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Biology > lecture 7 - Part II > Flashcards

lecture 7 - Part II Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

semiatonomous organelles

A

can grow and divide to reproduce themselves

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2
Q

example of semiautonomous organelles

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

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3
Q

mitochondria

A

power plant of the cell
sites of aerobic respiration
converts food energy into a form of energy cells can use to power their reactions
contain their own DNA

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4
Q

inner membrane of mitochondria

A

convoluted with unfolding called crusted

large surface area that enhances productivity

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5
Q

where does ATP occur

A

on the crista

many steps of cellular respiration occur on the matrix

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6
Q

chloroplasts

A

member of a family of organelles called plastids

contains green pigment chlorophyll also enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis

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7
Q

role of chloroplasts

A

capture light and energy and use some of the energy to synthesize organic molecules

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8
Q

what are the two reasons why mitochondria and chloroplasts are not apart of the edomembrane system

A

membrane proteins are not made by the ER bur rather ribosomes in the cytosol and their own ribosomes
each contains a small amount of DNA that codes for a small number of proteins within these organelles

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9
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

mitochondria in eukaryotic cells are thought to derive from bacteria like endosymbionts

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10
Q

what is the evidence that supports the endosymbiotic origin of plastids and mitochondria

A
  1. inner membranes of both have enzymes and transport systems that are similar to the plasma membranes of modern prokaryotes
  2. both replicate by splitting similar process to binary fission
  3. each organelle has a single circular DNA molecule
  4. these organelles contain trans, ribosomes and other molecules needed to translate DNA into protein
  5. ribosomes in mitochondria and plastids are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes in many ways
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11
Q

serial endosymbiosis

A

all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria

not all eukaryotes have chloroplasts

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12
Q

what is the hypothesis of serial endosymbiosis

A

supposes mitochondria evolved before plastids

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13
Q

non membranous organelles

A

ribosomes
nucleolus
centrioles
cytoskeleton

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14
Q

ribosomes

A

produced by nucleolus
present on rough ER
where protein molecules are assembled

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15
Q

nucleolus

A

located within the nucleus

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16
Q

main function of nucleolus

A

the production and assembly or ribosomes components

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17
Q

cytoskeletal

A

eukaryotic cells have a wide variety of distinct shapes and internal organization
cells are capable of changing their shape moving organelles
this requires a network of proteins placed in the cytoplasm known as cytoskeleton

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18
Q

what is the cytoskeleton composed of

A

microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

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19
Q

microtubules

A

cylindrical tubes

composed of polymers of a and b tubulin

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20
Q

functions of microtubules

A

shaping the cell
structures used for movement
inter/intra cellular transport
separating chromosomes

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21
Q

shopping the cell

A

helps support the cell and maintain shape
organizes the cell structures and activities
recent evidence suggests that the cytoskeleton may help regulate biochemical activities

22
Q

structures for movement

A

structure and movement of cilia and flagella

23
Q

cilia

A

numerous short extension in a cell that move back and forth

24
Q

flagella

A

larger than cilia and move in an undulating manner

25
Q

bacterial flagellum

A

driven by a rotary engine made up of protein located at the flagellum anchor point on the inner cell membrane

26
Q

intracellular transport

A

vesicles can travel along paths provided by the cytoskeleton

dyne transports various cellular cargo by walking along cytoskeletal microtubules

27
Q

separating chromosomes during cell division

A

centrosome can be an organelle within cells that includes two controles

28
Q

centriole

A

made up of microtubules that are arranged in a specific way

29
Q

where are centrioles found

A

found only in animal cells paired organelles are typically located together near the nucleus

30
Q

what is the functions of centriole

A

move chromosomes during cell division

31
Q

what is fungi

A

have centrosomes but no centrioles and therefor used other mechanisms to organize their microtubules during cell divison

32
Q

intermediate fibers

A

filaments are the most stable and provide strength for the cell
larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
made of fibrous proteins of the keratin family
not present in eukaryotic cells

33
Q

microfilaments

A

primarily structural in function and are an important components of the cytoskeleton
thinnest filaments
composed predominantly of protein called actin

34
Q

actin filaments

A

structural proteins made up of multiple subunits

35
Q

two reasons why a band is mad beneath the plasma membrane

A

mechanical strength

links transmembrane proteins to cytoplasmic protein

36
Q

actin fibres in skeletal muscle cells

A

the actin filaments are organized into regular arrays that are complementary with a set of thicker filaments formed from a second protein called myosin

37
Q

extracellular matrix

A

complex layer outside the animal cell membranes

helps regulate cells

38
Q

roles of extracellular matrix

A

providing support
segregating tissues from one another
adhesion to other cells
intercellular communication

39
Q

differences between animal and plant cells

A

animal cells posses cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuoles
lack centrioles and lysosomes

40
Q

cell wall

A

fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell

external to cell membrane

41
Q

what does the cell wall provide the cell with?

A

physical structure
filtering mechanisms
prevents over expansion when water enters the cells

42
Q

cellulose

A

hard and rigid and has pores

43
Q

plasmodesmata

A

plant cell are perforated with plasmodesmata
connecting channels that ;ink plant parts together
water and small solutes can pass freely

44
Q

central vacuole

A

support for the cell

surrounded by a membrane called a tonoplasts

45
Q

functions of the central vacuole

A

storing various compounds
disposing metabolic waster
maintain turgor

46
Q

chloroplast

A

leaves are the major locations of photosynthesis

green color is from chlorophyll

47
Q

main purpose of leaves

A

light energy absorbed by chlorophyll drives the synthesis of organic molecules in chloroplast

48
Q

three different membranes of chloroplasts

A

two membranes make up the envelop that segregated the chloroplast from the cytoplasm
inner membrane encloses a fluid filled space called stroma

49
Q

stroma

A

contains enzymes responsible for photosynthesis

50
Q

thylakoids

A

membrane arranged unto flattened sacks

51
Q

which organelles convert energy from nutrients or light to useful forms

A

mitonchdria and chloroplast

Biology (7 decks)

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