lecture 5 - part II macromolecules Flashcards
genetic material
every cell has the sam blueprint of DNA
genes
made from DNA
- nucleic acid made up of monomers called nucleotides
two main parts of nucleic acids
- backbone of a nucleic acid is made from altering sugar and phosphate molecules
- adjacent nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds
two types of nucleic acids
- ribonucleic acids
2. deoxyribonucleic acids
what does a nucleotide consist of
pentose sugar
nitrogenous sugar
phosphate group
two kinds of pentose sugar
RNA and DNA
two families of nitrogenous bases
pyramids - single six membered ring
purines- six membered used used to fuse 5 member rings
what are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA
Adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine
what are the four nitrogenous bases of RNA
adenine
cytosine
guanine
uracile
what is difference between RNA AND DNA
DNA IS DOUBLE STRANDED
RNA IS SINGLE STRANDED
DNA molecule
two polypeptides spiralling around an imaginary axis
- two stands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between paired bases
what are the complementary base parings
adenine and thymine
guanine and cytosine
what are the rules of complementary base pairings
- adenine only thymine
- cytosine with guanine
- each pair is held together by hydrogen bonds
- paring of a prune with a pyrimidine resulted in a uniform width
adenine triphosphate
- special nucleotide
- molecule capable of storing energy in its phosphate bonds
roles of nucleic acids
- provides directions for its own replication
- directs synthesis of mRNA through mRNA controls protein synthesis
genetic information
each gene carries information needed to make a specific protein
genes carry information that determines the primary sequence of the protein
central dogma
process where instructions in the DNA are converted into functional products
what re the steps for information on the DNA to get convert to proteins
- messenger RNA encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
- transfer ran brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation
- ribosomal rna combines with proteins to form a ribosome, catalyst for translation
- small nuclear rona combines with proteins to form complexes used by eukaryotic cells
transcripion
DNA TO RNA
translation
RNA to functional proteins
- converts nucleic acid language into amino acid language
what are the steps for transcribing a hypothetical gene
- double helix of DNA must be separated in order for the transcription machinery to red the DNA
- synthesis of an RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA (mRNA)
what determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins
sequencing of the nucleotide in DNA and RNA
codons
3 consecutive nucleotide bases that specify the structure of on amino acid
- stop and start codon
what is the genetic code
specifies which amino acids will be used to build a protein
