Lecture 2 (Quiz 1)

Question 1

There are three parts to the Autonomic nervous system what are they in order? What type of Pre-Ganglionic receptors are affected by Acetylcholine (in sympathetic, para. and somatic) and aid in the Parasympathetic, Sympathetic and Somatic signaling? What type of Post-Ganglionic receptors are affected by Acetylcholine? What are the Post-Ganglionic Sympathetic transmitters? What are the Post-Ganglionic Parasympathetic transmitters?

Answer 1

• Pre-Ganglionic, Ganglion, Post-Ganglionic.
• Nicotinic Receptors
• Muscarinic Receptors and Nicotinic Receptors
• Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Dopamine.
• Acetylcholine

Question 2

What type of cell bodies are found in the Sympathetic ‘fight or flight’ system? What type of cell bodies are found in the Parasympathetic ‘rest and digest’ system?

Answer 2

• Thoracolumbar

- Craniosacral

Question 3

Post-Ganglionic Sympathetic Transmitters use Dopamine, Norepinephrine and Epinephrine, what organ releases Epinephrine and Norepinephrine? What type of receptors do NE and EPI act on? DA activates D1 which is what type of receptors?

Answer 3

• Adrenal Gland
• Alpha and Beta
• Alpha and Beta

Question 4

The Parasympathetic Nervous System has five receptors, what are they?

Answer 4

• M1, M2, M3, Nm (muscle) and Nn (neuronal).

Question 5

Using a Cholinesterase inhibitor does what? There are three main Cholinesterase inhibitors (Physostigmine, Donepezil (Aricept) and Sarin), what are they used for? Botulinum Toxin or Bo-Tox, does what to relax intraocular muscles, treat muscle spasms and remove wrinkles?

Answer 5

• Increases Acetylcholine (Affecting both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems especially those tissues innervated by post-ganglionic fibers.)
• Physostigmine: Glaucoma and antidote for atropine. (Short duration)
• Donepezil (Aricept): Extended duration, used to treat Alzheimer’s.
• Sarin: Irreversible, long duration, used as a nerve gas.
• Botulinim Toxin (BoTox): Prevents the release of ACh.

Question 6

In dentistry there are two main Cholinergic Agents, one is used to treat xerostomia in Sjogren’s Syndrome and the other is used to treat xerostomia after radiotherapy. What are their names?

Answer 6

• Cevimeline (Evoxac): Sjogren’s

- Pilocarpine (Salagen): Radiotherapy

Question 7

What are the Agonists of the Parasympathetic M1, M2 and M3 Receptors? What effect does this cause? What are the Antagonists that have these opposite effects?

Answer 7

• ACh, Bethanechol, and Pilocarpine
• Increased: Stomach acid, Secretory gland secretions and GI contractility.
  Decreased: HR, AP duration, Heart contractility.
• Atropine and Scopolamine (OPPOSITE EFFECTS FROM ABOVE!)

Question 8

What are the Agonists of the Parasympathetic Nm (nicotinic muscle) and Nn (nicotinic neuronal) receptors? What effect does this cause? What are the Antagonists that stop these?

Answer 8

• ACh
• Neuromuscular Junction, Autonomic Ganglia, Adrenal Medulla and CNS.
• Nm: Succinylcholine, D-Tubocurarine
  Nn: Mecamylamine

Question 9

What does AChE do? What are the inhibitors of AChE called? What effect would this cause? What would fix these problems?

Answer 9

• Breaks down AChE
• Cholinesterase Inhibitors
• Causes a build up of ACh which would greatly decrease HR, Respiration, and an increase in Drooling, Blurred vision and Sweating.
• Atropine

Question 10

With Dopamine (DA), there are two types of receptors, D1 and D2, what is the Agonist for both of these? What effect does this cause on each? What are the Antagonists for both?

Answer 10

• Both: Dopamine (DA)
• D1 Effect: Vasodilates Kidneys (increases sodium excretion and GFR), Lungs, Heart (increase heart volume), Brain, GI and General Vasculature (decreases TPR).
  D2: Decreases Neurotransmitter Release, induces nausea and vomiting.
• D1: None
  D2: Haloperidol