Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
CH 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5 [1-6 done thus far]
what is plant biology?
the scientific study of plants
what flower is used to make medicine/illegal drugs, for pain relief
opium poppy
What are patent medications?
medications from the early 1900s in the US that didn’t have to be FDA approved
what north american plant can be used to produce powerful natural pesticide?
tobacco/nicotine
what was Madagascar periwinkle used for?
70 useful alkaloids isolated to treat leukemia/Hodgkin’s lymphoma
What is a pitcher plant?
a carnivorous plant that adapted to nutrient poor areas by trapping insects for nutrients (nitrogen)
How many humans on the planet?
~7.95 bil
what impact do humans have on the environment?
feeding, clothing and housing ourselves negatively impacts the environment
we drained wetlands, polluted water and the atmosphere and used pesticides
what must we do to lessen our impact on the environment?
conserve natural resources
Why are humans dependent on plants?
they provide O2
provide lumbar
provide food source
What is americas favorite psychoactive and how is it made?
coffee, fruits are fermented and seeds roasted
What do we use cotton for?
clothing bedding etc
cotton seed oil cakes for cattle feed
What fungi do humans use for survival?
penicillium
what is mycology?
the study of fungi
what is plant anatomy?
the study of the internal structures of the plant
what is dendrochronology?
the science of using tree rings to date when events happened
what subcategories fall under plant anatomy?
dendrochronology
forensics
geography
what is plant morphology?
the study of the form, structure, and life cycles of plants
what are herbaceous plants?
plants without woody tissue
what is plant physiology?
the study of plant function (at the cellular and biochemical level)
What do plant physiologists study?
cellular respiration
photosynthesis
who is von helmot and what did he do
scientist who experimented with willows in soils
concluded plants gained mass from water
what is plant ecology?
the study of the interaction of plants with the environment (both living organisms and nonliving environment)
what is plant geography?
study of how the type of plant communities in an area are influenced by climate
e.g. tropical rainforests are home to more than half the worlds organisms
what is plant taxonomy?
organizing plants into taxa based on rules
what are plant systematics?
a discipline within taxonomy in which organisms are grouped by their degree of relatedness
what is ethnobotany?
the study of the cultural uses of plants
what is economic botany?
using plants for economic development
what else is botany used for?
genetics and cell biology
What are the properties of living organisms?
composed of cells
growth
reproduction
response to stimuli
metabolism
movement
what is asexual reproduction?
produce genetically identical offspring from single parent (eg bulbs)
what is sexual reproduction?
the joining of haploid gametes to form a new individual (diploid zygote), there is genetic variation among offspring
what is metabolism?
the total of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism (energy associated)
what is matter?
occupies space and has mass
what are the 3 forms of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
What do each of the follow atoms make up?
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
C: sugars
N: amino acids, proteins, nucleus
O/H: organic molecules (CHO)
P: ATP, phospholipid bilayer, nucleic acid
S: proteins
what is an element?
a pure chemical substance made up of one type of atom (92 naturally occurring elements)
What is the most common isotope?
13C
what are isotopes?
forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons (atomic mass)
what is a molecule?
two atoms bonded together
what is a compound molecule?
atoms of different elements bonded
what is cohesion?
the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
what is adhesion?
the attraction of water molecules to charged surfaces
what do hydrogen bonds do?
change the shape of DNA and proteins
how are ionic bonds formed?
formed by loss/gain of an electron
how are covalent bonds formed?
atoms share electrons to form bond
what is energy?
the capacity to do work
made up of kinetic and potential energy
what is the first law of thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can convert between forms
what is the second law of thermodynamics?
in any energy conversion some energy is lost to a less useful form (typically heat)
What are carbohydrates?
monomers made of CHO that make up monosaccharides
give examples of monosaccharides
glucose fructose
give examples of disaccharides
sucrose
give examples of polysaccharides
cellulose starch
what are disaccharides made of?
2 monosaccharides
what are polysaccharides made of?
many monosaccharides
what are fats?
solid lipids
what are oils?
liquid lipids
what are lipids made of?
glycerol and fatty acids
what are proteins made of?
the monomer of protein is an amino acid
what is an amino acid?
carboxyl and amine groups around a central carbon
how many amino acids are there?
20
what is the order for peptides?
peptide->dipeptide->polypeptide
what is protein primary tructure?
string of amino acids
what is protein secondary structure?
3-d structure
alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
what is protein tertiary structure?
complex 3D shape formed by covalent bonding
what is protein quaternary structure?
multiple polypeptide subunits
what are the functions of proteins?
as enzymes (biological catalysts that lower activation energy)
storage
structure
what is the monomer of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
what do all nucleic acids have?
5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
what are the nucleotides in DNA?
cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine
what are the nucleotides in RNA?
cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil
who created cell theory?
Schleiden (botanist) and Schwann (zoologist): all living things composed of cells
virchow: all cells come from preexisting cells
what did von Leuwenhoek do?
first to see cells in a simple microscope
what did hooke do?
first to use the term cells for structures he saw in cork
features of a eukaryotic cell
nucleus
membrane bound organelles
plant cell wall of cellulose
plasma membrane
features of prokaryotic cells
lack membrane bound organelles
lack membrane bound nucleus
cell wall not made of cellulose
plasma membrane, DNA (nucleoid), ribosomes
what is the protoplasm?
all living components of a cell
what is the cytoplasm?
all cellular components between plasma membrane and nucleus
what are organelles?
persistent structures of various shapes and sizes with special functions
all eukaryotic cells have:
plant cells have:
nucleus with DNA, mitochondria, ER, golgi, ribosomes
chloroplasts, central vacuole
cell walls provide:
strength
flexibility
protection of cell contents
What are microfibrils made of?
many molecules of cellulose
what is the structure of the cell wall?
primary: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, glycoproteins
secondary: derived from primary, addition of lignin
what is the middle lamella?
the space between two adjacent cells, made of pectin
what is the plasmodesmata?
strands of cytoplasm that extend between cells through a small opening in the cell wall, allowing for exchange of materials (sugars, amino acids, ions, etc)
how is the plasma membrane described?
via the fluid mosaic model, described as texture of olive oil
the nucleus contains:
a double membrane, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleolus
what is chromatin?
DNA wrapped around histone proteins
what is the nucleolus?
where RNA is made, ribosomal subunits made
what are the types of prokaryotic cells?
bacteria
archaea
what are the types of eukaryotic cells (main and 4 kingdoms)
eukarya
protista
animalia
fungi
planate
what makes up the endomembrane system?
ER (rough and smooth), dictyosomes (golgi apparatus)
why is the rough ER “rough”?
surface embedded with ribosomes that produce proteins via translation of mRNA
what does the smooth ER do?
produce lipids (no ribosomes)
what are the 3 types of plastids?
chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts
what are chloroplasts?
site of photosynthesis
why are chloroplasts green?
they contain chlorophyll in membranous stacks called thylakoid membranes
what are chromoplasts?
organelles that give color to parts of some plants, only useful for pigments
what are leucoplasts?
organelles that store starch or oils
amyloplasts store starch
elaioplasts store oils
what is the structure of mitochondria?
double phospholipid bilayer with cristae and a matrix
what are cristae?
the folded membrane of the mitochondria
what is the mitochondrial matrix?
the fluid the surrounds the cristae
what are mitochondria for?
the site of aerobic respiration (ATP synthesis)
how did mitochondria evolve?
endosymbiotic theory
larger bacterium “swallowed” smaller bacterium (which became the mitochondria)
evidenced by separate DNA and ribosomes
what is a vacuole?
a large centrally located structure within plant cells filled with cell sap (water fluid)
what is the membrane of a vacuole?
tonoplast
what is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
movement within a cell
what do microtubules do?
control the addition of cellulose to the cell wall, and play a role in cell division/movement of organelles and vesicles, movement of flagella, etc
what do microfilaments do?
contraction and animal cells and cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
REVIEW CELL CYCLE
what are tissues?
groups of cells performing similar functions
what are the 3 groups of plant organs?
roots
stems
leaves
flowers (sometimes)
what is an organ?
a structure made up of several tissue that work together to perform a given function
what are meristems?
the part of plants where cells actively divide
what are apical meristems?
site of active mitosis on tips of roots/stems that gives rise to primary growth (length)
what are the 3 primary meristems from apical?
protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
what is the protoderm?
the outer layer of stem/root, gives rise to epidermis
what is the ground meristem?
centrally located meristem that forms parenchyma
what is procambium?
meristem that gives rise to connective tissue (xylem/phloem)
what are the 2 lateral meristems?
vascular cambium and cork cambium
what is vascular cambium?
tissue that gives rise to xylem and phloem (mostly xylem)
what is cork cambium?
tissue that gives rise to the cork/bark (replaces epidermis)
what is special about grass?
has intercalary meristem along with apical meristem
why does grass have an intercalary meristem?
evolved from grazing animals taking the tops off of grass, now grass can survive this
what are the simple tissues?
parenchyma, collenchyma, schlerenchyma
what is parenchyma?
food and water storage tissue that is alive and can divide long after being produced
what are the types of parenchyma?
aerenchyma: extensive connected air spaces
chlorenchyma: numerous chloroplasts, function in photosynthesis
transfer cells: irregular extensions that increase surface area of cells to transfer dissolved substances
what is collenchyma?
a tissue that as thicker walls and an uneven primary wall that provides flexible support for growing and maturing organs , alive
what is schlerenchyma?
tissue that has a thick secondary wall with lignin that is dead at maturity
most function for support
types of schlerenchyma
fibers: found in many tissues in roots, stems, leaves, fruit, used to make textiles
sclereids: function in protection
what are complex tissues?
tissues composed of 2 or more kinds of cells
what is xylem for?
transport of water and ions
what is phloem for?
transport of soluble food (sucrose)
what is xylem made of?
parenchyma, fibers, vessels, tracheids, ray cells
what are vessels?
open at each end, stripes can form but do not block flow of fluid
what are tracheids?
no openings at ends, have pits where two tracheids contact each other [CONIFERS HAVE ONLY TRACHEIDS IN THEIR XYLEM]
what are simple and bordered pits?
Simple: allow water to pass cell to cell, unregulated movement
bordered: regulate flow of materials between cells, regulated movement
what is phloem made of?
sieve tube members, companion cells, phloem parenchyma (transfer cells)
what do sieve tube members and sieve plates do?
allow for movement of dissolved sugars
DEAD AT MATURITY
where are companion cells and what do they do?
adjacent to sieve tube members to support their function, LIVING
what do phloem parenchyma do?
assist companion cells
what is the epidermis?
outermost layer of cells (can be several types)
what is a cuticle?
made of cutin (and added wax) influences water loss, and is resistant to bacterial/fungal diseases
what are trichomes/what do they do?
structures on the epidermis that can be hairs, branched, or glandular (on leaf surface)
play a role in anti-herbivore defense and/or reduce heat load on leaves in sunny environments/ protect from UV
what is the periderm?
tissue that replaces the epidermis on woody plants
what are lenticels?
openings in periderm/bark that allow for gas exchange
what do cork cells do?
formed from cork cambium, they have suberin which makes them waterproof and protects the cells below
what are secretory cells?
cells that secrete substances: whether waste products to be eliminated, or useful materials to the plant
how do secretory cells function?
either individually or as part of a tissue (often derived from parenchyma)
give examples of secretory materials that secretory cells may secrete
hormones, nectar, fragrant compounds
what do primary meristems give rise to?
epidermis, pith and cortex, primary xylem and primary phloem
what makes the epidermis?
protoderm
what makes the pith and cortex?
ground meristem
what makes the primary xylem and primary phloem?
procambium
what is a trace?
a strand of phloem and xylem branching off into each developing bud and leaf
what are leaf and bud gas filled with?
parenchyma cells
what gives rise to secondary phloem and secondary xylem?
vascular cambium
what order do phloem and xylem form in?
phloem first xylem second
how does cork cambium ork?
to the outside it forms cork cells with suberin, to the inside it forms parenchyma-like phelloderm
what is stele?
the central part of a root or stem (primary xylem, primary phloem, pith)
what is protostele?
a solid core of conducting tissue (primary phloem surrounding primary xylem), occurs in primitive plants like whisk ferns and club mosses
what is siphonostele?
tubular with pith in the center, primary xylem surrounds the pith, and primary phloem surrounds primary xylem, occurs in ferns
what is eustele?
primary phloem and primary xylem in discrete vascular bundles, conifers and flowering plants
what are monocots?
plants that produce seeds with one nutritive structure (cotyledon) to nourish a developing embryo in aseed
what are dicots?
plants that produce seeds with two nutritive structures (cotyledons) to nourish a developing embryo in a seed
what are herbaceous plants?
tender, green plants that grow during the growing season and above ground parts die in the nongrowing season
what are woody plants?
plants with above ground parts with cells rich in lignin, survive above ground all year long
what are annual rings?
tracheary elements influenced by environmental conditions in a given season or year
what is the purpose of modified stems?
promote plant asexual reproduction
what are false rings in a tree?
areas with rainfall that varies greatly by season
what are the properties of wood?
density
durability
knots
what are wood products? (obvious but i’ll include it anyways)
lumbar
pulp
container, boxes, kegs etc
