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Biology > lecture 5 - part II macromolecules > Flashcards

lecture 5 - part II macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genetic material

A

every cell has the sam blueprint of DNA

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2
Q

genes

A

made from DNA

- nucleic acid made up of monomers called nucleotides

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3
Q

two main parts of nucleic acids

A
  1. backbone of a nucleic acid is made from altering sugar and phosphate molecules
  2. adjacent nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds
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4
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A
  1. ribonucleic acids

2. deoxyribonucleic acids

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5
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of

A

pentose sugar
nitrogenous sugar
phosphate group

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6
Q

two kinds of pentose sugar

A

RNA and DNA

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7
Q

two families of nitrogenous bases

A

pyramids - single six membered ring

purines- six membered used used to fuse 5 member rings

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8
Q

what are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA

A

Adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine

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9
Q

what are the four nitrogenous bases of RNA

A

adenine
cytosine
guanine
uracile

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10
Q

what is difference between RNA AND DNA

A

DNA IS DOUBLE STRANDED

RNA IS SINGLE STRANDED

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11
Q

DNA molecule

A

two polypeptides spiralling around an imaginary axis

- two stands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between paired bases

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12
Q

what are the complementary base parings

A

adenine and thymine

guanine and cytosine

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13
Q

what are the rules of complementary base pairings

A
  • adenine only thymine
  • cytosine with guanine
  • each pair is held together by hydrogen bonds
  • paring of a prune with a pyrimidine resulted in a uniform width
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14
Q

adenine triphosphate

A
  • special nucleotide

- molecule capable of storing energy in its phosphate bonds

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15
Q

roles of nucleic acids

A
  • provides directions for its own replication

- directs synthesis of mRNA through mRNA controls protein synthesis

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16
Q

genetic information

A

each gene carries information needed to make a specific protein
genes carry information that determines the primary sequence of the protein

17
Q

central dogma

A

process where instructions in the DNA are converted into functional products

18
Q

what re the steps for information on the DNA to get convert to proteins

A
  1. messenger RNA encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
  2. transfer ran brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation
  3. ribosomal rna combines with proteins to form a ribosome, catalyst for translation
  4. small nuclear rona combines with proteins to form complexes used by eukaryotic cells
19
Q

transcripion

A

DNA TO RNA

20
Q

translation

A

RNA to functional proteins

- converts nucleic acid language into amino acid language

21
Q

what are the steps for transcribing a hypothetical gene

A
  1. double helix of DNA must be separated in order for the transcription machinery to red the DNA
  2. synthesis of an RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA (mRNA)
22
Q

what determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins

A

sequencing of the nucleotide in DNA and RNA

23
Q

codons

A

3 consecutive nucleotide bases that specify the structure of on amino acid
- stop and start codon

24
Q

what is the genetic code

A

specifies which amino acids will be used to build a protein

25
Q

what is the start codon

A

AUG

26
Q

what is the stop codon

A

when polypeptide is released

27
Q

what defines the reading order of a codon sequence (polypeptide sequence)

A

the start codon

28
Q

what crucial nitrogenous base effects the reading of amino acid sequence

A

U - Uracile

- if a u is added before the first nucleotide, the U shifts and changes the codons and amino acids specifies

29
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

molecule that consist of a single RNA strand that is about 80 nucleotides long

30
Q

how is each tRNA unique

A

a unique anticodon

can attach to one amino acid

31
Q

what is the role of tRNA

A
  • decodes the information in the DNA

- positions each amino acid in its proper order in the amino acid chain

32
Q

what’s ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A
  • each ribosomes consists of two subunits

- combines with proteins to form ribosomal units

33
Q

what is the role of ribosomes in DNA transcription

A

to move along the mRNA molecules and create a polypeptide chain

34
Q

how is translation ignited

A
  • once a small ribosomal unit is bound to mRNA, the initiato aminoacyl tRNA binds to the AUG sequence
35
Q

elongation stage of translation

A

when each ribosomal unit translates each codon into amino acids
- each amino acids is added to a growing chain and linked by polypeptide bonds

36
Q

what is peptide transference

A

an RNA based ribozyme that is integrated into the ribosomal subunit

37
Q

how do ribosomes finish making proteins

A

termination oases start when A site encounters a stop codon

- causes a protein called the release factor to enter the site

38
Q

what are release factors

A
  • proteins that resemble tRNAS in size and shape but do not carry amino acids
  • these factors catalyze hydrolysis of the bond linking the tRNA in the P site with the polypeptide chain

Biology (7 decks)

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