Clinical neurology

Question 1

Lesions above T2

Answer 1

result in quadraparesis

Question 2

Lesions between T3 and S1

Answer 2

result in paraparesis

Question 3

Lesions caudal to S1

Answer 3

result in paralysis of anus, urinary bladder and tail

Question 4

2 basic causes of paraparesis

Reflexes in rear present

Reflexes in rear absent

Answer 4

• Reflexes in rear legs present
  
  • lesion between T3 and L3
• Reflexes in rear legs absent
  
  • lesion between L4 and S1

Question 5

4 causes of Quadriparesis

Answer 5

• Reflexes present in all four legs
  
  • lesion between C1 and C5
• Reflexes are absent in front legs, present in back legs
  
  • lesion is between C6-T2
• Reflexes absent in all four legs
  
  • lesion is a diffuse lower motor neuron problem
• Rear legs show reflexes, but fore legs show concious proprioceptive deficits, pain and muscle fasciculations (root signiature)
  
  • lesion between C6-T2

Question 6

Cranial Nerves

Answer 6

• I: S Olfactory: smell
• II: S Optic: visual info
• III: M Oculomotor: eye mov-damage can cause diplopia, strabismus
• IV: M Trochlear: eye mov-damage can cause diplopia, eye adducted & elevated
• V: B Trigeminal:
  
  • Ophthalmic (V1): somatic afferents to upper face, skull, eye
  • Maxillary (V2): sensory fibers from maxillary teeth, skin between palpebral fissure and mouth, and nasal cavities and sinuses
  • Mandibular (V3): motor for mastication, sesonry to inside of cheek
• VI: M Abducens: eye mov
• VII: B Facial: facial expression
• VIII: S Vestibulocochlear: hearing and balance
• IX: B Glossopharyngeal: oral sensation, taste, salivation
• X: B Vagus: parasympathetic innervation
• XI: M Accessory: shoulder elevation, head-turning
• XII: M Hypoglossal: tongue movement

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Question 7

Postural reflexes involve

Answer 7

functions requireing higher center interaction

Question 8

Segmental spinal cord reflexes involve

Answer 8

functions that are contained and controlled within the spinal cord itself

Question 9

Conscious proprioception

Answer 9

• One of first tests to perform
• Flipping over paws to dorsum
• good indicator of spinal cord dysfunction

Question 10

Extensor postural thrust reaction

Answer 10

• lift animal and lower until rear legs reach surface
• provides crude information about function of spinal cord

Question 11

Placing reaction

Answer 11

• tactile and visual (in that order)
• move animal towards a surface (table) brushing dorsal part of forelimb
• if deficient, lesionbetween cerebral cortex and lower cervical spinal cord

Question 12

hopping reaction

Answer 12

• on leg in contact with surface while animal is moved forwards/backwards, etc
• helps discern UMN connection to LMNs

Question 13

Wheel barrow response

Answer 13

• pick up rear legs and push
• can dtermine assymetry between motor and sensory functions of left and right limbs

Question 14

hemiwalk response

Answer 14

• both legs on one side of the body elevated
• can help determine subtle motor and sensory deficits