Lecture 2 MS & Epilepsy + Hoofdstuk 1 Lezak

Question 1

What disease is described as a chronic disease of the CNS and a suspected autoimmune disease. Caused by inflammation and myelization.

Answer 1

Multiple sclerosis

Question 2

Why is MS more common in countries further from the equator?

Answer 2

Low vitamin D

Question 3

What are the main symptoms of MS?

Answer 3

Visual symptoms and motor problems = early
Numbness
Tremors
Bladder control
Cognitive problems

Question 4

What are juxtacortical lesions?

Answer 4

In or near cortex

Question 5

What are periventricular lesions?

Answer 5

Between cortex and ventricles

Question 6

What does dessemination in time mean?

Answer 6

Requires that to attaks separated by more than 30 days have occured in different parts of the CNS

Question 7

What are some neurological problems of MS?

Answer 7

Depression, bipolar disorder, psychosis, personality change & anxiety

Question 8

What are some common cognitive problems of MS?

Answer 8

Memory (visual), processing speed, verbal memory impairment & visuo-spatial perception

Question 9

What is the preferred screening test for MS?

Answer 9

Symbol Digital Modality Test

Question 10

What is the second most popular test in MS?

Answer 10

Paced auditory serial addition test

Question 11

What dissorder is discribed as a disorder of the CNS in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior

Answer 11

Epilepsy

Question 12

What are some possible causes of epilepsy?

Answer 12

Genetic, head trauma, infectious diseases, developmental disorders

Question 13

What kind of seizures are there in epilepsy?

Answer 13

Focal, generalized and unknown

Question 14

What is a tonic seizure?

Answer 14

Stiffening of muscles

Question 15

What is a atonic seizure?

Answer 15

Loss of muscle control

Question 16

What is a clonic seizure?

Answer 16

Jerking muscle movements

Question 17

What is a tonic-clonic seizure?

Answer 17

Abrupt loss of consciousness, body stiffening and shaking

Question 18

What is een aura?

Answer 18

Visual signs or physical feeling before the seizure. Different than trigger

Question 19

What are some neuropsychological problems in epilepsy?

Answer 19

Anxiety, depression, social phobia and cognitive problems

Question 20

What are some cognitive problems in epilepsy?

Answer 20

Memory impairment, mental slowing and attentional deficits

Question 21

What is ecoligical validity?

Answer 21

It refers to how well the neuropsychological assessment data refelcts everyday functioning, or predict future behaviour or behavioral outcomes.

Question 22

What are the 6 examination purposes which may prompt a neuropsychological examination

Answer 22

1. Diagnosis
2. Patients care and planning
3. Treatment planning
4. Treatment evaluation
5. Research
6. Forensic neuropsychology

Question 23

What is an important aspect of diagnosis?

Answer 23

Screening

Question 24

What is clinical neuropsychology?

Answer 24

Clinical neuropsychology is an applied science focused on the behavioral expression of brain dysfunction.

Fun fact: Neuropsychological programs were created for the First World War (WW-I) for screening and diagnosis of brain injured and behavioral disturbed servicemen and for their rehabilitation afterwards.

Question 25

Which three domains contributed to the development of clinical neuropsychology?

Answer 25

(1) clinical neuroscience; (2) educational psychology (tried to measure intelligence); (3) experimental studies of cognitive functions in both humans and other animals.

Question 26

What is an epileptic seizure?

Answer 26

An epileptic seizure is a sudden, transient alteration in behavior caused by an abnormal, excessive
electrical discharge in the brain due to a temporary synchronization of neuronal activity occurring
for reasons which are not clearly understood

Question 27

What are provoked seizures?

Answer 27

Provoked seizures may occur with high fever, alcohol or drug use, alcohol or drug withdrawal,
metabolic disorders, or brain infections

Question 28

The diagnosis of epilepsy requires the presence of at least two unprovoked seizures. The main clinical signs and symptoms of epilepsy include? (common EEG patterns)

Answer 28

Ictal (during a seizure), postictal (immediately following a seizure), and interictal (between seizures) manifestation

Question 29

Seizures can be focal or generalized. Generalized can be characterized in three major categories:

Answer 29

• Idiopathic epilepsies: have no known etiology and usually are not
  associated with any other neurological disorders; many of these patients do
  not have neuropsychological deficits
• Cryptogenic epilepsy: etiologies are unknown, but neurological and
  neuropsychological functions are usually not normal
• Symptomatic epilepsy: a known etiology

Question 30

What are focal or partial seizures?

Answer 30

Partial seizures: also called ‘focal’ or ‘localization-related’ – arise from a specific area of the brain, may be simple, and may involve only one mode of expression (motor, somatosensory,
autonomic, or psychic).

Question 31

What are generalized seizures?

Answer 31

Generalized seizures: involve all or large portions of both hemispheres beginning at seizure onset.

Question 32

Burler and Zeman propose three types of memory
impairments in epilepsy

Answer 32

• Transient epileptic amnesia, in which the principal manifestation of seizures is recurrent episodes of amnesia
• Accelerated long-term forgetting, in which newly learned memories are forgotten over days and weeks after acquisition
• Remote memory impairment, in which memories from the distant past are lost