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Diagnostics > Hoofdstuk 2 Basic concepts > Flashcards

Hoofdstuk 2 Basic concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What does EEG use to measure and what does MEG uses?
Also for what parients is MEG often used?

A

Elecetrodermal activity and magnetic fields. MEG can have a higher resolution and can more precisely identify the source of epileptic discharges in patients.

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2
Q

Name methods known as functional brain imaging

A

CT, MRI, PET, SPECT and fMRI

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3
Q

How does fMRI work?

A

Increasing neuronal activity requires more oxygen, creating a ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated blood, also known as the BOLD signal

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4
Q

When do you choose to use a CT scan and when a MRI scan?

A

CT = for acture head injury (skull fracture or bleeding)
MRI = chronic stages of head injury (white matter integrity)

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5
Q

Where does praxis refers to?

A

Refers to motor integration used to execute complex learned movements (praxis = skilled movements)

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6
Q

Where does apraxia refers to?

A

Dysfunctions due to a breakdown in the direction or execution of complex motor acts

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7
Q

What are the four major classes of cognitive functions according to Lezak?

A
  1. Receptive functions (select, acquire, classify and integrate)
  2. Memory and learning (information storage and retrieval)
  3. Thinking (mental organization)
  4. Expressive functions (emotions)
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8
Q

Where does ‘non-verbal’ in cognitive functions refer to?

A

Data that cannot be communicated in words or symbols, such as complex visual or sound patterns

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9
Q

What is the major problem with the construct of Spearman’s g?

A

It cannot account for theories of multiple intelligences and fails to incorporate emotional abilities and social intelligence

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10
Q

Impairments in perceptual integration is classically known as?

A

Agnosias (literally, no knowledge)

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11
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A

Failure of recognition from defectiev retrieval of knowledge pertinent to a given stimulus. Is unable to recognize a stimulus despite being able to percieve it normally

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12
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia?

A

Failure of intergration of otherwise normally percieves components of a stimulus. Fails to recognize a stimulus because the patient cannot intergrate the perceptual elements of a stimulus.

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13
Q

How do you describe declarative memory?

A

Involves a conscious and intentional recollection process and refers to information that can be brought to mind (facts or events)

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14
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

A fleeting visual image

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15
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Auditory ‘replay’

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16
Q

Where does immediate memory refers to?

A

The first stage of short therm memory. Temporarily holds information retained from registration process (limited capacity)

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17
Q

What kind of memory describes long-term storage (so different from long term memory)

A

Memory that lasts from an hour or so to one or two days but is yet to be fixed as learned material

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18
Q

Where does long-term memory refers to?

A

(secondary memory) Refers to the organisms ability to store information (not stored in single local site but many cortical and subcortical centers)

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19
Q

Where do recent and remote memory refer to?

A

To autobiographical memories stored within the last few hours, day, weeks or monts

20
Q

What is transient global amnesia?

A

The amnesia is limited to a fairly discrete period

21
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to acquire new infromation normally (biomarker for Alzheimers)

22
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Loss of memory for events preceding the onset of brain injury

23
Q

What are Recall and Recognition?

A

Recall involves an active, complex search process and Recognition is when a stimulus triggers awareness

24
Q

What is Episodic memory and Semantic memory?

A

Episodic: memories are localizable in time and space (events)
Semantic: ‘timeless and spaceless’ knowledge (facts)

25
Q

What is source memory or contextual memeory?

A

Refers to knowledge of where or when something was learned

26
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Remembering to remeber (planning)

27
Q

What is future episodic memory?

A

Requires drawing upon past experiences to guide one’s representation of what might happen in the future

28
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Motor and cognitive skill learning and perceputal

29
Q

What is priming?

A

A form of cued recall in which, without the subjects awareness, prior exposure facilitates teh response

30
Q

Where do constructural disorder (like apraxis) often occur?

A

Lesions in the right hemisphere (non-speech hemisphere)

31
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Can be defined as an acquired disturbance of the comperhension and formulation of verbal messages

32
Q

Which 3 constructs an be affected in aphasia disorder?

A
  1. Syntax (grammatical structure)
  2. Lexicon (dictionary)
  3. Word morphology
33
Q

In Broca’s which of the following features is still intact: fluency, comprehension, repetition or naming?

A

Comprehension

34
Q

In Wernicke’s which of the following features is still intact: fluency, comprehension, repetition or naming?

A

Fluency

35
Q

What is agraphia and alexia?

A

No writing and no reading

36
Q

How can we define thinking?

A

Any mental operation that relates to bits of information explicitly or implicitly

37
Q

What is acaluclia?

A

No counting

38
Q

What is bottum up attention?

A

Processes which bias attention toward salient ‘attention getting’ stimuli

39
Q

What is top down attention?

A

Processes determined by the observers current goals

40
Q

What is focused or selective attention?

A

Capacity to highlight the one or two important stimuli, while supressing awareness of competing distractions (concentration)

41
Q

What is sustained attention (or vigilance)

A

Capacity to maintain an attentional activity over a period of time

42
Q

What is divided attention?

A

Ability to respond to more than one task at a time

43
Q

What is alternating attention?

A

Allows for shifts in focus and tasks

44
Q

What is activity rate?

A

Refers to the speed at which mental activities are performed

45
Q

What are executive functions?

A

Capacities that enable a person to engage successfully in independent, puposive, self-redirected and self-serving behaviour.

Diagnostics (8 decks)

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