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A&P I 1st half > Lab Exam 2nd Half > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2nd Half Flashcards

1
Q

cranium consists of..

A

(braincase)-everything but mandible
anterior (frontal) medial (temporal), and posterior fossa- different parts of brain actually sit in it. posterior cranial fossa (occipital).
Meninges (3 membranes) separate brain from bones
Consists of two parts: calvaria (skullcap dome top of skull) and cranial base (where everything sits). middle cranial fosssa. )meninges- seperate brain from surface of hard bone

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2
Q

Base is divided into three basins that comprise the cranial floor

A

Anterior cranial fossa: frontal lobe of the brain
Middle cranial fossa: temporal lobes of the brain deeper shaped like a pair of outstretched bird wingins
Posterior cranial fossa: cerebellum

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3
Q

fossa

A

Anterior cranial fossa: frontal lobe of the brain
Middle cranial fossa: temporal lobes of the brain deeper shaped like a pair of outstretched bird wingins
Posterior cranial fossa: cerebellum

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4
Q

cranial bones

A

1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid

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5
Q

facial bones

A

2 maxillae 2 nasal bones
2 palatine bones 2 inferior nasal conchae
2 zygomatic bones 1 vomer
2 lacrimal bones 1 mandible

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6
Q

frontal bone

A

eyebrow bones, frontal sinus. Forms forehead and part of the roof of the cranium, Contains frontal sinus, from forehead to Coronal suture (cut anterior from posterior along crown of head right to left joining parietal bones forming almost all of anterior cranial fossa and roof of orbit). deep to orbit has suprorbital margin w/ supraorbital foamen allowing passage for nerve, artery and vein

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7
Q

pariental bones

A

Form most of cranial roof and part of its lateral walls. 2 major portion of actual cranium and lateral walls, Bordered by four sutures: sagittal, coronal, lamboid, squamous

parietal foramen occurs near corner of lambodi and sagittal sutures small vein from blood sinus. superior and inferior temporarl lines arc across pareetal and frontal bones for attachment of temporalis muscle

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8
Q

temporal bones

A

above and anterior to ear, lower wall and part of floor of cranial cavity. ear looks like triceratops lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity,
Four parts: squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous
Squamosal suture

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9
Q

occipital bone

A

Rear and base of skull, inferior of skull and part of posterior part w/ 1st 2 cervical vertebrae connected and form Foramen magnum opening for spinal cord w/ dura mater attached, Lamdoidal suture (parietal bones) occipital condyles connected on atlas. impressions by large venous sinuses draining blood from brain branches into right and left arround occipital bone.

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10
Q

sphenoid bone

A

thick median body greater and lesser wings, anterior cranial fossa, half of middle cranial fossa lateral surface of cranium anterior to temporal bone. owl or bat right in middle of skull in cranial base.

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11
Q

ethmoid bone

A

looks like bird part of nasal cavity helps form part of nasal septum. anteriro cranial bone between eyes. medial wall of orbit, roof and walls of nasal cavity and septum. perpendicular plate- nasal septum lower is vomer w/ nasal fossae air spaces.

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12
Q

sutures of parietal bone

A

Sagittal (parietal and fusing w/ frontal sslitting right down middle) between two parietal bones
Coronal- cuts top of bone. anterior margin connecting to frontal.
Lambdoid-most posteriorly helped form sqamous
Squamous-trace a line around ear lateral where parietal bone stops along side of bone formed w/ squamosal suture of temporal

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13
Q

facial bones function

A

skull bones anterior to the cranial cavity (do not enclose brain). shape form of face muscles of facial expression, mastication and chewing food
Support teeth
Give shape to face
Form part of orbital and nasal cavities
Provide attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication

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14
Q

facial bones

A

2 maxillae 2 nasal bones
2 palatine bones 2 inferior nasal conchae
2 zygomatic bones 1 vomer
2 lacrimal bones 1 mandible

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15
Q

maxilla bones

A

Largest facial bones
Forms upper jaw and meets at median intermaxillary suture
nasal cavity and orbit
alveolar processes grow into spaces between base of teeth. alveolus sockets for upper teeth
Forms inferomedial wall of orbit. infraorbital foramen, providing passage for blood vessel to face and nerve receiving sensation from nasal region and cheek.
Forms most of the hard palate seperating nasal and oral cavity, breathing while chewing. hard palate anteriorly (palatine processes horizontal extension), fleshy soft palate. incisive fossa? posteriorly
Maxillary sinus

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16
Q

palatine bones

A

L-shaped bones: horizontal and perpendicular plate (thin, delicate, irregularly shaped plate between nasal cavity and orbit). greater palatine foramen, nerve passage.
articulate w/ maxillae to Form posterior portion of the hard palate
Part of lateral nasal cavity wall
inferior portion of nasal cavity
Part of the orbital floor

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17
Q

zygomatic bones

A

Form angles of cheekbones and part of each lateral orbital wall
inverted T shape zygomaticofacial foramen intersection of stem and crossbar of T. nerve passes to supply skin on prominence of cheek. promienent zygomatic arch flares from each side of the skull formed by union.
form lower part of cheekbones and orbital cavity

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18
Q

lacrimal bones

A

Form part of medial wall of each orbit
Smallest bone of skull
nice groove lacrimal fossa housing lacrimal sac where tears collect and drain

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19
Q

nasal bones

A

Form bridge of nose
Support cartilages that shape lower portion of the nose
Often fractured
inferior nasal contrae-part of ethmoid bone

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20
Q

vomer

A

Inferior half of the nasal septum
w/ ethmoid bone Supports cartilage that forms anterior part of nasal septum
fuse w/ ethmoid bone to create septum

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21
Q

mandible

A

Strongest bone of skull
Provides attachments for muscles of expression and mastication
horizontal portion w/ teeth is body, vertical to oblique is ramus (condylar process w/ mdnibular condyle joining temportal bone forming temporomandibular joint, meeting at angle? joined by mental symphysis at chin

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22
Q

auditory ossicles

A

Three in each middle-ear cavity

Malleus (hammer), incus(leftover axe shape), and stapes (stirrup)

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23
Q

fontanelles

A

spaces between unfused cranial bones joined by fibrous membranes where intramembranous occurs later
Anterior, posterior, sphenoid (anterolateral), and mastoid (posterolateral) fontanels
Two frontal bones fuse by age 6 (metopic suture)
Skull approaches adult size by 8 or 9 years of age

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24
Q

hyoid

A

Does not articulate with any other bone, suspeneded from styloid process of skull w/ greater and lesser horns and the larynx suspended from it.

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25
Q

muscles of facial expression function

A

have to memorize and know all of them associated w/ action
Muscles that insert in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues
Innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)
Found in scalp, forehead, around the eyes, nose, and mouth, and in the neck

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26
Q

frontalis-

A

forehead muscle. elevates eyebrow (surprise or fright) in glancing upward scalp foreward wrinkling skin of forehead

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27
Q

corrugator supercilii-

A

draws eyebrows medially and downward in frowning & concentration, reducing glare of bright sunlight. medial end of eyebrow muscle

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28
Q

orbicularis oculi-

A

sphincter of eyelid surrounding eye, close in blinking, squinting, and sleep, flow of tears

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29
Q

nasalis

A

widens nostrils narrowing internal air passage between nasal cavity. top of nose

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30
Q

levator anguli oris-

A

elevates angle of mouth as in smiling, innermost next to nose of dimples in cheek

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31
Q

levator labii

A

superioris- elevates and everts upper lip in sad, sneering or serious expressions. underneath levator anguli oris most medial.

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32
Q

zygomaticus major-

A

draws angle of mouth upward and laterally in laughing. slightly lateral and directly below buccinator lateral to minor.

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33
Q

zygomaticus minor-

A

elevates upper lip; exposes teeth in smiling or sneering.slightly lateral and directly deep to anguli oris inside dimples lateral to labii superioris

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34
Q

risorius-

A

draws angle of mouth laterally in expressions of laughing, horror, or disdain. from edge of mouth to back of neck.

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35
Q

depressor anguli oris-

A

draws angle of mouth laterally and downward when opening or sad expressions. at outside slightly superior edge of lips wraps around to bottom of jaw

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36
Q

depressor labii inferioris-

A

draws lower lip downward and laterally in chewing and expressions of melancholy or doubt. medial lower outside of lips. from mouth out to lateral underjaw.

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37
Q

plastysma-

A

draws lower lip and angle of mouth downward in expressions of horror or suprise, open mouth widely tensing skin of chin and neck. neck folds

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38
Q

mentalis

A

elevates and protrudes lower lip in drinking, pouting, and doubt or disdain, elecates and wrinkles skin of chin. paired V shaped muscles in chinny chin chin

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39
Q

buccinator

A
  • compreses cheek against teeth and gums, direct food between motlars, retracts cheek from teeth when mouth is closing to prevent biting cheek, expels air and liquid from mouth. lateral to zygomatic major and lies partially underneath masseter.
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40
Q

orbicularis oris-

A

encircles mouth, closes lips, protrudes in kissing and speech

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41
Q

occipitalis?-

A

retracts scalp allows frontalis to act on eyebrow

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42
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

?elevates upper eyelid, opens eye

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43
Q

Four pairs of muscles produce chewing and swallowing movements of the mandible

A

extrinsic and Instrinsic muscles of tongue
Temporalis (across temporal bone)
masseter (rectangle across cheek)
medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid?
obicularis oris (muscle around mouth),

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44
Q

hyoid muscles (supra and infra)

A

Innervated by mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal (CN V)
suprahyoid group. Aspects of chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing.
infra Fix hyoid bone from below, allowing suprahyoid muscles to open mouth
Eight pairs of hyoid muscles associated with hyoid bone
digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothryoid

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45
Q

Digastric

A

depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed opens mouth widely when ingesting food or yawning otherwise eleveates hyoid when mandible fixed (different bellies swoops posteriorly to ear through raphe) paired centered medial of chin underneath neck connecting to lateral end of hyoid.

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46
Q

geniogolossus

A

3rd

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47
Q

Geniohyoid

A

2nd. depresses mandible when hyoid fixed, elevates and protracts hyoid when fixed superior & deep. inferior to the genioglossus closes to the bottom of the neck

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48
Q

Mylohyoid—

A

elevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing. inner most behind digaastric stright up from medial chin to hyoid bone spans mandible form floor

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49
Q

Stylohyoid—

A

elevates and retracts hyoid. elongating floor of mouth; roles in speech, chewing, and swallowing. medial and superficial to digastric,

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50
Q

Omohyoid—

A

depresses hyoid after elevation. comes down and similar to digastric in loop back towards shoulder

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51
Q

Sternohyoid—

A

depresses hyoid after elevation. sternum to thyroid. medial to omohyoid on either side of trachea

52
Q

Thyrohyoid—

A

depresses hyoid and elevates larynx. singing high notes. superficial to sternothyroid triangle shaped muscle connecting neck and hyoid. deep to sternohyoid

53
Q

Sternothyroid—

A

depresses larynx after elevation. swallowing and vocalization aids in singing in low notes. deep to sternohyoid. large muscle in similar position opposite digastric.

54
Q

sternocleidomastoid:

A

tilts head slightly upward and toward opposite side, rotating left to right, originates behind ear and then goes to sternum and clavicle

55
Q

muscles acting on head functions

A 
Originate on vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle
 Insert on the cranial bones
 May cause contralateral movement
 May cause ipsilateral movement
 Actions  
Flexion 
Extension 
Lateral flexion 
Rotation
56
Q

muscles acting on head?

A

Neck flexors
*Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes

Neck extensors
Trapezius
Splenius capitis (underneath trapezius)
Semispinalis capitis (underneath trapezius)

57
Q

cranial nerves

A

For names of nerves: On old olympus towering tops.
or Oh, Oh, Oh, they traveled and found voldemort guarding very secret ancient horcruxes.
name for sensory and motor order: some say mind matters but my brother says big bills matter most
Originate from brain, can know number or name of individual nerve, need to know every nerve.
Brain must communicate with rest of body
Most motor fibers of the cranial nerves begin in nuclei of brainstem and lead to glands and muscles
Sensory fibers begin in receptors located mainly in head and neck and lead mainly to the brainstem
Most cranial nerves carry fibers between brainstem and ipsilateral receptors and effectors
Some cranial nerves are classified as motor, some sensory, others mixed. while they may be either sensory or motor they do tend to have some “sensory or motor nerves” in their distinction as well related to their function. mixed is nerves w/ both but different functions

58
Q

sensory cranial nerves

A

(I, II, and VIII)

59
Q

motor cranial nerves

A

(III, IV, VI, XI, and XII)

60
Q

mixed cranial nerves

A

(V, VII, IX, X)

61
Q

olfactory nerve (I)

A

come out of cribiform plate of ethmoid bone sense of smell, damage causes impaired sense of smell

62
Q

optic nerve (II)

A

X on underside of brain to two optic nerves, from optic foramen canal to midbrain and thalamus. provides vision, damage can cause blindness in part or all of visual feed

63
Q

oculomotor nerve (III):

A

From midbrain to levator palpebra suprerioris goes through superior orbital fissure. Controls muscles that turn the eyeball up, down, and medially, as well as controlling the iris, lens, and upper eyelid for contriction and focusing. Damage causes drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, difficulty focusing, and inability to move eye in certain directions

64
Q

trochlear nerve (IV):

A

Eye movement (superior oblique muscle). from midbrain through superior orbital fissure superior part of eye helps rotate eye and pulley system Damage causes double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally

65
Q

Trigeminal nerve (V)

A

Largest cranial nerve, branches into most of face most important sensory nerve of the face, both sensory and motor. senses touch, temperature and pain sensations from upper face w/ the face split in three. Forks into three divisions: Ophthalmic division (V1): sensory infraorbital nerve from superior orbital fissure, Maxillary divisions (V2) superior sensory alveolar nerve from foramen rotundum and infraorbital foramen: Mandibular division (V3) mixed to tongue, teeth, gums, dura materfrom foarmen ovale. if injured loss of feeling through face: mixed. extreme pain if damaged problems w/ feeling and mastication.

66
Q

abducens Nerve (VI):

A

Provides lateral eye movement (lateral rectus m.) from superior orbital fissue motor. Damage results in inability to rotate eye laterally and at rest, eye rotates medially.

67
Q

facial nerve (VI):

A

Mixed innervation to facial w/ mastication. Ten (temporal) zebras (Zygomatic) Bit (Buccal) My (Mandibular) Chicken (Cervical) from internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen

Motor—major motor nerve of facial muscles: facial expressions; salivary glands and tear, nasal, and palatine glands. damage can cause drooping on one side. Sensory—taste on anterior two-thirds of tongue. Damage produces sagging facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste (no sweet and salty)

68
Q

how would you test the facial nerve?

A

Five branches of facial nerve: Clinical test: test anterior two-thirds of tongue with sugar, salt, vinegar, and quinine; test response of tear glands to ammonia fumes; test motor functions by asking subject to close eyes, smile, whistle, frown, raise eyebrows, etc

69
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII):

A

Nerve of hearing and equilibrium sensory. Damage produces deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance, and nystagmus(involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes) originates cochlea and ear to medulla and pons from internal acoustic meatus.

70
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX):

A

Mixed nerve. Motor: Swallowing, salivating, gagging, controlling BP and respiration. Sensing: taste, touch, pressure, pain, temperature from tongue ear. Sensations from posterior one-third of tongue to medulla oblongate or glands from jugular foarmen. Damage results in loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing

71
Q

Vagus Nerve (X):

A

Mixed and is the most extensive distribution of any cranial nerve. Major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary function. Swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera. Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing, and fatal if both are cut. originates in trachea and thoracic area to medulla oblongata and the various organs it controls through the jugular foramen.

72
Q

Accessory nerve (XI):

A

Predominantly motor originates from spine through jugular foramen. Swallowing; head, neck, and shoulder movement. Damage causes impaired head, neck and shoulder movement, trapezius and sternocleidomastoid; head turns toward injured side

73
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII):

A

Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, and swallowing. from medulla oblongata to tongue through the hypoglossal canal
If both are damaged: cannot protrude tongue
If one side is damaged: tongue deviates toward injured side; ipsilateralatrophy

74
Q

origin receptor to brain order

A

1st order-tactostimulus send signal to spinal order and brain. detects stimulus and transmits signal to spinal cord or brainstem
2nd- gateway is thalamus at upper end of brainstem
3rd- to cerebral cortex.

75
Q

decusation

A

cross over from left side of body to the right, left side brain receives sensory info from right side and sends motor commands to that side and vice versa. contralateral opposite side, ipsalateral same side. ipsalateral- when on same side.

76
Q

nerve tracts

A

all nerve fibers in a given tract have similar origin or destination in region (brainstem). vertical stalk supports large cerebellum at rear of head, two cerebral hemispheres dominate brain.

77
Q

Gracile fasciculus

A

on posterior (slightly lateral to posterior median sulcus inner side of ridge) carries signals from mid-thoracic and lower part of body T6 and below lower portion composes w/ cuneate fasciculus. 1st order nerves ipsalateral terminate at medulla oblingata. touch, perception of lower limbs and trunk, shaking, perception, deep touch, visceral pain position and movements of body.

78
Q

Cuneate fasciculus-

A

(center of ridge lateral to posterior median sulcus and gracile fasciculus) joins the gracile fasciculus and shares function at T6 forcing it medially. carrying signal from T6 (chest) and up end at the medulla oblongata then are carried by second order of gracile and cuneate systems to thalamus, then thalamus to cerebral cortex.

79
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

anterior lateral system of anterior and lateral of spinal cord. light touch, tickles, itch, pain, pressure, temperature, and curde touch (vaguely identify). First order neurons end at posterior horn of spinal cord going w/ second-order neurons forming spinothalamic tract to thalamus and up contralaterally.

80
Q

Spinoreticular tract-

A

anteiror lateral side pain sensors from tissue injury. are first order neurons contralateral synapse w/ second order ends in spinal cord then gray matter of of medulla and pons to thalamus then cerebral cortex opposite system medulla and pons eventually end up in cerebral cortex.

81
Q

Posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) spinocerebellartracts.

A

anterior and posterior through lateral of spinal cord. first order neurons in muscles and tendons end in posterior horn of spinal cord. second-order to spinocerebellar tract to cerebellum. posterior tract ipsalateral. anterior contralateral end end ipsalateral of cerebellum. provide information for coordinating movement.

82
Q

ascending tracts

A 
sensory 
Gracile fasciculus
Cuneate fasciculus-
Spinothalamic tract
Spinoreticular tract
Posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) spinocerebellartracts. -
83
Q

descending tracts

A 
motor
lateral and anterior corticospinal
tectospinal
medial and lateral reticulospinal
medial and lateral vestibulospinal
84
Q

corticospinal- (lateral and anterior)

A

carry from cerebral cortex that include precise and finely coordinated movements.forming ridges (pyramids) on anterior surface of medulla oblongata.

85
Q

tectospinal tract-

A

begins in anterior midbrain region (tectum) crosses to contralateral side of midbrain down to neck turning head in response to lights and sound.

86
Q

lateral & medial reticualr spinal tract-

A

originate in reticular region of brain stem controls muscles of upper and lower limbs especially for posture and balance. contain descending analgesic pathways decreasing pain signals to the brain.

87
Q

lateral and medial vistibulospinal tracts-

A

begins in vistibular nuclei of brain stem impulses for balance from the inner ear controlling head position. passes down to control extensor muscles of limb to stiffen and straighten, to neck controls sensor muscles of limbs for balance control

88
Q

PNS fiber anatomy

A

ensheathed in Schwann cells (bulging of Scwann cell contains nucleus) forming neurilemma and myelin sheath around exon. external to neurilemma surrounded by basal lamina and thin sleeve of loose connective tissue endoneurium. fibers gathered in fascicles each wrapped in perineurium squamous. several fascicles bundled in epineurium (dense irregular connective tissue protects from stretching and injury)

89
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves 8 cervical (1st skull and atlas) rest through intervertebral foramina , 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.

90
Q

spinal nerve roots and plexuses

A 
cervical plexus
brachioplexus
lumbar plexus-
sacral plexus
coccygeal-
91
Q

cervical plexus,

A

upper left in yellow supplies neck area innervation to muscles and various structures, phrenic nerve- helps w/ breathing and respiration. C1-C5 roots (dont need to know this one too small of nerves know roots)

92
Q

brachioplexus

A

armpit axilla innervating upper limb and torso.
C5-T1, note C8 between C7 and T1. know kind of by region more distal branches,all mixed.
consist of: musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar

93
Q

lumbar plexus-

A

along w/ sacral plexus abdominal wall, anterior thigh and genitalia. anterior thigh and leg.

94
Q

sacral plexus & coccygeal-

A

sensory from bones, muscles, skin, stimulate muscle contraction. procreoception, understanding where your body is in space. sacral one very end rest of lower limb leg and posterior hamstring posterior thigh and lateral and medial thigh sciatic nerve.

95
Q

phrenic nerve

A

travels down each side of mediastinum, innervates the diaphragm, playing an essential role in breathing c5

96
Q

musculotaneous nerve

A

originates on lateral side innervates at skin of anterolateral forearm and elbow joint innervating brachilais, biceps bracchi, and coracobrachialis

97
Q

axillary nerve

A

(and scapular to shoulder)- originates on posterior innervating on skin of lateral shoulder and arm and shoulder joint. muscles are deltoid and teres minor

98
Q

radial nerve

A

(extensors of arm and forearm) originates on posterior innervates skin of posterior arm, lateral forearm and wrist, joints of elbow, rist, and hand. main extensor muscle of posterior arm and forearm

99
Q

median nerve

A

(hand)- lateral and medial innervates skin of lateral two-thirds of hand, tips of digits 1-4 and joints of hand controlling mainly forearm flexors thenar group and lumbricals I&2 of hand

100
Q

ulnar nerve

A

originates medially innervates on skin of palmar and medial hand and digits 3-5 joints of elbow and hand some forearm flexors, adductor pollicis, hypothenar group, interosseus muescles, and lumbricals III-5

101
Q

femoral-

A

mixed skin of anterior, medial, and lateral thigh and knee, skin of medial leg and foot, hip and knee joints to illiacus, pectinues, quadriceps femoris, and sartoritus muscles

102
Q

femoral cutaneous.

A

somatosensory skin of anterior and upper lateral thigh

103
Q

obturator-

A

mixed nerve innervates at skin of medial thigh hip and knee joints obturator externus medial adductor thigh muscles

104
Q

major landmarks on ethmoid-

A

cribriform plate (entrance for nerve 1 olfactory nerve)

105
Q

major landmarks on sphenoid

A
  • optic canal (optic nerve 2), superior orbital fissuure (oculomotor 3, trochlear 4, ophthalmic 5, abducens 6), foramen rotundum (maxillary V2), foramen ovale (mandibular V3)
106
Q

major landmarks on temporal

A

internal acoustic meatus (facial 7, vestibulocochlear 8), stylomastoid foramen

107
Q

major landmarks on temporal/occipital

A

(articulated) jugular fossa/foramen (glosopharyngel 9, vagus 10, acessory 11)

108
Q

major landmarks on occipital

A

hypoglossal canal (hypoglossal 12)

109
Q

Major Landmarks of Brain:

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem defined by caudal- toward tale or back end, rostral forehead and face

110
Q

cerebrum

A

(seperates into two hemispheres by longitudinal fissure at bottom connected by corpus collosum) 83% of brain volume w/ thick folds gyri and shallow grooves sulci

111
Q

cerebellum

A

(posterior cranial fossa, inferior to cerebrum seperated by transverse cerebral fissure, sulci, and folia (lined part) 10% of volume 50% of neurons

112
Q

brain stem

A

(connects to the spinal cord) include diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

113
Q

Gray matter

A

—the seat of neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses. outer part is cortex over cerebrum and cerebellum

114
Q

White matter

A

—deeper masses nuclei surrounded by white matter on inside like butterfly opposite of spinal cord. tracts or bundles of axons connecting parts of brain and spinal cord

115
Q

meninges of brain

A

skin, periosteum, cranium, dura matter, arachnoid (transparent spidery webby type w/ subarachnoid from pia w/ blood vessels and subdural space from dura ), pia mater (encompassing brain so much cant seperate from other two).

116
Q

structure of ear include

A 
outer ear
auditory canal
guard hairs 
tympanic membrane
inner ear
earwax
auditory tube
auditory ossicles
117
Q

outer ear-

A

orricle direct sound down auditory oricell

118
Q

auditory canal

A

acoustic meatus passage through temporal bone to tympanic membrane

119
Q

guard hairs

A
  • protection

middle ear- air filled cavity and tympanic bone middle part of anal.

120
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum closes and seperates auditory canal. innervated by sensory branches of vagus adn trigeminal nerve sensitive to pain. madtoid ear cells help w/ picking up molecule vibrations

121
Q

nner ear

A
  • far to right to cochlea
122
Q

earwax-

A

extra layer of protection nothing supposed to get to eardrum isnt supposed to get down there

123
Q

auditory tube

A

connects middle ear to nasal pharynxequalize pressure swallowing and yawning open throat infections to middle ear

124
Q

auditory ossicles-

A

connected on ear bones. malleus (long handle attached to inferior part of membrane head of mallet) incus (articulates w/ other two), stapes (stirrup) footlote resting on oval window.

125
Q

structures of eye

A

Sight: need to identify all of the muscles on the eye…
cornea- transparent anterior cover, pupil round black spot in middle, iris color portion in pupil, mescular- white protion in eye, lens- not testing fibers tightly compressed and held by ciliar bodys and changes shape to help focus the light. abducens, trocchlear, oculomotor, ex. image of one eye inward and cranial nerve and muscle malfunctioning???

A&P I 1st half (9 decks)

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