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Lecture final exam Flashcards

1
Q

what features of land plants deter drying?

A

cuticle on plant surface
gametangia and sporangia became multicellular and surrounded by sterile jackets of cells
plant zygotes developed into multicellular embryos within parental tissues that originally surrounded the egg

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2
Q

Which characters shared by members of Kingdom Plantae and Phylum Chlorophyta indicate that they share an ancient common ancestor?

A

-chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids
-primary food reserve stored as starch
-cell walls primarily cellulose
-same meaning of forming the cell plate during cell division

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3
Q

The transition from an aquatic environment to a terrestrial environment required the development of _______________, which kept plants from drying out when exposed to air.

A

cuticle

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4
Q

All members of the plant kingdom have _______________.

A

-multicellular embryos
-egg cells surrounded by a jacket of sterile cells
-oogamous sexual reproduction
-life cycle that includes both gametophyte and sporophyte generations

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5
Q

Bryophytes have an alternation of generations in which the _____ is the dominant generation, unlike vascular plants where the _____ is the dominant generation.

A

gametophyte; sporophyte

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6
Q

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts all

A

produce spores

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7
Q

Archegoniophores and antheridiophores are features of

A

thalloid liverworts

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8
Q

The one-celled anchoring structures present on the lower surface of a thalloid liverwort are

A

rhizoids

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9
Q

Each diamond-shaped segment of a liverwort thallus contains a single

A

pore

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10
Q

The mother cells within the sporangia on the sporophyte plant undergo _________________ to produce spores

A

meiosis

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11
Q

The function of the gametangia on the gametophyte plant is to produce gametes by the process of

A

mitosis

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12
Q

A moss protonema

A

has the n number of chromosomes in each cell

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13
Q

The egg of a moss is produced within a cavity called a

A

venter

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14
Q

T/F: Rhizoids take up water through their xylem.

A

False

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15
Q

T/F: Zygotes of members of the Plant Kingdom develop into embryos.

A

true

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16
Q

Which of the following are the lens-shaped pieces of tissue that are produced in cups on a liverwort thallus and become detached to develop independently?

A

gemmae

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17
Q

In the bryophytes the _________________ plant persists; in the seedless vascular plants it is the ____________plant that predominates.

A

gametophyte; sporophyte

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18
Q

One of the significant adaptations to prevent drying out in the land environment was the development by vascular plants of (a)

A

cuticle and stomata

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19
Q

Enations are small, flattened green veinless protuberances found on the stems of

A

whisk ferns

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20
Q

Which of the following probably did NOT occur when a shift from aquatic to terrestrial habitats took place millions of years ago?

A

chlorophyll appeared

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21
Q

Sporophylls are

A

leaves that bear sporangia

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22
Q

A fundamental distinction between club mosses (Lycopodium) and spike mosses (Selaginella) involves differences in their

A

spores

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23
Q

A spike moss microspore has the potential to develop into which of the following?

A

male gametophyte

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24
Q

The common name for Lycopodium is “ground pine” . The common name is based on the appearance of the _________ which resembles little conifer trees.

A

sporophyte

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25
Q

Living spike mosses and quillworts produce ______________, a reproductive feature referred to as ________.

A

two types of spores; heterospory

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26
Q

Which of the following have stems as their principal site of photosynthesis?

A

none of the above (not club mosses, spike mosses, whisk ferns, or horsetails)

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27
Q

Archegonia and antheridia are structures where _____________ are produced.

A

gametes

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28
Q

Leaves with more than one vein and a leaf trace are generally classified as

A

megaphylls

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29
Q

The semi-transparent tissue that protects immature sporangia in many ferns is called a/an

A

indusium

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30
Q

Bryophytes, ferns and fern allies all require _________________ for sexual reproduction because the sperm cells ______________.

A

surface water; swim to egg cell

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31
Q

The fern gametophyte is typically _____________________.

A

small and photosynthetic

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32
Q

Two of the original four cells in a pine pollen grain enter a pollen tube; one of these two, which after division eventually gives rise to sperms, is the

A

generative cell

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33
Q

Which of the following is an aril

A

a fleshy cuplike covering surrounding the ovule of a yew

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34
Q

Living conifers (genus Pinus) are native to ____________________.

A

northern hemisphere

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35
Q

The phylum Gingophyta is represented by _________ living species.

A

1

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36
Q

Which of the following is common to both cycads and pines?

A

both megaspores and microspores produced

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37
Q

Joint firs (Ephedra), which superficially resemble horsetails,

A

are somewhat shrubby inhabitants of drier regions

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38
Q

Which of the following groups of gymnosperms have vessels in their wood?

A

gnetophytes (division Gnetophyta)

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39
Q

Conifer resins are a source of which of the following?

A

turpentine
dammar
rosin
amber

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40
Q

T/F: The xylem of conifers generally contains no vessels or fibers.

A

True

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41
Q

T/F: Pollen grains of pines are brought through the micropyle onto the nucellus as the fluid from the micropyle evaporates.

A

True

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42
Q

With over 250,000 species known, the phylum ___________ is the largest phylum in the plant kingdom.

A

magnoliophyta

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43
Q

Angiosperms differ from conifers in all of the following EXCEPT

A

All angiosperms are better adapted for living in areas with long winters than are the conifers

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44
Q

Which of the following tissues, cells, or structures in flowering plants is a part of the sporophyte generation and therefore diploid?

A

cell of an integument

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45
Q

Which of the following tissues or structures in flowering plants is a part of the gametophyte generation and therefore haploid?

A

synergids

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46
Q

Which of the following is part of a compound ovary within which seeds develop from ovules?

A

carpel

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47
Q

In this question, assume that the life cycle of a flowering plant begins with the germination of a seed and ends with the development of a fruit. Two events that occur in the life cycle are the formation of a tube nucleus and the formation of sperms. which occurs first?

A

the first event precedes the second event

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48
Q

The structure that matures into the seed is called a (an)

A

ovule

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49
Q

The female gametophyte of an angiosperm consists of _________________.

A

a large sac with 8 nuclei in 7 cells

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50
Q

These flower parts are generally green and leaflike.

A

sepals

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51
Q

A monoecious plant

A

has separate male and female flowers on the same plant.

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52
Q

Which of the following is considered to be a specialization characteristic of advanced (more highly evolved) flowering plants?

A

bilateral symmetry

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53
Q

rends in evolutionary specialization include ______________ in both monocots and dicots.

A

-reduction in number of parts
-fusion of parts
-inferior ovaries
-bilateral symmetry

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54
Q

Which of the following is NOT a structure or event associated with orchids and their pollination?

A

numerous conspicuous stamens

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55
Q

Flowers with well-developed landing platforms and nectar guides would probably be pollinated by

A

bees

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56
Q

Botanists preserve plants for future reference and study as part of the research collection in a/an ______________

A

herbarium

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57
Q

T/F: Bats and other mammals are pollinators of some flowers.

A

true

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58
Q

T/F: Inferior ovaries are considered a characteristic of primitive flowers.

A

false

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59
Q

All the living organisms plus the environmental factors present in a given area constitute

A

an ecosystem

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60
Q

Which of the following estimates or calculations are made with respect to populations?

A

-number of individuals
-density
-biomass
-geographical range

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61
Q

In an energy pyramid of an ecosystem ___________________________

A

there is much more energy at the bottom than the top

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62
Q

The __________ or living component of any environment includes all individuals of each species that interact in that habitat.

A

biotic

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63
Q

Features of plants and animals that allow them to survive and reproduce in their environment are considered ________________. One example of this is CAM photosynthesis in desert plants.

A

adaptations

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64
Q

The foremost ecosystem decomposers are

A

bacteria and fungi

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65
Q

Which series illustrates the correct hierarchy in relationship to each other in the series?

A

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population

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66
Q

The reproductive strategy of any plant species is regarded as ____________________.

A

its life history strategy

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67
Q

Nitrogen fixation refers to ______________________.

A

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia or nitrates by bacteria

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68
Q

Which of the following is an example of secondary succession?

A

reforestation after a fire

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69
Q

Terrestrial biotic communities as they occur on a continental or global scale are referred to as __________.

A

biomes

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70
Q

Permafrost, shallow root systems, subzero temperatures and long winters are characteristic of the:

A

tundra

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71
Q

Another name for the northern coniferous or boreal forest is the ___________.

A

taiga

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72
Q

In the continental United States, high mountain peaks support ___________.

A

alpine tundra and coniferous forest vegetation

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73
Q

A low-growing, understory vegetation dominates in the early spring and again in the fall because of the available light resulting from leaf drop. This is a characteristic of the:

A

temperate deciduous forest

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74
Q

Naturally occurring grasslands are usually found toward the interiors of continental masses. They tend to intergrade with ____________ in areas where annual precipitation drops below 25 cm (10 inches) annually.

A

deserts

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75
Q

Many of the grasslands of the world have been converted to ______________.

A

cropland and cattle grazing land

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76
Q

The giant saguaro cactus is found in which North American biome?

A

desert

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77
Q

A characteristic vegetational type found in the desert biome is:

A

succulents

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78
Q

______________ forests are found along the Pacific Coast and along the Rocky Mountain and California mountain ranges.

A

coastal and mountain

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79
Q

The biome with the greatest diversity of flora and fauna is the

A

tropical rain forest

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80
Q

what 3 phylums are associated with bryophytes?

A

hepaticophyta (liverworts)
anthocerophyta (hornworts)
Bryophyta (mosses)

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81
Q

how many species of bryophytes are there?

A

23,000 species

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82
Q

what are the characteristics of bryophytes?

A

lack vascular tissue
need water to reproduce
often found in moist/shadded areas (some tolerate dry conditions)
from sea level to 5500m in mountains
some in very specific environments/habitats

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83
Q

what habitats are some bryophytes restricted to

A

antlers of dead reindeer, poop, wings of insects in tropics

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84
Q

what is a protonema?

A

green, immature gametophyte consisting of short filaments of cells originating from spores

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85
Q

describe the 4 bryophyte characteristics?

A

lack vascular tissue
need water to reproduce (dew, rain)
most water absorbed through surface
alternation of generation is conspicuous

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86
Q

what is the doctrine of signatures?

A

if a plant/plant part resembles a human organ, it should be used to treat ailments of that organ

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87
Q

how many species of liverworts are there?

A

8000 species

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88
Q

what are thalloid liverworts?

A

have a thallus (flattened, lobed, somewhat leaf-life body)
~20% of species

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89
Q

what reproductive features do thallus liverworts have?

A

males have antheridiophores
females have primitive archegoniophores

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90
Q

what do non-thallus liverworts look like?

A

superficially resemble mosses

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91
Q

what is a thallus?

A

multicellular plant body that is flattened and not differentiated into leaves, roots, stems

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92
Q

describe the lifecycle of the thalloid liverwort merchantia

A

gemmae: small piece of tissue
gemmae cup: cuplike structure

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93
Q

what are elaters in merchantia?

A

hold spores in space so they don’t all fall out at one time

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94
Q

how many anthocerophyta (hornwort) species are there?

A

~100 species

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95
Q

describe the characteristics of hornworts

A

distant relatives of liverworts and mosses
cells have pyrenoids similar to green algae
have stomata with guard cells and rhizoids

96
Q

how many species are in phylum Bryophyta

97
Q

describe the characteristics of Bryophyta

A

no leaves and no vascular tissue
rhizoids to anchor plant
most water rises up outside of plant by capillarity, water absorbed through plant surfaces

98
Q

what is special about peat mosses

A

“leaves” of peat moss have large transparent cells that absorb and store water

99
Q

describe the leaf-like structures on bryophytes

A

one cell layer thick except at midrib
lens-like chloroplasts

100
Q

how do bryophytes reproduce?

A

some plants have male and female on same plant, others have separate male and female plants

101
Q

which part of the lifecycle is dominant for bryophytes?

A

gametophyte

102
Q

describe the lifecycle of Bryophyta

103
Q

describe the sporangium of bryophyta

A

capsule with sporocytes which undergo meiosis to become haploid spores

104
Q

what are the human uses of bryophytes?

A

peat moss for gardening
medicinal uses (olden days)

105
Q

what are the 4 phyla associated with seedless vascular plants?

A

phylum psilophyta (whisk ferns)
phylum lycophyta (ground pines, spike mosses, quillworts)
phylum equisetophyta (horsetails and scouring rushes)
phylum polypodiophyta

106
Q

how did ferns and their relatives appear

A

vascular plants evolved: internal conducting tissues began to develop
true leaves evolved
roots that function in absorption and anchoring appeared
gametophytes became progressively smaller and more dependent on sporophytes
seedless

107
Q

describe the psilophyta (whisk ferns)

A

no true leaves or roots
dichotomously branching stems
produce rhizoids which act as root hairs (from rhizomes)
have nations (photosynthetic flaps of tissue [superficially leaf-like] right under sporangium)

108
Q

describe the lifecycle of whisk ferns

A

ROOT MISLABELED: SHOULD SAY STEM

109
Q

what does the gametophyte generation of whisk ferns lack?

A

chlorophyll

110
Q

how many species of lycophyta are there?

A

~950 known species of ground pines and spike mosses (also called club mosses)

111
Q

what are the 2 major genera of lycophyta?

A

lycopodium (~50 species)
selaginella (~700 species)

112
Q

what do all species of lycophyta have?

A

microphylls (small leaves with single vein)

113
Q

lycophyta were the first evolved species to have what?

A

true (adventitious) roots and true stems

114
Q

what is homospory?

A

all spores are same size

115
Q

what is heterospory?

A

megasporangia (becomes female gametophyte) and microsporangia (become male gametophyte)

116
Q

describe the homospory lifecycle of lycopodium

A

sporophyte dominated (diploid)

117
Q

describe the heterospory selaginella lifecycle

118
Q

describe the important factors of reproduction in lycophyta

A

sporophylls: sporangium bearing leaves
strobili: sporophylls in terminal cone-like clusters
spores produced by sporocytes via meiosis
spores may germinate quickly or be dormant for multiple years

119
Q

describe the ancestors of club mosses

A

325 million years ago there were large tree-like club mosses (up to 30m tall and 1 m wide)
dominant member of the carboniferous period
contributed to the vast coal deposits formed during this geological period

120
Q

what are the uses of lycopodium spores?

A

flash photography
pharmacy (keep pills from sticking to one another)

121
Q

what is the phylum equisetophyta?

A

horse tails and scouring rushes

122
Q

describe the lifecycle of equisetophyta

A

spores have elaters

123
Q

what phyla have elaters?

A

liverworts and horsetails
differ in structure: horsetails have wing-like elaters

124
Q

what is the phylum polypodiophyta

A

ferns
previous name: pterophyta

125
Q

what are the types of ferns?

A

maidenhair ferns
cinnamon ferns
ostrich ferns
bird’s nest ferns (epiphytes)

126
Q

describe the fern lifecycle

A

sporophyte dominated
large leaves=megaphylls
prothallus= gametophyte
sorus= spots on back of leaves, reproductive structures

127
Q

what is contained in the sorus of a fern?

A

sporangia containing sporocytes
covered by indusium (flap of tissue)

128
Q

what does gymnosperm mean?

A

naked seeded plants

129
Q

what are the phyla associated with gymnosperms

A

pinophyta (conifers)
gingkophyta (gingko)
Cycadophyta (The Cycads)
Gnetophyta (The Gnetophytes)

130
Q

what is a seed?

A

IMPORTANT ADAPTATION
a mature ovule containing an embryo and bound by a protective seed coat

131
Q

how are seeds different from spores?

A

surrounded by protective seed coat
have a supply of food (usually endosperm) for the embryo
embryos can be dormant through freezing weather/drought

132
Q

why did seeds lead to the dominance of seed plants?

A

high survival value of seeds

133
Q

what does it mean to say that gymnosperms are naked seed plants

A

the seeds are exposed to air
seeds produced on sporophylls

134
Q

what are strobili?

A

seed cones in which sporophylls of the sporophyte are spirally arranged (pollen bearing male strobili also produced)

135
Q

what are angiosperms?

A

flowering plants, seeds usually produced within the ovary of the flower
seeds completely surrounded by maternal tissue (vessel seed)

136
Q

describe the pinophytas (conifers)

A

have clusters (fascicles) of pine needles in clumps of 2,3,5 needles

137
Q

which needle numbers are for hard pines? soft pines?

A

hard: 2,3
soft: 5

138
Q

what adaptations do conifers have for harsh environments?

A

cuticle, hypodermis, sunken stomates, mesophyll cells without air spaces, resin canals
tracheids only

139
Q

describe the lifecycle of the conifers

A

heterospory
pollen cones (male strobili) with papery scales

140
Q

what do pollen grains with air sacs contain?

A

tube cell
spermatogenous (sperm cell)
2 sterile cells

141
Q

what are seed cones?

A

female strobili

142
Q

what is contained within a pine ovule?

A

ovule has megasporangium (2n) containing the nucellus (2n) and a single megasporocyte
integument (2n) seed coat
micropyle: structure through which pollen will move
nucellus: diploid tissue through which pollen tube grows
female gametophyte: haploid archegonium with egg (egg haploid)

143
Q

what is special about a yew

A

seeds not produced in cones, instead surrounded by a red, fleshy cup-like aril

144
Q

how are gingkophyta pollenated?

A

wind pollination

145
Q

describe gingkophyta

A

trees seeds and male strobili
seeds have fleshy seed coat
male strobili have flagella (unique for seed structures)

146
Q

how are cycadophyta pollinated?

A

beetle pollinated

147
Q

describe cycadophyta

A

sperm have flagella

148
Q

describe gnetophyta

A

have vessels with xylem (with tracheids)

149
Q

what are the uses for white pines?

A

flooring
telephone poles
navel stores (ships)
dammar
amber
rosin

150
Q

what is dammar

A

mix of resins used
to make varnishes

151
Q

what is rosin?

A

waxy substance

152
Q

what is amber?

A

from pine forest from
extinct conifers

153
Q

what is spruce used for?

A

newsprint and violins

154
Q

what is bald cypress used for?

A

in a swamp– resistant to decay

155
Q

what is hemlock used for?

A

source of tannins for tanning shoe leather

156
Q

what is English yew used for?

A

source of longbows

157
Q

what is the pacific yew used for?

A

taxol as a treatment for ovarian cancer

158
Q

what is incense cedar and red cedar used for?

159
Q

what is ephedrine used for?

A

used in treatment of asthma and respiratory problems (serious side effects)

160
Q

describe the latin origin of the word angiosperm?

A

angio=vessel
sperma=seed

161
Q

what is the vessel of an angiosperm?

A

the carpel (of the ovary in the pistil)
carpel is like a inrolled leaf with seeds along its margin

162
Q

which part of the reproductive structure is the carpel?

A

part of the ovary that becomes the fruit

163
Q

what was hypothesis one of flowering plant evolution?

A

Engler and Prantl – flowering
plants evolved from conifers and primitive
flowers resemble the strobili of conifers
(discredited idea)

164
Q

what was hypothesis 2 of flowering plant evolution?

A

Bessey – flowering plants evolved
from seed ferns and flower is a modified stem
bearing modified leaves
A) Primitive flowers have a long receptacle and
many spirally arranged flower parts that are
separate and not differentiated into sepals and petals.
Stamens and carpels are flattened and numerous.

165
Q

describe the angiosperm lifecycle sporophyte stage

166
Q

describe the angiosperm lifecycle gametophyte stage

167
Q

what is double fertilization?

A

1 sperm nucleus fertilizes egg nucleus and forms zygote
2nd sperm nucleus merges with central cell nuclei (3n endosperm provides nutrition for embryo)

168
Q

describe poppy pollen

A

furrows are apertures through which pollen tube grows
exine coat (protein) on pollen grains diffucult to digest (made of sporopollenin- a complex polymer)

169
Q

what is apomixis?

A

seeds produced without fertilization
ex: dandelions and hawkweed

170
Q

what is the actual definition of apomixis

A

reproduction whereby embryos develop without fusion of gamete but with normal structures (e.g. ovaries) being involved
embryo may develop from a 2n nutritive cell or other diploid cell pf an ovule

171
Q

what is parthenocarpy?

A

fruits that develop from ovaries that have no fertilized eggs
e.g. bananas navel oranges figs grapes

172
Q

Describe the trends of specialization in primitive flowering plants

A

simple leaves
flowers numerous spirally arranged parts that are not fused to each other
radially symmetrical or regular
flowers have both stamens and pistils
superior ovary

173
Q

what is radial symmetry?

A

cut in an direction it has equal halves

174
Q

how was the first pistil formed?

A

from leaf-like structure with ovules along margins (carpel)

175
Q

describe the trends of specialization in advanced flowering plants

A

receptacle or other flower parts fuse to the ovary and grow up around it (inferior ovary)
bilateral symmetry or irregular
flowers may have both stamens and pistils or may have one or the other

176
Q

what are the most primitive plants? most advanced?

A

magnolias

orchids

177
Q

describe orchids

A

no separate stamen
bilateral symmetry
fusion of parts (stamens and anthers fused– all polls in structure called pollinium)

178
Q

what is a complete flower?

A

flower with all 4 floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, pistils all complete flowers are perfect but not vice versa

179
Q

what is a perfect flower?

A

both stamens and pistils present

180
Q

what is an imperfect flower?

181
Q

what is an monoecious flower?

A

both male and female unisexual flowers on same plant

182
Q

what is a dioecious flower?

A

male (staminate) flowers and female (pistillate) flowers are borne on separate individuals

183
Q

what is the primitive ovary position?

A

parts hypogynous
superior ovary

184
Q

what is the advanced ovary position?

A

parts epigynous
inferior ovary

185
Q

what is the middle ovary position called?

A

half-inferior
parts perigynous

186
Q

what is a hypanthium?

A

ovary beneath attachment of anthers

187
Q

what is pollination?

A

transfer of pollen from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure

188
Q

what reproductive structure disperses pollen on gymnosperms

189
Q

what reproductive structure disperses pollen on angiosperms

A

pollen from anther to stigma of a receptive pistil (second step involves fertilization of an egg)

190
Q

what are the types of pollination?

A

wind pollination
animal pollination

191
Q

what is animal pollination?

A

transfer of pollen by an animal most often insects but also hummingbirds and bats

192
Q

what type of relationship do animal pollinated plants have with the animal

A

symbiotic (mutualism)
animals get food rewards (nectar/pollen) and plants get successful pollen transfer and reproduction

193
Q

what is a deceptive pollination system?

A

no reward for pollinator, reward for plant only

194
Q

what are the types of animal pollinators?

A

flies
butterflies
moths
hummingbirds
bees
bats

195
Q

what are butterflies attracted to?

A

multiple flower colors, day active

196
Q

what are moths attracted to?

A

white flowers, night active, long tongues

197
Q

what are hummingbirds attracted to?

A

see well in red portion of spectrum, red tubular flowers

198
Q

what are bats attracted to?

A

white flowers with nectar, stout flowers, lots of pollen, night active

199
Q

how do orchids attract pollinators?

A

[bees] food reward (nectar), some produce organic molecules needed by bees to make sex pheromones
certain have pseudocopulation

200
Q

what is pseudocopulation?

A

flower has wasp-like structure and produces a sex pheromone mimic that attracts male wasps
males try to copulate with flowers

201
Q

how are plants preserved?

A

herbarium press and put onto herbarium sheet

202
Q

what is ecology?

A

the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment

203
Q

what are abiotic factors

A

nonliving features of the environment
temp, rainfall etc

204
Q

what are biotic factors

A

living features of environment
competition etc

205
Q

what is competition

A

when 2 organisms seek access to the same resources

206
Q

what is parasitism?

A

one organism benefits and one is harmed

207
Q

what is mutualism?

A

both organisms benefit

208
Q

what is a population?

A

group of individuals of 1 species in a given place at a given time

209
Q

what is population dynamics?

A

the study of patterns of a population
stability etc

210
Q

how does conservation biology study population

A

count numbers, density and biomass

211
Q

what is a community

A

all populations of different species in a given place at a given time

212
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

the interaction of a community with non-living features of the environment

213
Q

what is a biosphere

A

all ecosystems on earth and their interactions

214
Q

what is a food web

A

the feeding relationship among organisms that determine the flow of energy through an ecosystem

215
Q

describe the energy pyramid

A

rule of thumb: 10% of energy at one tropic level is passed to the next

216
Q

describe the symbiotic interaction between acacia and ants

A

mutualism
thors
Beltian bodies on tips of acacia leaves
ants provide herbivore defense

217
Q

energy follows a one way path through an ecosystem, what does this mean for nutrients

A

nutrients will cycle

218
Q

what impact have humans had on plant communities

A

global warming
erosion
aquifer depletion
loss of biodiversity
restoration of land

219
Q

describe the hydrologic (water) cycle

A

h2O moves from hybrid form to gas in atmosphere (evaporation)
H2O passes through plants (transpiration)
evaporation from plant surface
H2O returns to earths surface as precipitation

220
Q

describe the carbon cycle

A

movement of carbon from abiotic to biotic to abiotic components of an ecosystem
CO2 in atmosphere is used by plants in P.S.

221
Q

describe the nitrogen cycle

A

the flow of nitrogen from the abiotic to the biotic and back to the abiotic environment in an ecosystem
atmospheric cycle: N2 is 78% of atmosphere
N2 converted to NH4+ to NO3 in presence of bacteria
then back to NO2 to N2 via denitrification

222
Q

what is life history?

A

the set of traits that control an organisms survival and reproduction
(size/# of offspring, when reproduction occurs, how long organism lives)

223
Q

what do life history studies include?

A

examination and allocation of energy to different life functions and the strategies used by plants to promote survival and persistence in the environments they occupy
(annual, biennial, perennial plants)

224
Q

what is succession?

A

the predictable pattern of community change over time

225
Q

what is primary succession

A

community succession that takes place on newly formed geological substrate
usually lichens and mosses first, then soil builds and herbaceous plants form, then woody plants

226
Q

what is secondary succession

A

community succession that takes place in an area where soil exists and the previously existing community has been altered or removed by disturbance

227
Q

what is old-field succession

A

secondary succession that takes place in abandoned farm fields

228
Q

what is a xerosere?

A

succession of plant communities on dry geological material

229
Q

what is xeroscaping?

A

gardening without supplemental water

230
Q

what is a hydrosere?

A

succession that takes place in an environment with abundant water

231
Q

what is a biome?

A

a terrestrial biotic community on a global or continental scale

232
Q

list the types of biomes

A

tundra
taiga (boreal)
temperate deciduous forests
Chapparal – woodland/shrubland
Grassland
Desert
Mountain and Coastal Forest
Tropical Rainforest

233
Q

what are the major determinants of a biome?

A

precipitation and
pattern of annual temperatures

234
Q

what defines the tundra biome?

A

-permafrost: permanently frozen soil 10-20cm to 1m below surface
-cold, little precipitation, icy winds
-dominated by dwarf shrubs, sedges, grasses, lichens, mosses
-alpine tundra in mountains (no permafrost)

235
Q

what diagram is used to determine which biome an area falls under?

A

Walter climate diagram
shows temperature and precipitation across the entire year

236
Q

what are some examples of tundra plants?

A

dwarf willows, azalea, diapensia, lapland rosebay, sedge carex

237
Q

what are examples of tundra animals

A

caribou
snowy owl
Arctic fox
lemming
snowshoe hare

Botany (4 decks)

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