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Human Disease and Therapeutics > Lecture Lungs (Quiz 4) > Flashcards

Lecture Lungs (Quiz 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inadequate expansion of airspaces or a collapse? What are the 3 symptoms of this?

A
  • Atelectasis

- Aspiration, pneumothorax, and pleural fibrosis.

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2
Q

What is the injury and damage sustained in the lungs due to the recruitment of Neutrophils?

A
  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
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3
Q

What is a very common airway disease, where the main cause is due to cigarette smoke? What are the three main symptoms?

A
  • COPD (Congestive Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

- Emphysema, Asthma, and Bronchietasis.

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4
Q

What is destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of airspaces? What are the three causes?

A
  • Emphysema

- Smoking, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and Air pollution.

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5
Q

What is persistent cough for > 3 months in 2 consecutive years? What are the 2 causes of this?

A
  • Chronic Bronchitis

- Smoking and Air pollution

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6
Q

What is obstruction of bronchi and persistent necrotizing infections? What is the pathology of this?

A
  • Bronchiectasis

- Destruction of elastin and muscles in bronchial walls.

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7
Q

What is reactive airway disease and narrowing of airways, which causes bronchial hyperreactivity? What are the three main pathologies for this?

A
  • Asthma

- Hyperinflated lungs, Thick mucus plugs in airways, Smooth muscle hypertrophy.

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8
Q

What is associated with collagen vascular diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Fibrosing Lung Diseases
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9
Q

What is caused due to mineral dust-induced (coal miner’s lung), silicosis, and asbestosis [mesothelioma])?

A
  • Occupational Lung Diseases
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10
Q

What is a restrictive disease with abnormal connective tissue, reduced elastic properties and multi-organ involvement?

A
  • Sarcoidosis
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11
Q

What is a vascular disease of the lung where it can cause sudden death if in pulmonary artery, the origin is from deep veins in legs and the causes are prolonged bed rest, surgery, congestive heart failure?

A
  • Pulmonary embolus
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12
Q

What is a vascular disease of the lung where it is caused by heart disease and recurrent thromboemboli? This can cause what two things?

A
  • Pulmonary hypertension

- Cor Pulmonale and Right Ventricular failure

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13
Q

What lung disease is caused by fibrosis or chest wall abnormalities, where gas exchange impaired, and difficulty inhaling and expanding the lungs?

A
  • Restrictive Disease of the Lung
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14
Q

What is when gas exchange is impaired by obstruction or hemorrhage and may be abrupt or insidious (gradual)?

A
  • Vascular Disease of the Lung
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15
Q

What is when airways are blocked; gas exchange through septal walls is not impaired, but unable to exhale?

A
  • Obstruction Disease of the Lung
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16
Q

What is Usually in the lungs but can affect other organs, Flourishes in crowded/impoverished areas, Non-contagious during long periods of dormancy, can cause problems with multidrug antibiotic resistance and Forms necrotizing granulomas? What bacteria is this caused by?

A
  • Tuberculosis

- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

17
Q

95% primary lung cancers are what? What cell types are most common? Who are 55X more likely to develop these lung tumors?

A
  • Carcinomas
  • Aden and Squamous Cells
  • Smokers
18
Q

Who is Asthma most common in?

A
  • Children and Females
19
Q

With Asthma, there are multiple types of drugs. What are Relievers used for? What two drugs are the Relievers of Asthma and some information about each? What is the mechanism of action for these drugs?

A
  • Relievers: Short-acting, used for less severe cases, when used at Minimum Dose and Frequency can act as a Beta-2 Agonist (Bronchodilators).
  • Albuterol: Fastest onset and has 4-6 hour effect. **(Only true rescue reliever of Asthma)
  • Salmeterol: Slower onset, 12 hour effect.
  • Works by directly relaxing airway smooth muscle.
20
Q

With Asthma, there are multiple types of drugs. What are Controllers used for? What drug is the Controller of Asthma and some information about it? What are side effects of this drug?

A
  • Controllers: Taken regularly for long-term stable control, often have more side effects than other drugs.
  • Fluticasone: Inhaled steroid/corticosteroid, is the drug of choice for Moderate to Severe asthma. Is often combined with Beta-2 agonists to aid with Brochodilation. Is used for chronic management NOT for rescue.
  • Nose bleeds, sores in nose/mouth/tongue that don’t heal, fungal infections (candidiasis).
21
Q

With Asthma, there are multiple types of drugs. What are Add-On-Controllers used for? What drugs are the Add-On-Controllers of Asthma? What are the mechanisms of these drugs? In what situations is this used? With what drugs is this combined with and why?

A
  • Methylxanthine Drugs like Theophylline (Tablet or inhaler)
  • Phosphodiesterase inhibitor and increases cAMP and relaxes airway smooth muscle.
  • Monotherapy for mild asthma.
  • Combine with corticosteroids to reduce steroid doses and side effects.
22
Q

With Asthma, there are multiple types of drugs. What drug is used as a Anti-Muscarinic of Asthma and some information about it?

A
  • Ipratropium: Reverses contraction of smooth muscle from vagal activity-usually backup for beta 2 agonists.
23
Q

With Asthma, there are multiple types of drugs. What drug is used as a Leukotriene Modifier of Asthma and some information about it? What is the mechanism for this drug class?

A
  • Montelukast: Use is for Prophylaxis (has to be used before an asthma attack, won’t help during) for patients who have trouble with inhaled therapies (e.g., nasal bleeding), because it can be taken orally.
  • Block leukotriene-binding to receptor.
24
Q

What drug inhibits release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine?

A
  • Cromolyn
25
Q

What drug inhibits IgE binding to mast cells, is very expensive, and only for severe non-responsive asthma?

A
  • Omalizumab
26
Q

What problems can all of these Asthma drugs have within a dental sense?

A
  • Asthmatics tend to be mouth breathers—dry mouth
  • Asthma inhalers irritate muscosa of mouth, especially back of roof of mouth
  • Make sure asthmatics bring inhalers to appoint: avoid asthma attacks
27
Q

What is COPD? What are the main causes of this? What are three types of drugs used to aid with this and info about each? How can these drugs be effected by Asthma?

A
  • Congestive Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Causes:
    • Long smoking hx, or exposure to environmental irritants
    • Airflow limitations-due to progressive, irreversible airway remodeling
  • Drugs:
    • Tiotropium Bromide: Longer acting bronchodilators.
    • Salmeterol: Longer acting beta 2 agonist.
    • Theophylline with glucocorticoids: Glucocorticoids alone not very effective.
  • Typically responses not as good as with asthma.
28
Q

What drug is used to treat Influenza and some information about it?

A
  • Oseltamivir: Prevents separation of virus particle from cell receptors, stopping viral spread (earlier treatment makes for a better outcome).

Human Disease and Therapeutics (27 decks)

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