 36

50% of dry mass in the body | Broken down into amino acids

Question 37

Amino acid monomers

Answer 37

Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino acid groups | Can be used to make the proteins that the body needs

Question 38

Amino acid polymers

Answer 38

Liked by peptide bonds

Question 39

Polypeptide

Answer 39

Polymer of amino acids | Each has a unique linear sequence of amino acids

Question 40

Funtional protein

Answer 40

One or more polypeptides formed into a unique shape

Question 41

What determines a proteins 3d shape

Answer 41

The sequence of amino acids

Question 42

Primary structure

Answer 42

Determined by inherited genetic infto | Number of infot and sequence

Question 43

Secondary structure

Answer 43

Coilds and folds from hydrogen bonds from repeating constituents of th ebackbone

Question 44

Tertiary structure

Answer 44

Determined by interactions between R groups | Interactiosn include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions

Question 45

Disulfide bridges

Answer 45

Strong covalent bonds that reinforce the protein conformation

Question 46

Quarterary structure

Answer 46

Two or more polypeptide cahins from one macromolecule

Question 47

Collagen

Answer 47

Fiborous protein that contains 3 polypeptides

Question 48

Sickle cells desease

Answer 48

Examples of a chnge in primary stricture Inherited blood disorder where glutamic acid is substitudes with valine (one small chnage in primary structure can affect proteins configuration)