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Botany > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

Leaves, Water in plants, plant metabolism

1
Q

what is the primary function and origin of leaves?

A

Function: site of photosynthesis
Origin: primordia in buds

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2
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

What are the types of leaves?

A

simple, compound

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4
Q

what are the types of compound leaves

A

pinnately compound
bipinnately compound
palmately compound

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5
Q

what is the venation in monocots?

A

parallel venation

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6
Q

what type of venation do dicots have?

A

netted venation

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7
Q

what are rachis?

A

extensions of the petiole

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8
Q

where are waxes found?

A

on the cuticle, on stem, on fruits

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9
Q

how does environment affect anatomy and morphology?

A

leaves in the sun have more chloroplasts and palisade mesophyll, plants in shade are larger

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10
Q

what is a stomate?

A

pore in the epidermis of a plant

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11
Q

what are guard cells?

A

cells that surround the stomata and open/close depending on conditions

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12
Q

what are the typical layers of a leaf?

A

cuticle
epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
epidermis

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13
Q

how do pine leaves differ from deciduous leaves?

A

pine have a hypodermis (to provide rigidity), no distinction between palisade and spongy mesophyll, sunken stomata, resin canals (to carry resin), and an endodermis

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14
Q

what is resin?

A

thick “sap” secreted from pines that have antiherbivore and antibacterial properties

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15
Q

How do leaves conserve water?

A

orient leaves to/from sun
bulliform cells fill with water so grass can receive direct sunlight (and the opposite)

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16
Q

what does the compass plant do?

A

pulls leaves perpendicular to avoid sun

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17
Q

What are tendrils?

A

terminal leaflets of pea plants that are modified (whole leaves, petioles, stipules can be modified as tendrils)

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18
Q

what do spines of barberry (modified leaves) do?

A

provide shelter for mice that carry the ticks that carry lyme disease

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19
Q

what are throns?

A

modified stems in the axils of leaves

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20
Q

what are flower pot leaves?

A

modified leaves where roots grow inside the leaves

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21
Q

what are window plants?

A

plants with modified “window” leaves that are transparent at the tip
stone plants, succulents

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22
Q

what are reproductive leaves?

A

modified leaves with plantlets growing along the margins
(plantlets genetically identical to parent)
mother of thousands

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23
Q

what is inflorescence?

A

a group of flowers

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24
Q

what are floral leaves?

A

colored bracts (modified leaves) that fulfill the function of petals on a flower

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25
Q

Why is clary’s sage special?

A

have small flowers below and large modified leaves (bracts) above

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26
Q

what is a pitcher plant?

A

carnivorous plant with insect trapping leaves (downward pointing hairs to help trap)
grow in wet bogs where soil is acidic and low in mineral nutrients and get their nutrients from the insects

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27
Q

What is sundew?

A

a carnivorous plant that traps insects via the mucilage on hairs

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28
Q

What is a venus flytrap?

A

a carnivorous plant with open traps that have trigger hairs that will close around an insect

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29
Q

what is a bladderwort?

A

an aquatic carnivorous plant that traps small crustaceans (daphnea) in “bladders”, suck them in very quickly

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30
Q

what are the photosynthetic pigments and what color are they?

A

chlorophyll A: blue-green
Chlorophyll B: yellow-green
carotenoids (carotene, xanthophyll): yellow
anthocyanins: red

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31
Q

how does color change in the fall work?

A

chlorophyll breaks down, unmasking the yellow carotenoids

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32
Q

why do leaves turn red?

A

the leaf interior changes pH as chlorophyll degrades which stimulates the production of anthocyanins, which protect from UV

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33
Q

what is the process by which leaves are shed?

A

abscission

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34
Q

what does deciduous mean?

A

leaves fall off the trees in the fall

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35
Q

list the human uses of leaves

A

pennyroyal: pungent oil
shade for homes
food: cabbage, lettuce, parsley, spinach
dyes: henna (red) bearberry (yellow)
fibers for rope: agave
medicines derived from leaves: atropine, marijuana, aloe
cocaine, tobacco, belladonna
lobelia: smoking cessation
tea
fuel
insecticides: nicotene, neem
carnauba wax: palm tree

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36
Q

what do the edges of some grasses possess?

A

“teeth”

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37
Q

why do plants need water? 1-6

A
  1. young cells can be 90% water
  2. enzymatic processes and other chemical reactions take place in water
  3. some H2O used in photosynthesis
  4. mesophyll cell surface in leaves must be moist for CO2 from air to diffuse into cell
  5. water is needed for cell turgor, important to give rigidity to herbaceous plants
  6. some evaporative cooling of leaves takes place
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38
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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39
Q

what is osmosis?

A

specialized diffusion of water molecules from high to low concentration that occurs across a semipermeable membrane

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40
Q

what is osmotic potential of a solution?

A

a measure of the potential of water to move from one cell to another as influenced by solute concentrations

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41
Q

what is turgor pressure?

A

(pressure potential)
the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall as a result of water entering the vacuole of the cell

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42
Q

what is water potential?

A

osmotic potential and pressure potential added together, water moves from cell with high potential to cell with lower potential [weird greek letter equation: water potential=osmotic+ pressure]

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43
Q

what is a turgid cell?

A

cell filled with water, turgor pressure develops against the walls of the cell

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44
Q

what is plasmolysis?

A

cells lose water and shrink in a hypertonic solution

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45
Q

what is imbibition?

A

absorption of water and swelling of organic material due to the adhesion of water to the charged molecules of the internal surfaces of the cell,

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46
Q

what is hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic?

A

Hyper: higher solute concentration outside cell
iso: equal concentrations no net movement
hypo: higher solute concentration in cell

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47
Q

How do mangrove roots work?

A

utilize active transport of molecules into root cells follow by osmosis
they concentrate mannitol and amino acids (proline) in root cells to prevent water loss to the environment

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48
Q

what is transpiration?

A

water enters the air by way of leaf

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49
Q

What is the path of water from soil to plant ?

A

soil to root hairs to xylem (upwards-roots) to xylem (stems) to mesophyll to stomates back out into air

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50
Q

how much water passes through a plant?

A

90% passes through and evaporates
5% lost through cuticle

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51
Q

what is the cohesion tension theory?

A

water moves from less negative to more negative potentials: water moves via capillary tubes and in endodermal cells water passes through endodermis into xylem

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52
Q

how is transpiration regulated?

A

stomates regulate transpiration and gas exchange
guard cells change depending on the turgor pressure when exposed to changes in light, CO2 or water concentration

53
Q

what does water follow?

A

potassium that enters via active transport

54
Q

how do stomates respond to water stress?

A
  1. stomates close when plant isnt getting enough water
  2. abiscisic acid (hormone) is produced in leaves subject to water stress causing membrane leakage from cells
  3. potassium ions leave guard cells, water follows and the cells deflate
55
Q

what is guttation?

A

the loss of water in liquid form from within the plant through hydathodes at the tips of veins some some herbaceous plants

56
Q

How does guttation work?

A

minerals cause water to flow into xylem, pressure builds and water is released from hydathodes

57
Q

what is the pressure flow hypothesis?

A

flow of sugars through phloem from source to sink via active transport in sieve tube members
(where leaf is source and roots are sink), water osmoses into sieve tubes and pushes from low conc yo high conc sugar down to sink

58
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in a cell

59
Q

what are the two types of metabolism?

A

anabolism and catabolism

60
Q

what is anabolism?

A

enzymes help form chemical bonds and build molecules [PHOTOSYNTHESIS]

61
Q

what is catabolism?

A

enzymes help break chemical bonds and break down molecules [CELLULAR RESPIRATION]

62
Q

What is endergonic?

A

energy stored

63
Q

what is exergonic?

A

energy released

64
Q

What is oxidation-reduction?

A

oxidation= loss of electron
reduction= gain of electron
transfer of electrons often accompanied by transfer of H+

65
Q

Explain the visible spectrum

A

wavelengths of light visible to the human eye (ROYGBIV)
in the middle of the spectrum between short wavelength+high energy (gamma) and long wavelength+ lower energy (radio)

66
Q

What are the 2 chemical pathways in plants?

A

C3: first stable molecule to hold CO2 in this pathway is a 3 carbon molecule (normal climate, lower temp)
C4: first stable molecule to hold CO2 is a 4 carbon molecule (hot, dry environment, higher temp)

67
Q

What is hlorophyll?

A

pigment that absorbs light energy

68
Q

WHat reactions do chloroplasts run?

A

light dependent and light independent rxns

69
Q

what are the light dependent rxns

A

occur in thylakoid membranes where chlorophyll is held, makes ATP and NADPH, H2O is an important reactant

70
Q

what are the light independent rxns

A

occur in stroma
calvin cycle, CO2 fixed C-C bonds will form and glucose will be formed

71
Q

what are the reactions of photosynthesis?

A

first light dependent then light independent

72
Q

what is Engelmann’s experiment?

A

algae exposed to light, bacteria were attracted to O2 produced cells in certain color regions

73
Q

which of the chlorophylls is more abundant?

A

chlorophyll a
b transfers energy to a

74
Q

what are the colors of the carotenoids?

A

carotene= yellow
xanthophyll= pale yellow

75
Q

What does RUBISCO do?

A

Ribulose Biphosphate Carboylase Oxygenase enzyme can fix CO2 through activity as a carboxylase or can fix O2 through activity as an oxygenase

76
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

process where 5C RuBP combines with oxygen and a subsequent pathway that releases CO2

77
Q

What is the positive role of photorespiration?

A

allows C3 plants to survive hot, dry conditions (dissipates ATP and accumulated electrons from light reactions, prevents photooxidative damage)

78
Q

what is the first stable product in the calvin cycle?

A

3 carbon molecule 3-PGA

79
Q

What is the equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen –Enzymes–> carbon dioxide +water + energy

C6H12O6 +6O2—-> 6CO2 +6H2O+ENERGY

80
Q

what are the 4 phases of complete glucose breakdown?

A

glycolysis, preparatory rxn, citric acid cycle, E.T.C.

81
Q

What is assimilation?

A

conversion of sugars to lipids, proteins or other carbohydrates (sucrose, starch, cellulose)

82
Q

what is digestion?

A

conversion of starch and other insoluble carbohydrates to soluble forms (through hydrolysis)

83
Q

How are thylakoid membranes organized?

A

Chemiosmosis occurs in the mitochondria (cristae), electrons are passed to the acceptors, and H+ ions are passed up the electron chain and flow through the ATP complex to form ATP

84
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

ADP+P=ATP

85
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

Discovered by physiologist Melvin Calvin who used the experimental apparatus and isotopically labeled CO2 to discover the nature of the cycle

86
Q

What does glucose plus fructose equal

A

Sucrose

87
Q

How does the C4 pathway work?

A

CO2 enters the mesophyll cells and C3 binds to CO2 creating C4 molecules to move into bundle sheath cells, where the Calvin cycle occurs
increasing the CO2 affinity

88
Q

What does increasing the affinity for CO2 do?

A

Makes less photorespiration more photosynthesis (c fixation is more stable)

89
Q

Do stomates open after C4 pathway?

A

No, they stay closed to reduce water loss

90
Q

What is the CAM pathway?

A

Crassulacean acid metabolism occurs in tropical plants, the stomates open at night and CO2 enters combines to CO3 and forms C4
Occurs in one cell

91
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —enzymes—> CO2 + H2O + energy
Aerobic
Glucose is reduced

92
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Occurs in cytoplasm
Splits sugars from 6C—> (2) 3C molecules
Net generation of 2 ATP and release of 2 NADH

93
Q

What happens in the preparatory rxn?

A

Occurs in mitochondria
3C molecules lose CO2 and become 2C molecules

94
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

Happens in mitochondria
Makes 2 ATP, NADH, FADH2 comes out

95
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

Occurs in mitochondria
Cristal release NADH and FADH2 which allows the release of electrons and H+ to electron receptors which generates ATP
32-34 ATP

96
Q

How much ATP is produced in cellular respiration?

A

36-38 net total made in whole process
Not all energy transformed from glucose to ATP due to second law of thermodynamics
Also produced NADH which uses 3 ATP and FADH which uses 2 ATP

97
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Occurs in environments without oxygen, anaerobic, glycolysis occurs and 2 ATP is made per glucose

98
Q

Plants whose leaves fall off at the end of the growing season are

A

Deciduous

99
Q

All leaves originate as

A

Primordia

100
Q

The plant part that facilitates a leaf blade being oriented at right angles to the Sun is a/an

A

Petiole

101
Q

A _____ leaf has a single expanse of blade tissue

A

Simple

102
Q

Which statement about Venation is INCORRECT

A

Some flowering plants have leaves that lack venation even though the stems and roots have vascular bundles

103
Q

Which of the following do guard cells and palisade mesophyll cells have in common?

A

Chloroplasts

104
Q

Leaf veins are located in which of the following?

A

Mesophyll

105
Q

The epidermis of leaves normally is coated with

A

Cutin

106
Q

The opening and closing of stomata is governed by _______ levels in the guard cells

A

Water

107
Q

The spongy mesophyll is so named because it

A

Has numerous intercellular spaces

108
Q

Pressure that develops within a living cell as a result of water entering the cell is called

A

Turgor

109
Q

Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion in which water molecules

A

Move across a selectively permeable membrane

110
Q

If the concentration of solutes outside the plant cell is greater than the concentration on the inside water will

A

Move out of the cell

111
Q

When a solute is dissolved in water the _______ of the water is lowered

A

Osmotic potential

112
Q

Which of the following plays a role in plasmolysis

A

Water potential, vacuole, plasma membrane, protoplasm

113
Q

Inbibition is responsible for

A

Breaking open the seed coat of germinating seeds

114
Q

Substances are absorbed and retained against a concentration gradient, through the expenditure of energy, by

A

Active transport

115
Q

Which of the following is not involved in guard cell regulation of stomata opening

A

Imbibition

116
Q

Many studies leading to our present knowledge of translocation of food in plants utilized radioactive tracers and

A

Aphids

117
Q

The direction of movement of food molecules in plants is

A

From source to sink

118
Q

Oxidation is the

A

Loss of electrons

119
Q

Photosynthesis is an example of a/an _____ set of chemical reactions in plants

A

Anabolic

120
Q

The oxygen liberated by green plants during photosynthesis comes from

A

Water molecules

121
Q

Several antenna pigments function in photosynthesis. Which is found in flowering (higher) plants

A

Both carotenoids and chlorophyll b

122
Q

The longest wavelengths of light useful in photosynthesis are those of

A

Red light

123
Q

Which list gives the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis

A

NADPH, ATP, and an oxygen molecule

124
Q

In the process of photosynthesis which molecule becomes reduced

A

CO2

125
Q

In glycolysis

A

Glucose is broken down into simpler compounds

126
Q

The citric acid cycle takes place in the

A

Mitochondria

127
Q

In aerobic respiration, how many ATPs are produced from complete respiration of one molecule of glucose

A

36

128
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place when protons flow across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. This is called

A

Chemiosmosis

129
Q

Which of the following is a correct comparison between photosynthesis and respiration

A

Photosynthesis is an energy storing process whereas respiration is an energy releasing process

Botany (4 decks)

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