Lecture Number 4 - Structure And Functions Of Macromolecules Flashcards
Backbone of molecules
Carbon based molecules
Carbons distinctive properties
Four valence electrons, can form four covalent bonds with other moelcules or atoms
Functional groups of carbon
Componets that attatch itself to carbon to give it distinct properties
Polymer
Composed of monomers
Monomers
Single unit
How do monomers create polymers
Dehydration reaction happens when two or more monomers join together because of the loss of water
Enzymes
Macromolecules that speed up dehydration
Polymores to monomers
Hydrolysis break down polymers into monomers
Macromolecules
Large molecules compsed of thousand of covalent bonded atoms
4 groups of macromolecules
Protein
Carb
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Include sugars and polymers of sugars
Polyssaccharides
Polymoers composed of many sugar building blocks
Linked toether b glycosidic bonds formed by condensation
Monosaccharides
Fuel fr ceels and raw material for building molecules
Structural isomers
Identical moelcular formulas but diff structure
Sucorse
Glucose and fructose
Lactose
Glucose and galactose
Maltose
Glucose and glucose
Roles of polysaccharides
To store energy
Structural polysaccharides
Cellulose
Indigetsibkle polysaccharide made by reapting units of glucose
Humans lack enzyme to digest cellulose
Lipids n
Form of biological molecules that do not form polymers
Have little to n affnity bfor water, hydrophobic
Why do lipids have little affinity for water
Made up of hydrocarbons which are non polar covelnt bonds
Roles of lipids
Store energy
Insulates from cold
Protect internal organs
What are the 2 molecules fat is made from
Glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol
3 carbon alchahol with hydrocl group attcthed
Fatty acids
Hold alot of energy
Satrurated fats
Saturated fatty acids
Max amount of hydrigen atoms and no douvblen bonds
Unsaturated fats
Unsatirated fatty acids
One or more double bonds
Certain unsaturated fats cannot be made by the human body
Omega 3
Essetial fatty acid
Hydrogenation
Turnin unstaurated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen
Trans fats
Created from hydrogenation, conatin double bonds
Two major components of all cell membranes
Phospholipid molecules
Protein molecules
Phospholipids
Composed of two fatty acids and phosphate group, attatched to glycverol
Steroids
Consist of four interlocking carbn ring compounds hat attahc to various molecules
Hormones
Compunds released by specific cells in one area of the organism that sned out messages that affect other cells
Lipid soluble
Diffuse dairly easy frm blood into other target cytoplams
Proteins
50% of dry mass in the body
Broken down into amino acids
Amino acid monomers
Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino acid groups
Can be used to make the proteins that the body needs
Amino acid polymers
Liked by peptide bonds
Polypeptide
Polymer of amino acids
Each has a unique linear sequence of amino acids
Funtional protein
One or more polypeptides formed into a unique shape
What determines a proteins 3d shape
The sequence of amino acids
Primary structure
Determined by inherited genetic infto
Number of infot and sequence
Secondary structure
Coilds and folds from hydrogen bonds from repeating constituents of th ebackbone
Tertiary structure
Determined by interactions between R groups
Interactiosn include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions
Disulfide bridges
Strong covalent bonds that reinforce the protein conformation
Quarterary structure
Two or more polypeptide cahins from one macromolecule
Collagen
Fiborous protein that contains 3 polypeptides
Sickle cells desease
Examples of a chnge in primary stricture
Inherited blood disorder where glutamic acid is substitudes with valine (one small chnage in primary structure can affect proteins configuration)
