Lecture I 2nd Half Bones and Muscle Flashcards
Flexor hallucis longus:
flexes great toe connect to fibula lateral through ankle to big toe
elbow ligaments
- Lateral/Radial Collateral of the elbow
- Annular
- Medial/Ulnar Collateral of the elbow (Anterior, Posterior, Transverse)
Gluteus maximus-
Forms mass of the buttock, Prime hip extensor, Provides most of lift when you climb stairs
supraspinatus
(small muscle at top of scapula to humerus) aids deltoid in abducting arm holding humerus in place
quadrates lumborum
(thick muscle connenct vertebrae to illium)
Anterior (flexor) compartment—deep layer
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis & longus
Dorsal interosseous muscles
(4) dorsal ones look like feathers inside the abductor digiti mini centered under the tendons
sympheses
fibrocartilage vertebral cartilage in between each of the vertebra hyaline cartilage infiltrated w/ collagen bundles to form fibrocartilage only slight movement but overall more moveable. pubic symphsysis right and left pubic bones joined by cartilaginous interpubic disc.
Adductor longus
adducts and medially rotates thigh, flex thigh at hip. pubis to femur. most inferior muscle most superficial adductor muscle covering brevis
◦Extensor carpi radialis
longus tendon length at elbow area above brevis
fibrous joint
adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them and penetrate into the other. Suture, gomphoses, and syndesmoses
Crural region (leg)
knee to ankle (tibia-weight bearing bone of leg medial big-toe bigger bone and fibula- posterior lateral) joined by interosseous membrane.
Lateral (fibular) compartment—two muscles
Fibularislongus
Fibularisbrevis
Both plantar flex and evert the foot. Provide lift and forward thrust
gomphoses
attachment of tooth into its socket, held in place by fibrous ligament. ligaemtns deteriorate will fall out. (fibers short allowing for little or no mobement tooth to socket attachment)
brachioradialis
(starts up in arm and goes down into forearm) beer drinking muscle. Principal extensor
Fibularis brevis-
maintain concavity of sole during toe-off and tiptoing everts and plantar flexes foot. below and medial to fibularis longus. more medial and buried under longus w/ similar connectoin point to longus
Flexor digiti minimi brevis-
largest and middle muscle on pinky
false ribs
False ribs (ribs 8–12) Lack independent connections to sternum shared costal cartilage
synovial fluid
fibroblast like cells secrete synovial fluid and macrophages helps with articulation. rich in albumen and hyalurinic acid nourishing cartilage movement friction free, removes waste. has outer fibrous capsule continuous w/ periosteum of adjoining bones and inner cellular, synovial membrane w/ macrophages.
Plantaris:
weak synergist of triceps surae wrapped from anterior thigh to posterior leg w/ tendon to heel
true ribs
True ribs (ribs 1–7) via costal cartilage Each is directly connected to sternum by costal cartilage. ribs increase in length 1-7 smaller again. 1-9 more slanted.
appendicular
is colored green Pectoral girdle Upper extremity Pelvic girdle Lower extremity
sutures
fibrous joints (immobile slightly mobile fibrous joints closely bind bones of skull to eachother) serrate suture (wavy lines where bones interlock jigsaw), lap suture(two bones beveled edge), and plane suture (nonoverlapping edges glued)
Abductor digiti minimi-
below and more lateral to flexor digiti mini
Flexor digitorum profundus
underneath superficialis to tips of fingers helps superficialis and flexing. curl fingers
shoulder joint
Bones: humerus, scapula, clavicle
Ball and Socket
movements: depression, adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, elevation, protraction, retraction, circumduction, rotation
tibia
Only weight-bearing bone of the crural region. thick strong on medial side
parts of vertebra
centrum of vertebra-mass of spongy bone and red bone marrow covered w/ a thin shell of compact bone.
foramen-whole where spinal cord goes.
Vertebral arch
Pedicle: pillar-like
Lamina: plate-like
Spinous process (tip feel in back), Transverse process (connection point), Superior articular processes (meets vertebra), Inferior articular processes (meets other), Facets, Intervertebral foramen (opening when two vertebra meet for spinal cord), Superior and inferior notches
quadriceps femoris
Prime mover of knee extension, Most powerful muscle in the body, Has four heads—rectus femoris, vastuslateralis, vastusmedialis, and vastus intermediusas (on bone beneath everything) names suggest w/ rectus above intermedius
Pedal region (pes)
rest of foot. three phalanges for toe except big toe. 17 bones. great toe hallux proximal and distal phalanx, proximal, middle, and distal phalanx. slightly concave on inferior plantar side. roman numeral I medial group of bones in foot but lateral in hand. medial longitudinal arch heel to hallux calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms and metatarsals I03.
◦Extensor digiti minimi-
to pinky medial to digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris- next to extensor digitorum on ulnar side most medial to digitorum and minimi
Posterior (extensor) compartment—deep layer
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Hypothenargroup—fleshy base of the little finger pinky
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi
ankle joint
Bones: calcaneus, fibula, tibia, talus
Hinge, synovial
movements: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion and eversion
hip ligaments
- Illiofemoral
- Ischiofemoral
- Pubofemoral
Functions of spine
Supports Protects Absorbs stresse movement, attachment for limbs
Four major joint categories- how they are bound and how they move
bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Most prominent superficial back muscles:
◦latissimus dorsi
◦Trapezius
◦Levatorscapulae
flexion
pulling something into the body. decreases a joint angle bringing hands and arms proximally, shoulder and hip raise your arm or raise thigh
Fibularis(peroneus) tertius-
dorsiflexes and everts foot. wrapped on internal leg w/ extensor hallucis longus ligaments to little toe
scapula
Scapula articulates with the clavicle and the humerus. glides across rib cage as arm and shoulder move. acromion plate=like extension apex of shoulder w/ clavicle.
Glenohumeral joint: shoulder joint articulates w/ head of humerus
Extensor hallucis longus-
extends big toe found connecting behind tibia wrapped around once and connected w/ ligaments to big toe
special movements of hand and wrist
Radial flexion- hand to radial side
Ulnar flexion - hand to ulna side
Abduction vs. adduction of the fingers spreading fingers and pulling them back
Flexion (curling) vs. extension of fingers (straightening)
Palmar abduction- pulling fingers away or pointing thumb upward
Radial abduction- bringing fingers together moving thumb away from the rest of resting hand
Flexion of thumb- tip of thumb is directed toward palm
Extension of thumb
Opposition- thumb to pinky
Reposition- pulling back to normal
Fibularis longus-
maintain concavity of sole during toe-off and tiptoing. most lateral and superficial portion of leg connecting to outside ankle
Serratus Anterior
(feathers across rib cage) behind pectoralis major and lattisimus dorsi. draws scapula laterally and forward
Tensor fasciae latae-
Extends knee, laterally rotates knee. right at outside hip socket
anterior side of hip and inserts into intilofubla band insertion point lateral
number of bones
Number of bones
206 in typical adult skeleton- need to know all of them
Bones that form within tendons in response to strain (e.g., patella, hands and feet)
Varies with presence of sutural (wormian) bones in skull
Extra bones that develop in skull suture lines
270 bones at birth, but number decreases with fusion
synovial joint
consists of articular capsule- connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid
outer fibrous capsule-continuous w/ periosteum
Inner, cellular, synovial membrane
Diarthrosis/diarthrodialjoint w/ joint cavity filled with fluid freely mobile or limited. layer w/ hyaline cartilage covering faces of bone. even if fluid moves around still cartilag eon cartilage
◦Extensor carpi radialis brevis
tendon smaller muscle bigger below longus
femoral triangle
illosoas muscle, sartoriusm adductor longus and main ligament low casculature tirangle
Muscles Acting on Knee and Leg
Anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh
Contains large quadriceps femoris muscle: rectus femoris, vastuslateralis, vastusmedialis, and vastusintermedius
Sartorius:
Extensor digitorum longus-
extends toes- medial to fibularis brevis and underneath tibialis anterior ligaments to four toes besides largest
Extrinsic muscle actions
Flexion and extension of wrist and digits
Radial and ulnar flexion
Finger abduction and adduction
Thumb opposition
Posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh
Contains hamstring muscles From lateral to medial:
Biceps femoris-
Semitendinosus-
Semimembranosus
retraction of scapula
trapezius
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
extension
pushing away from body. straightens a joint returning body to zero position. hyperextend- move limb to position behind the frontal plane of trunk backswing
Psoas major-
Flexes thigh at hip, thick rounded muscle Arises from lumbar vertebrae
crossing over illiacus
Extensor pollicis longus-
more medial and larger than extensor pollicis brevis distal to it
Gluteus medius and minimus
(minimus smaller, beneath, and lower than medius)- medius- up on allium (opposite illacus stabilizes walking by holding in hip of other leg). Abduct and medially rotate thigh
lower limb
Femoral region (thigh) Crural region (leg) Tarsal region (tarsus) metatarsal region Pedal region (pes)
joint
link the bones of the skeletal system, permit effective movement, and protect the softer organs. any point where two bones meet whether or not the bones are mobile at the interface
Intrinsic Muscle of Foot:
One dorsal muscle
Extensor digitorumbrevis extends toes
Four ventral muscle layers- Support arches, Abduct and adduct the toes, Flex the toes
Trapezius
(broad trianglur muscle starting from neck down sternum onto shoulder) moving rotating, and stabilizing scapula
Shoulder Ligaments
acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular (deltoid and trapezoid parts)
coracoacromial
glenohumeral
Posterior group
Extension of wrist and fingers, adduct/abduct wrist
Extension and abduction of thumb (pollicis)
Brevismeans “short,” ulnarisindicates “on ulna side of forearm”
sternum
Sternum (anterior bone that ribs conenct to via costal cartilage) Divided into three regions Manubrium T3&T4 (clavicle articulates w/) Suprasternal (jugular) notch Clavicular notches T5-9 Body (gladiolus) Sternal angle joins manubrium scalloped ridges where ribs attach Xiphoid- abdominal muscle attachment
saddle joint
carpal joint biaxial. both bones saddle-shaped concave in one direction and convex in other. trapezium of wrist and metacarpal I at thumb. opposable thumb. sternoclavicular joint up and down forward and back
Piriformis
sacrum to femur diagonal medial to gluteus minimus underneath gluteus maximus and medius. laterally rotates extended thigh, abducts flexed thigh.
knee ligaments
- Anterior Cruciate
- Posterior Cruciate
- Medial/Tibial Collateral of the knee
- Lateral/Fibular Collateral of the knee
Two are axial muscles originating on axial skeleton (not on rabbit)
Pectoralis major:
Latissimus dorsi
fibula
Does not bear any body weight thin slender lateral thicker and broader at proximal end
biceps brachii
(two heads)- supination of forearm center of arm.
triceps brachii
opposite side posterior arm. extends elbow long head extands and adduct humerus. long, lateral and medial
Subscapularis
(anterior side of scapula)
modulates deltoid rotates humerus medially
bony joints
fibrous and cartiliganous. when gap between two bones ossifies and become single bone ex. first rib to sternum
Sartorius:
longest muscle in the body-“Tailor’s muscle”. knee and hip flexion, abducts and rotate wraps from allium to tibia
elbow joint
Bones:humerus, ulna, radius
Hinge, synovial
movmeent: extenion, flexion, supination, pronation
functions of muscle
movement (move us, parts, and internal movements communication speech facial expressions body language), stability (prevent unwanted movments, stabilize joints by maintaining tension on tendons and bones, control of openings and passageways (food intake and retention of food while chewing, light to eye, food, bile, blood, elimination; opening for vessels (leg); diaphragm esophogeal opening), heat production important for metabolism(leg), and glycemic control (absorb, store, and use glucose stability its concentration)
Abductor pollicis brevis
on outside of thumb largest muscle on thumb on top of flexor pollicis brevis
thoracic cage
Thoracic Cage
Thoracic cage consists of thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs
rib articulates w/ inferior costal facet of upper vertebra and superior costal facet of below
Provides attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs
Rhythmically expanded by respiratory muscles to draw air into lungs
Costal margin—inferior border of thoracic cage formed by arc of lower ribs
protects thoracic organs, spleen, liver, and kdiney
forearm
forearm (radius lines up with thumb and inferior end has much bigger lateral bone lining up w/ thumb and ulna more medial bone of the forearm larger C shaped top but lines up w/ pinky because inferior end is much smaller) connected by thick membrane. interosseous membrane connects them
Infraspinatus
◦ (directly below supraspinatus)
(beneath spine right above teres major)
holds humerus in place
cartiliganous joint
amphiarthrosis. two bones linked by cartilage. synchodroses and sympheses
tendon
strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue attaches muscle to bone, important in stabilizing joint. attachment between muscle and bone continuous w/ collagen fibers of muscle
Flexor carpi radialis
thumb anterior side of forearm. radial flexion of wrist. between brachioradialis (lateral) and palmaris longus (medial)
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hands
Thenargroup—form thick, fleshy mass at base of thumb
Adductor pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
pivot joint
radius sits on capiculum of humerus suppination and rotation. monoaxial. spins on longitudinal axis atlantoaxial between vertebra 1 and 2 radioulnar of elbow. pivots on axis
lateral rotation of scapula
trapezius (superior part)
serious anterior
rotation
joint spins on longitudinal axis. medial or internal rotation- elbow towards the midline humerus spins; or external roation- lateral or external or lower half of limb away femur
metatarsal region
5 bones proximal to toes. metatarsal # .
Tibialis anterior-
dorsifleces and inverts foot main muscle in front along tibia wraps around medial side of foot
Biceps femoris-
flexes knee, extends hips lateral to semitendinosus
Lateral and posterior muscles of the hip
Tensor fasciae latae-
Gluteus maximus-
Gluteus medius and minimus
special movement of foot
Dorsiflexion- pick foot up toe elevated heel strike
Plantar flexion- - point foot down gas pedal toe off when walkeing
Inversion- tips soles of foot medially facing eachother
Eversion- tips soles laterally, away from eachother
Supination of foot—complex combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction. toes lowered turned toward other foot and sole is tilted toward it
Pronation of foot—complex combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction. toes elevated turned away from other foot and sole tilted away from other foot.
Medial (adductor) compartment of thigh
Five muscles act as primary adductors of the thigh
Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis- most medial on back of thighs Pectineus
Palmaris longus
oppose thumb and pinky tendon rennecullum covers hand tenses between flexor carpi radialis (lateral) and flexor carpi ulnaris (medial
clavicle
Clavicle articulates medially to the sternum and laterally to the scapula.braces shoulder upper limb away from midline of body transferring force from arm to axial region
Sternoclavicular joint- sternal end medial rounded hammerlike
Acromioclavicular joint- lateral acromial end flattened
Adductor brevis
adducts thigh, pubis to femur. in front of magnus but behind and lateral to longus
joints classified
according to the manner in which the bones are bound to each other w/ differences in how freely bones move.
Rotator Cuff Muscles: major muscle for shoulder.
Acronym “SITS muscles.” tendons all merge joint capsule of shoulder w/ stabilization) Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis
vertebral groups, numbers, and shapes
Five vertebral groups: cervical (C1-7 breakfast @7; looking at spinous process tip splits ex. mouse or fox), thoracic (T1-12 lunch @12, giraffe-like spinous process points down thicker portion of vertebra each for a rib), lumbar (L1-5 dinner @5, looks like moose thicker and bigger w/ soft curves), sacrum(S1 lateral sides articulates w/ ossicasa), coccyx (connected to sacram not fully fused into single bone by 20 or 30)
Lumbricals
(4 muscles) tendons of extensors and flexors. interosseous directly between
Multifidus
(spine muscle) extends spine and connects to spine strengthening it like licorice
Extensor indicis-
connects to index finger most distal
Body’s largest muscles found
found in lower limb; Less for precision, more for strength needed to stand, maintain balance, walk, and run; Several cross and act on two or more joints
Leg—the part of the limb between the knee and ankle
Foot—includes tarsal region (ankle), metatarsal region, and the toes
Upper limb movement (compartments based on actions and location)
muscles of deep back and shoulder
Rhomboid major and minor erectus spinae semispinalis thoracic Quadratus lumborum Multifidus Serratus Anterior
wrist joint
Bones: radius, scaphoid, lunate
Condylar, synovial
movements: radial and ulnar flexion, flexion, extension, hyperextension, circumduction
Gastrocnemius:
plantar flexes foot, flexes knee, most medial of anterior leg found in upper region of leg. on posterior leg have medial and lateral head making up calf
axis
C2 = axis (process that sticks straight up articulating w/ atlas for more rotation and better range of motion no w/ dens knob anterosuperior, and spinous process forked tip),
Second cervical vertebra
Dens or odontoid process, Held in place by a transverse ligament
◦Levatorscapulae
(underneath trapezius elevates scapula at superior angle connects to cervical but is parallel, contracts lifting up)
syndesmoses
two bones bound by long collagen fibers. found in forearm and leg. connected by interosseous membrane and is considered a joint sharp endges where it attaches. nd syndesmoses (fibers longer more mobile) radius and ulna tibia and fibula
Adductor magnus
adducts and medially rotates thigh, flex thigh at hip. largest one behind everything on inside of leginsertion higher than vrevis but behind and below pectineus runs into gracillis. ischium and pubis to femur. underneath quads
Soleus:
plantar flexes foot- most medium of anterior leg found in lower region of leg below gastrocnemius single large muscle encompassing all of calf
Abductor pollicis longus
abducts thumb in frontal plane distal to the supinator
Seven muscles with scapular origin
deltoid
teres major
coracobrachialis
Gracilis-
most medial on back of thighs. flexes and medially rotates tibia at knee pubis and ischium to tibia longest
deltoid
positioned different in rabbit because of pedalism. cap on shoulder delotid muscle.
Rotates and abducts arm
Intramuscular injection site
Pronation
Pronator quadratus (closer to wrist- moves forearm pronation starts anterior or ulna comes posterior and connects at anterior radius) and pronator teres (starts at ulna wraps around anterior to radius towards elbow and comes across)- Palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly pulls opposite way
bone markings
ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces: there for every specific purposes insertion points of tenons or muscles
cervical vertebra
have prominent round transverse foramen in each transverse process passage and protection for arteries and veins. addition of transverse foramina and bifid spinous process. c7 shaped different not bifid long and forms prominent bump on back
thoracic vertebra
Atlas
C1 = atlas (first cervical vertebra doesn’t have body, ring, deep articulur, bi-fib spinous process, articulates w/ axis) First cervical vertebra Supports the head Has no body Landmarks Lateral masses Superior articular facets Inferior articular facets Anterior and posterior arches Anterior and posterior tubercles
pectoralis major
flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus (inserts onto humerus pulling medially or internally rotate humerus and flexes considering inferior)
circumduction
arm going in circle. one end of appendage stays stationary while other makes circular motion.
Tibialis posterior:
inverts foot between tibia and fibula to foot
Palmar interosseous muscles
(3) dorsal ones look like feathers in and under bones connecting to closest phalanges
Pectineus
flexes and adducts thigh. highest insertion on pubic bone to femur
Flexor pollicis (pollux thumb) longus-
flexing thumb next to flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis
humerus
(always protruding connet to shoulder) articulates w/ glenoid cavity in large rounded top, bow like bottom condyles
ball and socket
hip and shoulder multiaxial. smooth hemispherical head fit into cuplike socket glenoid and acetabulum
Semitendinosus-
medial biceps brachii flexes knee. latteral to semimembranous and adductor magnus center of muscle
suppination vs. pronation
palm up forearm movements. palm to face anterior or upward. concave end of disc-shaped radius spins on humerus ulna remains stationary
palm down laying on fac
Anterior (flexor) compartment—superficial layer
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis-
Palmaris longus
Semimembranosus
-medial biceps brachii below adductor maagnus flexes knee latteral to gracillis and adductor magnus
Erector spinae
(deep back muscles, divisions significant all way up and down spine three long muscles up and down spine.
muscles acting on arm.
Tendons of these muscles merge with the joint capsule of the shoulder as they cross it in route to the humerus
Holds head of humerusinto glenoid cavity
Supraspinatus tendon easily damaged
Midpalmargroup—hollow of palm
Dorsal interosseous muscles (4) dorsal ones look like feathers
Palmar interosseous muscles (3) dorsal ones look like feathers
Lumbricals(4 muscles) tendons of extensors and flexors. interosseous directly between
Flexor digitorum longus:
flexes phalanges originates back of knee medial run length of tibia into medial heel
Dorsiflexthe ankle- Prevent toes from scuffing ground when walking
Fibularis(peroneus) tertius
Extensor digitorumlongus
Extensor hallucislongus
Tibialisanterior
movements of the head and trunk
Flexion- bending over provided by lumbar
Extension- straightens the trunk or neck provided by lumbar
Hyperextension- bending back provided by lumbar
Lateral flexion- bending to the side provided by thoracic
rotation- vertebral column and head because of axis and atlas coming together provided by cervical and at hips
elevation of scapula
levator scapulae
trapezius (superior part)
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
Synergistic flexors
biceps brachii
brachioradialis
triceps brachii
Tarsal region (tarsus)
ankle (trochlear surface of talus) to part of foot 7 bones back tuberosity of calcaneus first row: talus and calcaneus , navicular above talus, medial cuinerofrm, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and cuboid all the way to right on left foot.
Popliteus:
acts on knee connects medial ouside portion of knee and crosssects to lateral side of knee. below gastrocnemius
◦Extensor digitorum-
tendons to fingers resting on top of radialis hidden. middle of arm lateral to minimi
Iliacus
anterior but opposite gluteus medius (posterior). - Flexes thigh at hip, Iliacusportion arises from iliac crest and fossa
os coxae down to thigh covering internal of illium
axes of rotation
moving bone relatively stationary axes of rotation that passes through bone in direction perpendicular to plane of movement. Multiaxialjoint—shoulder joint has three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation, Other joints are monoaxialor biaxial. just know that there are multiple types and degrees of freedom.
protraction of scapula
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
upper limb
Brachium (arm proper) shoulder to elbow- humerus
antebrachium (forearm) (elbow and wrist)-radius and ulna
Carpus (wrist) - 8 carpal bones
Manus (hand)- metacarpal
elevation vs. depression
pick shoulders up. raises body part vertically ex. scapula
lowers body part in same plane. ex. scapula
plane gliding joint
two flat bones coming together- carpal bones biaxial. bone surfaces flat and only slightly concave and convex. slide over eachother limited. carpal bones of wrist, tarsal of ankle, articular processes of vertebrae. forward and back side to side combined action of many allow for significant movemeny
classes of synovial joints
and examples
ball and socket- hip and shoulder
pivot joint: radius sits on capiculum of humerus suppination and rotation
saddle joint- carpal joint
hinge joint- elbow ulna and humerus, knee
plain jiont- two flat bones coming together- carpal bones
chondular joint- metacarpals and phalanges
lattissimus dorsi
comes in front under armpit and arm)retracts humerus large central back muscle
adducts and medially rotates humerus (underneath arm inserting into humerus
adducts and medially rotates humerus
protraction vs. retraction
pulling shoulders to the front.
sticking chest out shoulders back
abduction vs. adduction
limbs away from midline. moving feed apart, raising arm to one side
bringing back to midline. hyperadduct cross ankles, fingers, cross arms
range of motion
(ROM)—the degrees through which a joint can move. effort applied is more than distance moved.
excercise function for synovial joints
Exercise warms synovial fluid: Cartilage then swells and provides a more effective cushion. When weight removed, cartilage absorbs synovial fluid like a sponge taking in oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes. better nourishes cartilage as it moves fluid around. cartilage when gets nourishment swells up and that helps provide better cusion that might have been bone on bone cartilage.
coracobrachialis
tiny muscle medial to biceps helps biceps w/ flexing on inner arm. tiny muscle on inner arm next to biceps brachi
Flexes and medially rotates arm
Remaining four form the rotator cuff that reinforce the shoulder joint
hip joint
Bones: oscoxae and femur
Ball and socket, synovial
movements: abduction, adduction, cicumduction, medial and lateral roation, flexion, extension, and hyperextension
invertebrate discs
23 composed of fibrocartilage. Discs compress a bit during the day due to pressure of body weight
Axial Skeleton
is colored beige
Forms central supporting axis of body
Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid
Patella
Sesamoid bone tiny bone at end of femur superior base inferior apex helps efficiency of extending knee
pectoral girdle
Pectoral Girdle
Supports the arm
Consists of two bones on each side of the body
Clavicle and scapula
carpals
8 carpal (yellow and green), 4 metacarpal (palm), phalanges (three in each except thumb). 8 carpal bones left to right on right hand: Sally left the party to take charlie home. 1st row: scaphoid (boat), lunate (moon), triquetrum (triangle), pisiform (pea-shaped sesamoid bone), 2nd row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamulus of hamate metacarpals numbered and named w/ base, head, body
Anterior muscles of the hip
Iliacus-
Psoas major-
floating ribs
Do not have cartilaginous connection to sternum or higher costal cartilages
Do not have tubercles or attachments to transverse processes of vertebra
Extensor pollicis brevis
below abductor pollicis longus and more distal to most lateral part of thumb
thoracic vertebra
Thoracic Vertebrate (ribs and thoracic vertebra, sterum area, scapula) lateral flexion only
12 thoracic vertebrae coincide w/ ribs
Spinous processes pointed and angled sharply downward
lack transverse foramina and bifid, Have larger body than cervical, but smaller than lumbar
Superior and inferior costal facets
Transverse costal facets at end of each transverse process T1–T10 second point of articulation
T12 inferior articular facets face laterally instead of anteriorly articulate w/ lumbar
triceps brachii
opposite side posterior arm. extends elbow long head extands and adduct humerus. long, lateral and medial
special movements of mandible
Lateral excursion- moving chin to side chewing
Medial excursion- moving chin back to resting face
Protraction–retraction sticking it out and back lower incisors forward to bite and back
depression-Elevation to open mouth and elevate to chew
vertebral curvatures
primary (pelvic and thoracic) and secondary (cervical and lumbar developed)
Muscles Acting on forearm originating in arm:
Principal flexor
Brachialis- lateral to biceps. elbow flexion
male vs. female
Male—heavier and thicker, upper end vertical
Female—wider and shallower, delicate processes tilted forward, hips flared and further apart. and adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth, larger pelvic inlet and outlet for passage of infant’s head
Quadratus femoris
pubis to femur underneath gluteus maximus below and undeneayth all other butt muscles. laterally rotates thigh
hinge joint
elbow ulna. humerus & knee (but pivot type as locks when others rotate), finger and toe monaxial one plane very little in other. one bone convex into concave depression
Triceps surae—
collective name for gastrocnemiusand soleus
Inserts on calcaneus by way of the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Strongest tendon in the body
Flexor carpi ulnaris
pinky anterior side of forearm medial to flexor digitorum
Muscles Acting On Foot:
Crural muscles, acting on the foot, are separated into three compartments
Anterior compartment (red)
Fibular (lateral) compartment (green)
Posterior compartments (superficial = pink) (deep = purple)
Anterior (extensor) compartment of the leg
Shoulder muscles
◦Supraspinatus
◦Infraspinatus
◦Teresminor
◦Teres major
carpal tunnel
Flexor retinaculum—bracelet-like fibrous sheet pollux brevis, passed under by flexor tendons crossing the wrist. bracelet of tissue around wrist Repetitive motions cause inflammation and pressure on median nerve
Contents- repetitive motions swelling w/in tunnel surrounding presses on it
Flexor pollicis longus (single tendon)
Flexor digito rumprofundus(4 tendons)
Flexor digitorum superficialis(4 tendons)
Median nerve-innervates hand muscles. originates in brachial plexus comes up and originates in vertebral column.
muscles
Nearly half of the body’s weight, About 600 human skeletal muscles.
Three kinds of muscle tissue; Specialized for one major purpose, Converting the chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical energy of motion
◦Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Flexor digitorum superficialis-
middle layer wider muscle follow down to all of the fingers tendon to each one underneath palmaris longus. extend fingers
Opponens pollicis
pinky to thumb to pull thumb p very outside most lateral on thumb
rotation and lever resistance
Rotation occurs when an effort applied overcomes resistance (load) at some other point. effort applied overcomes resistance farther and faster than effort arm (fulcrum to point of effort). exerting more force than resisting (fulcrum to resistance) to lever making it a lot easier w/ a lot easier. Resistance arm and effort arm are described relative to fulcrum. fulcrum joint, effort is muscle, resistance object against working aka weight lifting
Supination
Supinator muscle-thumb lateral side of elbow,. begins at ulna but wraps around anterior side of bone and connects to radius
rhomboid major and minor
(spine to vertebral border of scapula minor above major, vertebral border to spine))
Rhomboid major and minor (above major but smaller) (spine to vertebral border of scapula minor above major, vertebral border to spine) retracts scapuls and braces shoulder
pectoralis major
flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus (inserts onto humerus pulling medially or internally rotate humerus and flexes considering inferior)
Posterior compartment—four muscles in the deep group
Flexor digitorumlongus: flexes phalanges
Flexor hallucislongus: flexes great toe
Tibialisposterior: inverts foot
Popliteus: acts on knee
pelvic girdle consists of
bowl shaped protects lower colon, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs.
Sacroiliac joint (joint)- hip bone joined to vertebral column
Pubic symphysis- two hip bones articulate w/ fibrocartilage interpublic disc
Greater (false) pelvis—between flare of the hips
Lesser (true) pelvis—narrower and below
Pelvic brim—round margin that separates the two
Pelvic inlet—opening circumscribed by brim that infant’s head must pass during birth
Pelvic outlet—lower margin of the lesser pelvis
os coxae (made of Three distinct features of hip bone
Acetabulum- hip socket
Obturator foramen- round-to-triangular hole below acetablum
Iliac crest
Three parts- where comes together is the socket for your hip
Ilium (superior) where jeans close
Ischium- butt
Pubis (anterior)- platform for bladder
lumbar
Five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5)
Thick, stout body
Blunt, squarish spinous process
Superior articular processes face medially
Lumbar region inferior processes resistant to twisting movements. flexion movment only
in some synovial joints
in some, fibrocartilage forms inward from synovial can get growing articular bone in between joints forming articular disc thats helping protect ex. wrist additional layer because of weight bearing joint meniscus two cartilage extend from left and right not crossing in knee as well absorbing shock and pressure improving fit of bones, stabilize, and reduce chance of silocation.
finger bones
two phalanges in thumb (pollex) three in every other. 14 finger bones (distal middle and proximal phalanx #).
ligament
attaches bone to bone similar to ligament
Posterior (extensor) compartment same flexor as extensor—superficial layer
◦Extensor carpi radialis longus ◦Extensor carpi radialis brevis ◦Extensor digitorum ◦Extensor digiti minimi- Extensor carpi ulnaris
condylar ellipsoid joints
metacarpals and phalanges biaxial. oval convex surface on one bone fits into completentary depressed of other. radiocarpal of wrist, metacarpophalangeal at fingers allows for forward and back and side to side
knee joint
Bones: patella, femur, tibia, fibula
Gliding (patella femur), hinge (tibia and femur), synovial
movement: extension and flexion
Adductor pollicis-
underneath abductor pollicis brevis towards index finger
ankle ligaments
- Lateral (Anterior Talofibular, Calcaneofibular, Posterior Talofibular)
- Medial (Deltoid-Anterior Tibiotalar, Posterior Tibiotalar, Tibiocalcaneal, Tibionavicular)
Flexor pollicis brevis
towards origin in palm medial and below abductor polllicis brevis
Posterior compartment—three muscles of the superficial group
Gastrocnemius:plantar flexes foot, flexes knee
Soleus:plantar flexes foot
Plantaris:weak synergist of triceps surae
sacrum
bony plate
w/ coccyx bone on end
Coccyx
Coccyx—usually consists of four small vertebrae (Co1–Co4)
Fuse into single, triangular bone by age 20 to 30
synchondroses
bound by hyaline cartilage, clavicle meeting the sternum first rib to sternum by hyaline costal cartilage
wrist ligaments
- Transverse Carpal/Flexor Retinaculum
- Ulnar Collateral of the wrist
- Radial Collateral of the wrist
◦Teresminor
(between superspinatus and. teres major) prevent humerus from going up rotating humerus lateral
Opponens digiti minimi-
most medial muscle on pink below flexor digiti minimi brevis
◦Teres major
(bottom connection to scapula right next to latissimus dorsi)
lowest part of scapula below teres minor
Extension and medial rotation of humerus
Femoral region (thigh)
hip to knee femur. patellalongest and strongest bone ¼ of body. hemispherical head w/ acetetabulum.
