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Diagnostics > Lecture neuropsychiatry > Flashcards

Lecture neuropsychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

MDD = ?

A

Major depressive disorder

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2
Q

True or false: There is no significant correlation between depression severity and EF deficits.

A

False

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3
Q

What does mood congruency effect mean?

A

We remember information better when it is congruent with our mood

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4
Q

Give at least 4 DSM-V symptoms of MDD

A

o Change in weight or appetite
o Insomnia or hypersomnia
o Psychomotor retardation or agitation
o Loss of energy or fatigue
o Worthlessness or guilt
o Impaired concentration or indecisiveness
o Suicidal ideation

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5
Q

Name at least 3 cognitive deficits for patients with MDD

A
  • Shifting/ cognitive flexibility (issue with task impurity)
  • Inhibition (cognitive interference: Stroop)
  • Updating (n-back)
  • Verbal WM (mainly manipulation but also maintenance)
  • Visuospatial WM
  • Fluency (mainly semantic, but also phonemic)
  • Memory: Encoding + retrieval (require effort, passive memory (recognition) usually preserved
  • Impaired reversal learning: Inability to disengage from maladaptive behavior
  • Planning
  • Processing speed/ psychomotor speed
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6
Q

During NPA of a patient with Major Depressive Disorder, this behavior is typical: (name 2)

A
  • Slow work pace
  • Fatigue
  • Low motivation, reduced engagement
  • Difficulty initiating efficient cognitive strategies (Copying figures -> You can see if they
    have a strategy)
  • Indecisiveness
  • Negative self-perception
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7
Q

What are some differences between depression and dementia? And specifically in a NPA?

A

Dpression: Distinct awareness/ realization of shortcomings.
Dementia: Tendency toward hushing up failure and no distinct awareness of shortcomings.

NPA:
Limited cooperation, reduced effort, “I don’t know”, inconsistent
performance in depression.
Good cooperation, “put up a good show”, often
erroneous, consistent performance in dementia

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8
Q

Definition of ADHD in DSM-V:

A

Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with
functioning or development, as characterized by (1) and/or (2)
1. Inattention (only -> ADD)
2. Hyperactivity and impulsivity (combined -> ADHD)

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9
Q

The following cognitive deficits are or aren’t part of a ADHD profile:
ADHD:
- Core deficit in inhibition. Mostly motor response inhibition, minor deficit in cognitive
interference measure of inhibition.
- Shifting/ cognitive flexibility
- Visuospatial WM
- Verbal WM manipulation (maintenance is much less impaired)
- Planning
- Verbal fluency

A
  • Core deficit in inhibition. Mostly motor response inhibition, minor deficit in cognitive interference measure of inhibition. (true)
  • Shifting/ cognitive flexibility (true)
  • Verbal WM manipulation (maintenance is much less impaired) (True)
  • Planning (True)
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10
Q

Wiggling, easily distracted and dizzyness are examples of a patient with ADHD during an NPA (true/false)

A

False ( Wiggling, easily distracted true)

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11
Q

Name at least three differences between adult and child ADHD

A
  • Less physical hyperactivity than in children
  • More frequently: Mental hyperactivity, feeling overwhelmed, overstimulated
  • Impulsivity
  • Easily distracted
  • Misplacing things
  • Difficulty planning, missing appointments, underestimating time things take
  • Missing parts of conversations (attention lapses)
  • Doing too many things at the same time, chaotic
  • Procrastination (avoiding tasks that require concentration)
  • Stress, fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleeping problems
  • Problems meeting demands from work and family life
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12
Q

A NPA is not enough to diagnose ADHD. You need a …. and ….

A

(hetero)anamneses (symptoms before age 12) and test scores show clear attention deficits

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13
Q

Which disorder do these symptoms describe:
- Most severe psychiatric disorder, causing considerable disability
- Onset in adolescence
- Prevalence: 1% of the population
- Genetic predisposition
- Interaction with environmental factors

A

Schizofrenia

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14
Q

Schizofrenia is characterized by delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech (yes / no) and out of these you need at least 1 to be diagnosed with schizo (yes/no)

A

yes, no at least 2

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15
Q

Name at least three cognitive deficits for patients with schizofrenia

A
  • Shifting/ cognitive flexibility
  • Inhibition
  • Updating
  • Visuospatial WM
  • Verbal WM
  • Fluency
  • Psychomotor speed
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16
Q

ASS / ASD =

A

autisme spectrum stoornis / autism spectrum disorder

17
Q

ASD has high comorbidity with which psychiatric disorders?

A

Anxiety and depression

18
Q

Major DSM-V criteria of ASD are:
A. Persistent deficits in communication and interaction (all 3):
B. Two of four types of restricted, repetitive behaviors
C. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period
D. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning.

What does major criteria A consist of?

A

o Social-emotional reciprocity
o Nonverbal communicative behavior used for social interaction
o Developing/ maintaining/ understanding relationships

19
Q

Major DSM-V criteria of ASD are:
A. Persistent deficits in communication and interaction (all 3):
B. Two of four types of restricted, repetitive behaviors
C. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period
D. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning.

What does major criteria B consist of?

A

o Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements
o Inflexible adherence to routines
o Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus
o Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input

20
Q

To which disorder do these deficits belong to?
- Cognitive flexibility
- Fluency
- Verbal and spatial WM
- Planning
- Response inhibition
- Severity can change with age: Impairment in prepotent response inhibition can
diminish with increasing age. Difficulties in interference control persist across
lifespan.

A

ASD

21
Q

What is one very specific symptom that comes with ASD?

A

Literal interpretation of speech / Gets upset about unexpected change / Perseverence

22
Q

Theory of Mind = ?

A

Ability to attribute mental states to ourselves and others. Serving of the
foundation elements for social interaction.
- Social cognition: Cognitive understanding of other people’s mental states.
- Social performance: Competence in applying ToM skills in real life.

23
Q

Perception:
Senses send impulses to the brain -> … -> …

A

Senses send impulses to the brain -> the brain integrates the pieces of information ->
attributes meaning

24
Q

There are two rules of thump with perception:
1..
2..

A

1.. the brain does not compute, the brain predicts
2.. The guess is based on context: Smart and fast

3.. New hypothesis: Input is being matched with expectation -> congruent or
incongruent

25
Q

Autism has contextual blindness. What does this mean?

A

Diminished use of context -> fixed (absolute) couplings between stimulus and
meaning

26
Q

These three frontal sub-cortical networks are involved in the cognitive, emotional and behavioral
manifestations of psychiatric disorders:

A
  • Dorsolateral PFC network -> EF
  • Lateral orbitofrontal network -> Disinhibition/ personality changes
  • Anterior cingulate cortex/ network -> Apathy (absent motivation)
27
Q

Name three ‘lower order’ EF

A
  1. Working memory
  2. Inhibition
  3. Cognitive flexibility
28
Q

Name two ‘higher order’ EF

A

Reasoning, planning, problem solving

29
Q

Name two cool EF

A

Rational and cognitive aspects of EF (whatever this means) For example: Planning, Task initiation, Time management, Concept formation. Everything is emotionally neutral

30
Q

Name two very cool EF :-)

A

Sav
Chiel

31
Q

What are ‘hot’ executive functions?

A

Affective and motivational aspects of EF (in situations where emotions need to be regulated)

32
Q

Cognitive functioning is affected in many different psychiatric disorders (true/false), but mostly its EF (true/false)

A

True, true

33
Q

Which networks link the frontal cortex to subcortical structures?

A

Striatum, Basal ganglia, Thalamus

34
Q

What do these neurotransmitters do:
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine

A
  • Dopamine: Set-shifting, inhibition, attention
  • Norepinephrine: Arousal, fight/flight
  • Serotonin: General executive control, attention, mood
  • Acetylcholine: Cognitive flexibility, attention, sleep

Diagnostics (8 decks)

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