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Neurology > Lecture: functional neuro anat > Flashcards

Lecture: functional neuro anat Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve

A
  • root
  • peripheral nerve
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2
Q

Junction

A
  • presynaptic endplate
  • synaptic cleft
  • post-synaptic membrane
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3
Q

Repolarization

A
  • Na channels begin to close
  • Slow K+ channels open more
  • Re-establish RMP
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4
Q

Voltage-gated channels

Na+

A
  • fast
  • depolarization causes conformational change in activation gate
  • voltage increase closes inactivation gate, slower
  • Inactivation gate won’t reopen until RMP is reestablished
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5
Q

Voltage-gated Channels

K+

A
  • slow
  • depolarization opens gate
  • opens at time of Na+ gate closing
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6
Q

Calcium

A
  • deficit causes Na+ channels to become activated w/ little increases in membrane potential
  • Low Ca = excitability = tetany
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7
Q

Action potential generation

safety factor

A
  • All-or-nothing principle
  • Refractory period:
    • due to Na channels becoming inactivated
    • new AP can’t occur in an excitable fiber as long as membrane is still depolarized from preceeding AP
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8
Q

Inhibition of Excitability

A
  • high extracellular Ca
  • decreases membrane permeability to Na and reduces excitability
  • local anesthetics
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9
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A
  • Neurotransmitter vesicles
    • excitatory or inhibitory
  • Mitochondria
    • ATP for transmitter synthesis
  • AP depolarizes presynaptic membrane
    • opens voltage-gated calcium channels
    • amount of Ca inflow directly related to transmitter release
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10
Q

Postsynaptic Receptors

A
  • Excitation
    • opening Na channels
    • dec cond thru Cl/K channels
    • internal metabolic changes to excite cell activity
  • Inhibition
    • opening Cl channels
    • inc K out of neuron
    • activation of receptor enzymes to inhibit cellular activity
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11
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Small-molecule, rapidly acting
    • class I: Ach
    • class II: Amines (NE, Eip, dopamine, serotonin, histamine)
    • class III: Amino acids (GABA, Gly, Glutamate, Aspartate)
    • class IV: NO
  • Neuropeptides, slowly acting or growth factors
    • hypothalamic-RH (TRH, LHRH, somatostatin)
    • pituitary peptides (ACTH, GH, ADH)
    • peptides GI, brain (enkephalins, gastrin, VIP, insulin, glucagon)
    • other (bradykinin, angiotensin II)
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12
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • recycled
  • usually excitatory
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13
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • not recycled
  • enzymatic destruction: monoamine oxidase
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14
Q

Synaptic transmission

A
  • Fatigue
    • dec in d/c of postsynaptic neuron
  • pH
    • alkalosis increases excitability
    • acidosis depresses it
  • Drugs
    • caffeine, theophylline, theobromine reduce threshold
    • strychnine - inhibits glycine in spinal cord
    • anesthetics inc threshold for excitation, decreasing transmission
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15
Q

electrolyte important in skeletal muscle contraction

A

Ca

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16
Q

Autonomic Neurotransmitters

Cholinergic

Adrenergic

A
  • Cholinergic fibers secrete acetylcholine
    • all preganglionic neurons are cholinergic:
      • ACh excitatory to all postganglionic neurons
  • Adrenergic fibers secrete norepinephrine
17
Q

Most PS postganglionic nerons are

A

cholinergic

18
Q

Most Symp postganglionic neurons are

A

adrenergic

19
Q

Acetylcholine Receptors

Muscarinic

Nicotinic

A
  • Muscarinic
    • found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of sympathetic or PS systems
  • Nicotinic
    • found in autonomic ganglia at synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons of sympathetic and PS systems
    • also present at NMJs
20
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A
  • Alpha 1, 2
    • NE excites mainly alpha, less beta
    • Epi excites alpha and
  • Beta 1, 2
    • Epi excites beta
21
Q

Reflex arc

A
  • Monosynaptic
    • polysynaptic with multiple interneurons more common
  • Receptor endings of primary afferent axon
  • Cell body in DRG
  • Synapses on efferent neuron in ventral horn
  • Motoneuron axon passes out into spinal nerve to effector organ
22
Q

Motor Neurons

A
  • Alpha
    • innervates skeletal muscle
    • a single alpha nerve fiber excites 3-several hundred muscle fibers (motor unit)
  • Gamma
    • transmit impulses through smaller nerves
    • intrafusal muscle fibers to control muscle tone
  • Interneurons
    • present in spinal cord gray matter
    • renshaw cells - lateral inhibition of motor neurons
23
Q

The Lower Motor Neuron

A
  • Efferent neuron of the PNS that connects the CNS with the muscle to be innervated
  • The alpha motor neuron
    • General somatic efferent (GSE)
      • striated skeletal muscle
      • all spinal nerves
      • CN III, IV, VI, VII, IX, X, XI XII
    • General visceral efferent (GVE)
      • smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
      • sympathetics: all spinal and splanchnic nerves
      • parasympathetics: sacral spinal nerves
      • CN III, VII, IX, X, XI
24
Q

Forebrain

A
  • Cerebrum
    • Cerebral cortex
    • Hippocampus
    • Basal nuclei
  • Diencephalon
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
25
Q

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

A
  • CN III
  • CN IV
  • Rostral and caudal colliculi
26
Q

Cerebellum & Brainstem

A
  • CN V-XII
  • Motor tracts
  • Proprioceptive tracts
  • Connected to CN VIII
  • Unconsious proprioception
  • Inhibitory
27
Q

Rostral fossa

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
28
Q

Caudal Fossa

A
  • Cerebellum
  • midbrain
  • brainstem
29
Q

LMN signs

A
  • Loss of reflexes
  • Loss of tone
  • Paresis to paralysis
  • Weak and Floppy
30
Q

UMN signs

A
  • N/ inc reflexes
  • Increase in tone
  • Paresis to paralysis
  • Weak and stiff
31
Q

Proprioception

A
  • postural responses
  • most pathways on periphery of the spinal cord
  • susceptible compressive lesions
32
Q

Conscious proprioception

A
  • goes to cerebral cortex
  • awareness without vision
33
Q

Unconcious proprioception

A
  • goes to cerebellum
  • regulatory, awareness of degree of movement
34
Q

Pain

A
  • Perception of nociception
  • most resistant to compression
  • usually last to go
35
Q

Gait

A
  • In most quadrapeds controlled from midbrain and brainstem descending pathways
36
Q
A

Neurology (9 decks)

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