lecture 7 - Part II

Question 1

semiatonomous organelles

Answer 1

can grow and divide to reproduce themselves

Question 2

example of semiautonomous organelles

Answer 2

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 3

mitochondria

Answer 3

power plant of the cell
sites of aerobic respiration
converts food energy into a form of energy cells can use to power their reactions
contain their own DNA

Question 4

inner membrane of mitochondria

Answer 4

convoluted with unfolding called crusted

large surface area that enhances productivity

Question 5

where does ATP occur

Answer 5

on the crista

many steps of cellular respiration occur on the matrix

Question 6

chloroplasts

Answer 6

member of a family of organelles called plastids

contains green pigment chlorophyll also enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis

Question 7

role of chloroplasts

Answer 7

capture light and energy and use some of the energy to synthesize organic molecules

Question 8

what are the two reasons why mitochondria and chloroplasts are not apart of the edomembrane system

Answer 8

membrane proteins are not made by the ER bur rather ribosomes in the cytosol and their own ribosomes
each contains a small amount of DNA that codes for a small number of proteins within these organelles

Question 9

endosymbiont theory

Answer 9

mitochondria in eukaryotic cells are thought to derive from bacteria like endosymbionts

Question 10

what is the evidence that supports the endosymbiotic origin of plastids and mitochondria

Answer 10

1. inner membranes of both have enzymes and transport systems that are similar to the plasma membranes of modern prokaryotes
2. both replicate by splitting similar process to binary fission
3. each organelle has a single circular DNA molecule
4. these organelles contain trans, ribosomes and other molecules needed to translate DNA into protein
5. ribosomes in mitochondria and plastids are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes in many ways

Question 11

serial endosymbiosis

Answer 11

all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria

not all eukaryotes have chloroplasts

Question 12

what is the hypothesis of serial endosymbiosis

Answer 12

supposes mitochondria evolved before plastids

Question 13

non membranous organelles

Answer 13

ribosomes
nucleolus
centrioles
cytoskeleton

Question 14

ribosomes

Answer 14

produced by nucleolus
present on rough ER
where protein molecules are assembled

Question 15

nucleolus

Answer 15

located within the nucleus

Question 16

main function of nucleolus

Answer 16

the production and assembly or ribosomes components

Question 17

cytoskeletal

Answer 17

eukaryotic cells have a wide variety of distinct shapes and internal organization
cells are capable of changing their shape moving organelles
this requires a network of proteins placed in the cytoplasm known as cytoskeleton

Question 18

what is the cytoskeleton composed of

Answer 18

microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

Question 19

microtubules

Answer 19

cylindrical tubes

composed of polymers of a and b tubulin

Question 20

functions of microtubules

Answer 20

shaping the cell
structures used for movement
inter/intra cellular transport
separating chromosomes

Question 21

shopping the cell

Answer 21

helps support the cell and maintain shape
organizes the cell structures and activities
recent evidence suggests that the cytoskeleton may help regulate biochemical activities

Question 22

structures for movement

Answer 22

structure and movement of cilia and flagella

Question 23

cilia

Answer 23

numerous short extension in a cell that move back and forth

Question 24

flagella

Answer 24

larger than cilia and move in an undulating manner

Question 25

bacterial flagellum

Answer 25

driven by a rotary engine made up of protein located at the flagellum anchor point on the inner cell membrane

Question 26

intracellular transport

Answer 26

vesicles can travel along paths provided by the cytoskeleton | dyne transports various cellular cargo by walking along cytoskeletal microtubules

Question 27

separating chromosomes during cell division

Answer 27

centrosome can be an organelle within cells that includes two controles

Question 28

centriole

Answer 28

made up of microtubules that are arranged in a specific way

Question 29

where are centrioles found

Answer 29

found only in animal cells paired organelles are typically located together near the nucleus

Question 30

what is the functions of centriole

Answer 30

move chromosomes during cell division

Question 31

what is fungi

Answer 31

have centrosomes but no centrioles and therefor used other mechanisms to organize their microtubules during cell divison

Question 32

intermediate fibers

Answer 32

filaments are the most stable and provide strength for the cell larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules made of fibrous proteins of the keratin family not present in eukaryotic cells

Question 33

microfilaments

Answer 33

primarily structural in function and are an important components of the cytoskeleton thinnest filaments composed predominantly of protein called actin

Question 34

actin filaments

Answer 34

structural proteins made up of multiple subunits

Question 35

two reasons why a band is mad beneath the plasma membrane

Answer 35

mechanical strength | links transmembrane proteins to cytoplasmic protein

Question 36

actin fibres in skeletal muscle cells

Answer 36

the actin filaments are organized into regular arrays that are complementary with a set of thicker filaments formed from a second protein called myosin

Question 37

extracellular matrix

Answer 37

complex layer outside the animal cell membranes | helps regulate cells

Question 38

roles of extracellular matrix

Answer 38

providing support segregating tissues from one another adhesion to other cells intercellular communication

Question 39

differences between animal and plant cells

Answer 39

animal cells posses cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuoles lack centrioles and lysosomes

Question 40

cell wall

Answer 40

fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell | external to cell membrane

Question 41

what does the cell wall provide the cell with?

Answer 41

physical structure filtering mechanisms prevents over expansion when water enters the cells

Question 42

cellulose

Answer 42

hard and rigid and has pores

Question 43

plasmodesmata

Answer 43

plant cell are perforated with plasmodesmata connecting channels that ;ink plant parts together water and small solutes can pass freely

Question 44

central vacuole

Answer 44

support for the cell | surrounded by a membrane called a tonoplasts

Question 45

functions of the central vacuole

Answer 45

storing various compounds disposing metabolic waster maintain turgor

Question 46

chloroplast

Answer 46

leaves are the major locations of photosynthesis | green color is from chlorophyll

Question 47

main purpose of leaves

Answer 47

light energy absorbed by chlorophyll drives the synthesis of organic molecules in chloroplast

Question 48

three different membranes of chloroplasts

Answer 48

two membranes make up the envelop that segregated the chloroplast from the cytoplasm inner membrane encloses a fluid filled space called stroma

Question 49

stroma

Answer 49

contains enzymes responsible for photosynthesis

Question 50

thylakoids

Answer 50

membrane arranged unto flattened sacks

Question 51

which organelles convert energy from nutrients or light to useful forms

Answer 51

mitonchdria and chloroplast