lecture 6 - Part I cells

Question 1

plasma membrane

Answer 1

boundary between cell and outside environment

Question 2

two components of the plasma membrane

Answer 2

phospholipid molecules

protein molecules

Question 3

functions of the plasma membrane

Answer 3

transport in and out of the cell
selectively permeable
cell signalling
cell adhesion

Question 4

phospholipids

Answer 4

fatty acids bound to glycerol

phosphate group replaces one fatty acids

Question 5

what happens when phospholipids are placed in water

Answer 5

form double layer
hydrophobic heads – face outward
hydrophobic tails – face inwards

Question 6

which cells have a cell membrane

Answer 6

all cells

some organelles aswell

Question 7

nonmembrous organelles

Answer 7

not come-lyly closed by membranes

direct contact with cytosol

Question 8

membranous cells

Answer 8

enclosed by membrane

Question 9

nuclear membrane

Answer 9

encloses the nucleus

Question 10

nucleus pores

Answer 10

control passage of molecules in and out of nucleus

Question 11

nuclear lamina

Answer 11

network of protein filaments that maintain shape of the nucleus

Question 12

what happens inside the nucleus

Answer 12

DNA combines with protein for chromatin
chromatin forms chromosomes
DNA is replicated in nucleus
site of genetic control

Question 13

nucleolus

Answer 13

spherical and surrounded by a layer of condensed chromatin

Question 14

cytosol

Answer 14

“soup”
all other organelles reside
where most cellular metabolism occurs

Question 15

cytoplasm

Answer 15

collective term for organelles and cytosol

Question 16

smooth ER

Answer 16

rich in enzymes

played a role in metabolic processes

Question 17

functions of smooth ER

Answer 17

synthesis of lipids
metabolites energy
stores calcium

Question 18

Rough ER

Answer 18

produce proteins for the rest of the cell

Question 19

ribosome

Answer 19

located in rough ER

to make proteins for the rough er to distributed

Question 20

what is the process of synthesis proteins from the rough ER

Answer 20

1. when a polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome it is threaded into the er through a pore
2. when it enters the ER, new protein folds into 3D conformation
3. in the lumen, enzymes can modify protein by adding carbs or liquids
4. then secretary proteins depart wrapped is transport vesicles

Question 21

what is the process of synthesizing membranes

Answer 21

some proteins made by the ribosomes in ER get placed into the ER membrane itself
hence, the er membrane becomes bigger
some breaks off and ends up in other organelles

Question 22

vacuoles

Answer 22

sacs within the cell made out of the same material as the cell membranes

Question 23

vesicles

Answer 23

very small vacuoles

made at the golgi apparatus

Question 24

function of vesicles

Answer 24

carry protein molecules either to other organelles or cell membrane

Question 25

golgi apparatus

Answer 25

received protein from the ER

Question 26

cis region og GA

Answer 26

receives vesicles from ER

Question 27

trans region of GA

Answer 27

vesicles but off from golgi apparatus and are moved to cell mebrane

Question 28

functions of the golgi

Answer 28

processing proteins sorting proteins secretion of proteins

Question 29

what does the golgi do in plant cells

Answer 29

polysaccharides are synthesized

Question 30

peroximes

Answer 30

contain a variety of enzymes in order for the body to rid toxins transfers hydrogen from various substances to oxygen

Question 31

what is the intermediate product form the peroximes job

Answer 31

hydrogen peroxide

Question 32

role of the peroximes

Answer 32

to protect cells from its own production of hydrogen peroxide converts it into water

Question 33

lysosomes

Answer 33

small bags filled with hydrolytic enzymes | acidic

Question 34

function of lysosomes

Answer 34

break down proteins, carbs, nucleic acids and lipids

Question 35

primary lysosomes

Answer 35

bud from golgi complex

Question 36

secondary lysosomes

Answer 36

form from fusion of a primary with a vesicle

Question 37

why do animal cells need lysosomes

Answer 37

to digest and use food for energy

Question 38

why are lysosomes not needed in plant cells

Answer 38

plants cells have walls tough enough to keep large foreign objects out of the cell

Question 39

autophagy

Answer 39

when lysosomes degrade worn out organelles | make their molecules available for new organelles

Question 40

phagocytosis

Answer 40

amoebas and other protists eat by engulfing food particles

Question 41

end-membrane systems

Answer 41

organelles either directly continuous or connected by transfer of vesicles

Question 42

functions of the end-membrane system

Answer 42

``` synthesis of proteins transporting of protein into membranes and organelles metabolism movement of lipids detoxification of poisons ```