Lecture: Neurolocalization Flashcards
1
Q
Brain and Cranial nerves
A
- Forebrain
- Cerebrum: I
- Diencephalon: II
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
- Midbrain: III-IV
- Pons: V
- Medulla oblongata: VI-XII
2
Q
Forebrain
A
INHIBITORY
CS
- Seizures
- Circling
- Compulsion
- Behavior changes
- inappropriate
- getting stuck in corners
- Blindness (amaurosis)
- Postural reaction deficits
- Gaint should be normal
3
Q
Amaurosis
A
Non-ocular blindness
4
Q
Horner’s Syndrome
A
Loss of sympathetic innervation to eye
CS
- Ptosis
- Prolapsed 3rd eyelid
- Miosis
- Enopthalmos
*Horses with Horner’s are hyperthermic and sweat unilaterally
5
Q
Cerebellum Signs
A
- Intention tremors
- Head tilt
- Nystagmus
- Loss of menace
- Truncal sway
- Ataxia
- Hypermetria
6
Q
NOT Cerebellar signs
A
- Paresis
- Behavior changes
- CP deficits
7
Q
Cerebellar Ataxia
A
- Hypermetria
- ‘spastic’
- NO PARESIS
8
Q
Brainstem Signs
A
- Decreased mentation (ARAS)
- reticular activating system runs through brainstem
- obtunded to stuporous to comatose
- CN deficits
- Usually some CN VIII involvement
- Check for physiologic nystagmus
9
Q
Brainstem: Gait
A
- Vestibular or proprioceptive ataxia
- if ambulatory
- may seem cerebellar depending on lesion
- Tetraparesis (will always be seen w/ brainstem lesions)
- Proprioceptive deficits
10
Q
Neurolocalization: Spine
A
- C1-C5: All 4 limbs (equally affected)
- C6-T2: All 4 limbs (thoracic [LMN] different to pelvic [UMN] limbs)
- T3-L3: Only pelvic limbs affected
- L4-S3: Only pelvic limbs affected (LMN)
11
Q
Segmental Reflexes
A
- Can sever spinal cord cranial or caudal to the intumescense and reflex will still be intact
12
Q
Withdrawel reflex is NOT
A
Conscious
13
Q
Extended, difficult to flex limb
A
Implies UMN lesion
14
Q
Flaccid, unable to support any weight
A
- Implies LMN involvement
- Consider spinal shock
15
Q
Localization: C1-C5
A
- +/- ambulatory
- knuckling, stumbling, ‘face-planting’
- Tetraparesis
- Ataxia
- TL signs more subtle than PL
- Reflexes: N to inc on all limbs
- +/- muscle fasciculations
- +/- Pain
