Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Diagnostics > Hoofdstuk 3 Behavioral geography of the brain > Flashcards

Hoofdstuk 3 Behavioral geography of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

What do we call the product of a myriad of complx neuropsychological and biochemical interactions involving the whole brain?

A

Behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What has the ability to regulate behaviour

A

The neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are glia cells?

A

Supporting brain cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do glia cells do?

A

They facilitate neural transmission and play a role in synaptic functioning and neural signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do Astrocytes cells do?

A

They play a role as a component of the blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do Oligodendroglia cells do?

A

They form myelin of axonal sheats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is coursing fasculi?

A

Impulse transmitting axonal bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Through neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the key neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate and GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false: When a circuit loses a sufficiently great number of neurons, the broken circuit can neither be reactivated nor replaced

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three major anatomical divisions of the brain?

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What runs through the ventricles?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blockage somewhere within the ventricular system affects CFS flow producing what?

A

Obstructive hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the corticospinal tracts crosses the midline?

A

In the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the hindbrain consists of?

A

Pons, medulla and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What functions does the hindbrain control?

A

Respiration, blood pressure and heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the recticular formation do?

A

Mediates complex postrual reflexes, contributes to smoothness of muscle acitivity and maintain muscle tone. Also controls wakefulness and alerting mechanisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Brainstem lesions involving the reticular activating system (RAS) give?

A

Sleep disturbances and global disorders of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lesions of the pons may cause?

A

Motor, sensory and coordination disorders including disruption of ocular movements and alterations in consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cerebellar (cerebellum) damage is commonly known to produce problems of?

A

Fine motor control, coordination and postural regulation. Dizziness (vertigo) and jerky eye movements may also accompany cerebellar damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can be disrupted in cerebral lesions?

A

Abstract reasoning, verbal fluency, visuospatial abilities, attention, memory, speed of processing and emotional modualtion (oftewel wat niet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located?

A

In the midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Midbrain lesions can produce?

A

Paralysis, specific movement disabilities, tremor and even impaired memory retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which two structures does the diencephalon consists of?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Thalamic lesions are accompanied with?

A

Compromised learning (anterograde amensia) and defective recall of past information (retrograde amnesia). Body sensations may de degraded with damage to specific thalamic nuclei and also identification of what is felt (tactile object agnosia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Physiologically based drives as appetite, sexual arousal, and thirst (regulating homeostatis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Lesions to hypothalamic nuclei can result in?

A

Obesity, disorders of temperature control, fatigue and diminished drive states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the telecephalon?

A

The two halves of the forebrain (two hemispheres)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which disorder entails amnestic patients with bilateral diencephalic lesions?

A

Korsakoff patients (tend to show disturbances in time sense and the ability to maken temporal discriminations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which structures does the basal ganglia include?

A

Caudate, putamen and globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia results in?

A

Movements disturbances/ disorders but does not result in paralysis since they are not motor nuclei in a strict sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia is seen in patients with?

A

Parkinsons and Huntingtons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Difficulties in starting activities and in altering the course of ongoing activities characterize aspects of (PD or HD)?

A

PD

35
Q

Patients having trouble initiating cognitive processes along with impaired movements characterize apects of (PD or HD)?

A

HD

36
Q

Alterations in basal ganglia circuits involved with nonmotor areas have been implicated in which neuropsychiatric disorders?

A

Schizophrenia, OCD, depression, Tourette’s, autism and ADD

37
Q

The limbic systems includes which structures?

A

Amygdala, cingulate gyrus and hippocampus

38
Q

The cingulate gyrus has important influences on?

A

Attention, response selection, processing of pain, and emotional behavior

39
Q

Lesions in cerebral white matter cause and are often associated with?

A

Loss of connections between lower and higher centers or between cortical areas within a hemisphere or between hemispheres - associated with slowed processing speed and attentional impairments

40
Q

Surgical section of the corpus callosum results in?

A

Cut off of direct interhemispheric communication (epilepsy treatment)

41
Q

Where does grey matter consists of?

A

Nerve cell bodies and their synaptic connections

42
Q

The centers in each cerebral hemisphere predominantly mediate the activities of the contralateral/ ipsilateral side of the body?

A

Contralateral

43
Q

What does the homunculus entail?

A

The amount of cortex associated with each body portion is roughly proportional to the number of sensory or motor nerve endings

44
Q

Where does the right hemisphere specialises in?

A

Non-verbal information like visual patterns or auditory signals, speech intonation (prosody)

45
Q

Patients with right hemisphere damage may be quite fluent and wordy but on the other hand?

A

Illogical and given to loose generalizations and bad judgement

46
Q

Self recognition, self awareness, apathy and poorer social functioning are associated with predominantly right/ left hemisphere involvement?

A

Right

47
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

Posterior portion of the occipital lobe

48
Q

Where is the primary sensory area located?

A

Posterior to the central sulcus in the parietal lobe

49
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

On the uppermost fold (or inferior to the Sylvian gyrus) of the temporal lobe

50
Q

What is cortical blindness?

A

When a patient had lost the capacity to distinguish forms or patterns while remaining responsive to ligh and dark

51
Q

What is blindsight?

A

It is a form of visually responsive behavior without experiencing vision (information in the blind visual field may project trough alternate pathways)

52
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

A condition in which a person can see but cannot recognize or interpret visual information

53
Q

To what does associative agnosia refer? (due to left hemisphere lesion)

A

Failure of recognition due to defective retrieval of knowledge pertinent to a given stimulus

54
Q

To what does apperceptive agnosia refer?

A

It is a failure in recognition that is due to a failure of perception. They can not intergrate the perceptual elements of the stimulius

55
Q

What is color agnosia?

A

Loss of the ability to retrieve color knowledge, not deu to faulty perception or impaired naming

56
Q

What is pantomime agnosia?

A

The inability to comprehend pantomimes occurs with lesions confined to the occipital lobe

57
Q

What is pure alexia?

A

A reading problem that seems form defects of visual recognition (parietal damage)

58
Q

What is prosopagnosia? (mostly from bilateral occipital damage)

A

The inability to recognize familair faces and to learn new faces (face agnosia)

59
Q

What do people with prosopagnosia recognize?

A

Facial expressions of emotion and accurate determinations of gender and age

60
Q

Which pathway runs from the top side of the cerebrum, from occipital to parietal and is called the ‘where’ pathway?

A

Dorsal pathway

61
Q

In what is the dorsal pathway involved?

A

With spatial analysis and sparial orientation (where)

62
Q

Which pathway runs form the bottom, from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe and is called the ‘what’ pathway?

A

Ventral pathway

63
Q

In what is the ventral pathway involved?

A

Information about shapes and patterns

64
Q

What is apraxis?

A

Inability to perform previously learned purposeful movements

65
Q

Lesions in either hemisphere involving the somatosensory association areas can produce?

A

Tactile agnosia or astereognosis (inability to identify an object by touch)

66
Q

Defects araising from left posterior hemisphere lesions are?

A

Fluent aphaisa, communcation disorders, and acalculia

67
Q

Defects araising from right posterior hemisphere lesions are?

A

Inattention (impaired attention to and awareness of stimuli presented to half of personal space), impairment of topographical or spatial tought and memory

68
Q

What is the primary function of the temporal cortex?

A

Hearing, auditory memory storage and auditory perceptual organization

69
Q

What is pure word deafness?

A

The inability to comprehend spoken words despite intact hearing

70
Q

What is auditory agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize auditory presented environmental sounds independent of any deficit in processing spoken language

71
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Impaired language comprehension. Motor production of speech stays intact

72
Q

Damage to … of the temporal lobe is responsible for memory impairments in early Alzheimer’s disease

A

Hippocampus

73
Q

Old/ New memories do not appear to be stored in the hippocampus

A

Old

74
Q

Which structure in the temporal lobe is necessary for processing facial expressions of fear as well as facial emtion in social contexts?

A

The amygdala

75
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located and what is its function?

A

Anterior of the central gyrus. It mediates movements on the opposite side of the body. Has important connections with the cerebellum, basal ganglia and motor divisions of the thalamus

76
Q

Lesions in the premotor area result in?

A

Disruption in integration of the motor components of complex acts, resulting in uncoordinated movements

77
Q

What is hypokinesia?

A

Sluggish movement activation

78
Q

What is motor impersistence?

A

Reduced ability to maintain a motor act e.g. eye closure

79
Q

What is perseveration?

A

When patients repeat a movements long past the point where it is appropriate and adaptive

80
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Form of aphasia in which the person knows what they want to say but is unable to produce the words or sentence

81
Q

Prefrontal lobe disorders have more to do with the how/ what of the response

A

How a patients responds - inappropriate approach to problems not a lack of knowlegde

82
Q

Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is linked to problems with?

A

Impulse control and inhibition

83
Q

Damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is linked to what kind of deficits?

A

Intellectual deficits (specifically ‘fluid’)

84
Q

Patients with frontal amnesia seem to have problems in prospective memory and also in … yet, when prompted or given specific questions, they may produce some responses

A

Recall

Diagnostics (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions