Lecture 2 MS & Epilepsy + Hoofdstuk 1 Lezak Flashcards
What disease is described as a chronic disease of the CNS and a suspected autoimmune disease. Caused by inflammation and myelization.
Multiple sclerosis
Why is MS more common in countries further from the equator?
Low vitamin D
What are the main symptoms of MS?
Visual symptoms and motor problems = early
Numbness
Tremors
Bladder control
Cognitive problems
What are juxtacortical lesions?
In or near cortex
What are periventricular lesions?
Between cortex and ventricles
What does dessemination in time mean?
Requires that to attaks separated by more than 30 days have occured in different parts of the CNS
What are some neurological problems of MS?
Depression, bipolar disorder, psychosis, personality change & anxiety
What are some common cognitive problems of MS?
Memory (visual), processing speed, verbal memory impairment & visuo-spatial perception
What is the preferred screening test for MS?
Symbol Digital Modality Test
What is the second most popular test in MS?
Paced auditory serial addition test
What dissorder is discribed as a disorder of the CNS in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior
Epilepsy
What are some possible causes of epilepsy?
Genetic, head trauma, infectious diseases, developmental disorders
What kind of seizures are there in epilepsy?
Focal, generalized and unknown
What is a tonic seizure?
Stiffening of muscles
What is a atonic seizure?
Loss of muscle control
What is a clonic seizure?
Jerking muscle movements
What is a tonic-clonic seizure?
Abrupt loss of consciousness, body stiffening and shaking
What is een aura?
Visual signs or physical feeling before the seizure. Different than trigger
What are some neuropsychological problems in epilepsy?
Anxiety, depression, social phobia and cognitive problems
What are some cognitive problems in epilepsy?
Memory impairment, mental slowing and attentional deficits
What is ecoligical validity?
It refers to how well the neuropsychological assessment data refelcts everyday functioning, or predict future behaviour or behavioral outcomes.
What are the 6 examination purposes which may prompt a neuropsychological examination
- Diagnosis
- Patients care and planning
- Treatment planning
- Treatment evaluation
- Research
- Forensic neuropsychology
What is an important aspect of diagnosis?
Screening
What is clinical neuropsychology?
Clinical neuropsychology is an applied science focused on the behavioral expression of brain dysfunction.
Fun fact: Neuropsychological programs were created for the First World War (WW-I) for screening and diagnosis of brain injured and behavioral disturbed servicemen and for their rehabilitation afterwards.
Which three domains contributed to the development of clinical neuropsychology?
(1) clinical neuroscience; (2) educational psychology (tried to measure intelligence); (3) experimental studies of cognitive functions in both humans and other animals.
What is an epileptic seizure?
An epileptic seizure is a sudden, transient alteration in behavior caused by an abnormal, excessive
electrical discharge in the brain due to a temporary synchronization of neuronal activity occurring
for reasons which are not clearly understood
What are provoked seizures?
Provoked seizures may occur with high fever, alcohol or drug use, alcohol or drug withdrawal,
metabolic disorders, or brain infections
The diagnosis of epilepsy requires the presence of at least two unprovoked seizures. The main clinical signs and symptoms of epilepsy include? (common EEG patterns)
Ictal (during a seizure), postictal (immediately following a seizure), and interictal (between seizures) manifestation
Seizures can be focal or generalized. Generalized can be characterized in three major categories:
- Idiopathic epilepsies: have no known etiology and usually are not
associated with any other neurological disorders; many of these patients do
not have neuropsychological deficits - Cryptogenic epilepsy: etiologies are unknown, but neurological and
neuropsychological functions are usually not normal - Symptomatic epilepsy: a known etiology
What are focal or partial seizures?
Partial seizures: also called ‘focal’ or ‘localization-related’ – arise from a specific area of the brain, may be simple, and may involve only one mode of expression (motor, somatosensory,
autonomic, or psychic).
What are generalized seizures?
Generalized seizures: involve all or large portions of both hemispheres beginning at seizure onset.
Burler and Zeman propose three types of memory
impairments in epilepsy
- Transient epileptic amnesia, in which the principal manifestation of seizures is recurrent episodes of amnesia
- Accelerated long-term forgetting, in which newly learned memories are forgotten over days and weeks after acquisition
- Remote memory impairment, in which memories from the distant past are lost
