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Botany > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

CH 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5 [1-6 done thus far]

1
Q

what is plant biology?

A

the scientific study of plants

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2
Q

what flower is used to make medicine/illegal drugs, for pain relief

A

opium poppy

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3
Q

What are patent medications?

A

medications from the early 1900s in the US that didn’t have to be FDA approved

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4
Q

what north american plant can be used to produce powerful natural pesticide?

A

tobacco/nicotine

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5
Q

what was Madagascar periwinkle used for?

A

70 useful alkaloids isolated to treat leukemia/Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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6
Q

What is a pitcher plant?

A

a carnivorous plant that adapted to nutrient poor areas by trapping insects for nutrients (nitrogen)

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7
Q

How many humans on the planet?

A

~7.95 bil

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8
Q

what impact do humans have on the environment?

A

feeding, clothing and housing ourselves negatively impacts the environment
we drained wetlands, polluted water and the atmosphere and used pesticides

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9
Q

what must we do to lessen our impact on the environment?

A

conserve natural resources

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10
Q

Why are humans dependent on plants?

A

they provide O2
provide lumbar
provide food source

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11
Q

What is americas favorite psychoactive and how is it made?

A

coffee, fruits are fermented and seeds roasted

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12
Q

What do we use cotton for?

A

clothing bedding etc
cotton seed oil cakes for cattle feed

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13
Q

What fungi do humans use for survival?

A

penicillium

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14
Q

what is mycology?

A

the study of fungi

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15
Q

what is plant anatomy?

A

the study of the internal structures of the plant

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16
Q

what is dendrochronology?

A

the science of using tree rings to date when events happened

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17
Q

what subcategories fall under plant anatomy?

A

dendrochronology
forensics
geography

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18
Q

what is plant morphology?

A

the study of the form, structure, and life cycles of plants

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19
Q

what are herbaceous plants?

A

plants without woody tissue

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20
Q

what is plant physiology?

A

the study of plant function (at the cellular and biochemical level)

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21
Q

What do plant physiologists study?

A

cellular respiration
photosynthesis

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22
Q

who is von helmot and what did he do

A

scientist who experimented with willows in soils
concluded plants gained mass from water

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23
Q

what is plant ecology?

A

the study of the interaction of plants with the environment (both living organisms and nonliving environment)

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24
Q

what is plant geography?

A

study of how the type of plant communities in an area are influenced by climate
e.g. tropical rainforests are home to more than half the worlds organisms

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25
Q

what is plant taxonomy?

A

organizing plants into taxa based on rules

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26
Q

what are plant systematics?

A

a discipline within taxonomy in which organisms are grouped by their degree of relatedness

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27
Q

what is ethnobotany?

A

the study of the cultural uses of plants

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28
Q

what is economic botany?

A

using plants for economic development

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29
Q

what else is botany used for?

A

genetics and cell biology

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30
Q

What are the properties of living organisms?

A

composed of cells
growth
reproduction
response to stimuli
metabolism
movement

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31
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

produce genetically identical offspring from single parent (eg bulbs)

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32
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

the joining of haploid gametes to form a new individual (diploid zygote), there is genetic variation among offspring

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33
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the total of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism (energy associated)

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34
Q

what is matter?

A

occupies space and has mass

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35
Q

what are the 3 forms of matter?

A

solid, liquid, gas

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36
Q

What do each of the follow atoms make up?
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

A

C: sugars
N: amino acids, proteins, nucleus
O/H: organic molecules (CHO)
P: ATP, phospholipid bilayer, nucleic acid
S: proteins

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37
Q

what is an element?

A

a pure chemical substance made up of one type of atom (92 naturally occurring elements)

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38
Q

What is the most common isotope?

A

13C

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39
Q

what are isotopes?

A

forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons (atomic mass)

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40
Q

what is a molecule?

A

two atoms bonded together

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41
Q

what is a compound molecule?

A

atoms of different elements bonded

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42
Q

what is cohesion?

A

the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

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43
Q

what is adhesion?

A

the attraction of water molecules to charged surfaces

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44
Q

what do hydrogen bonds do?

A

change the shape of DNA and proteins

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45
Q

how are ionic bonds formed?

A

formed by loss/gain of an electron

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46
Q

how are covalent bonds formed?

A

atoms share electrons to form bond

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47
Q

what is energy?

A

the capacity to do work
made up of kinetic and potential energy

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48
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can convert between forms

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49
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

in any energy conversion some energy is lost to a less useful form (typically heat)

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50
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

monomers made of CHO that make up monosaccharides

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51
Q

give examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose fructose

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52
Q

give examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose

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53
Q

give examples of polysaccharides

A

cellulose starch

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54
Q

what are disaccharides made of?

A

2 monosaccharides

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55
Q

what are polysaccharides made of?

A

many monosaccharides

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56
Q

what are fats?

A

solid lipids

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57
Q

what are oils?

A

liquid lipids

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58
Q

what are lipids made of?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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59
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

the monomer of protein is an amino acid

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60
Q

what is an amino acid?

A

carboxyl and amine groups around a central carbon

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61
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

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62
Q

what is the order for peptides?

A

peptide->dipeptide->polypeptide

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63
Q

what is protein primary tructure?

A

string of amino acids

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64
Q

what is protein secondary structure?

A

3-d structure
alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

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65
Q

what is protein tertiary structure?

A

complex 3D shape formed by covalent bonding

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66
Q

what is protein quaternary structure?

A

multiple polypeptide subunits

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67
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

as enzymes (biological catalysts that lower activation energy)
storage
structure

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68
Q

what is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

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69
Q

what do all nucleic acids have?

A

5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

70
Q

what are the nucleotides in DNA?

A

cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine

71
Q

what are the nucleotides in RNA?

A

cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil

72
Q

who created cell theory?

A

Schleiden (botanist) and Schwann (zoologist): all living things composed of cells
virchow: all cells come from preexisting cells

73
Q

what did von Leuwenhoek do?

A

first to see cells in a simple microscope

74
Q

what did hooke do?

A

first to use the term cells for structures he saw in cork

75
Q

features of a eukaryotic cell

A

nucleus
membrane bound organelles
plant cell wall of cellulose
plasma membrane

76
Q

features of prokaryotic cells

A

lack membrane bound organelles
lack membrane bound nucleus
cell wall not made of cellulose
plasma membrane, DNA (nucleoid), ribosomes

77
Q

what is the protoplasm?

A

all living components of a cell

78
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

all cellular components between plasma membrane and nucleus

79
Q

what are organelles?

A

persistent structures of various shapes and sizes with special functions

80
Q

all eukaryotic cells have:
plant cells have:

A

nucleus with DNA, mitochondria, ER, golgi, ribosomes

chloroplasts, central vacuole

81
Q

cell walls provide:

A

strength
flexibility
protection of cell contents

82
Q

What are microfibrils made of?

A

many molecules of cellulose

83
Q

what is the structure of the cell wall?

A

primary: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, glycoproteins
secondary: derived from primary, addition of lignin

84
Q

what is the middle lamella?

A

the space between two adjacent cells, made of pectin

85
Q

what is the plasmodesmata?

A

strands of cytoplasm that extend between cells through a small opening in the cell wall, allowing for exchange of materials (sugars, amino acids, ions, etc)

86
Q

how is the plasma membrane described?

A

via the fluid mosaic model, described as texture of olive oil

87
Q

the nucleus contains:

A

a double membrane, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleolus

88
Q

what is chromatin?

A

DNA wrapped around histone proteins

89
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

where RNA is made, ribosomal subunits made

90
Q

what are the types of prokaryotic cells?

A

bacteria
archaea

91
Q

what are the types of eukaryotic cells (main and 4 kingdoms)

A

eukarya
protista
animalia
fungi
planate

92
Q

what makes up the endomembrane system?

A

ER (rough and smooth), dictyosomes (golgi apparatus)

93
Q

why is the rough ER “rough”?

A

surface embedded with ribosomes that produce proteins via translation of mRNA

94
Q

what does the smooth ER do?

A

produce lipids (no ribosomes)

95
Q

what are the 3 types of plastids?

A

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

96
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis

97
Q

why are chloroplasts green?

A

they contain chlorophyll in membranous stacks called thylakoid membranes

98
Q

what are chromoplasts?

A

organelles that give color to parts of some plants, only useful for pigments

99
Q

what are leucoplasts?

A

organelles that store starch or oils
amyloplasts store starch
elaioplasts store oils

100
Q

what is the structure of mitochondria?

A

double phospholipid bilayer with cristae and a matrix

101
Q

what are cristae?

A

the folded membrane of the mitochondria

102
Q

what is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

the fluid the surrounds the cristae

103
Q

what are mitochondria for?

A

the site of aerobic respiration (ATP synthesis)

104
Q

how did mitochondria evolve?

A

endosymbiotic theory
larger bacterium “swallowed” smaller bacterium (which became the mitochondria)
evidenced by separate DNA and ribosomes

105
Q

what is a vacuole?

A

a large centrally located structure within plant cells filled with cell sap (water fluid)

106
Q

what is the membrane of a vacuole?

A

tonoplast

107
Q

what is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

A

movement within a cell

108
Q

what do microtubules do?

A

control the addition of cellulose to the cell wall, and play a role in cell division/movement of organelles and vesicles, movement of flagella, etc

109
Q

what do microfilaments do?

A

contraction and animal cells and cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells

110
Q

REVIEW CELL CYCLE

A
111
Q

what are tissues?

A

groups of cells performing similar functions

112
Q

what are the 3 groups of plant organs?

A

roots
stems
leaves
flowers (sometimes)

113
Q

what is an organ?

A

a structure made up of several tissue that work together to perform a given function

114
Q

what are meristems?

A

the part of plants where cells actively divide

115
Q

what are apical meristems?

A

site of active mitosis on tips of roots/stems that gives rise to primary growth (length)

116
Q

what are the 3 primary meristems from apical?

A

protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

117
Q

what is the protoderm?

A

the outer layer of stem/root, gives rise to epidermis

118
Q

what is the ground meristem?

A

centrally located meristem that forms parenchyma

119
Q

what is procambium?

A

meristem that gives rise to connective tissue (xylem/phloem)

120
Q

what are the 2 lateral meristems?

A

vascular cambium and cork cambium

121
Q

what is vascular cambium?

A

tissue that gives rise to xylem and phloem (mostly xylem)

122
Q

what is cork cambium?

A

tissue that gives rise to the cork/bark (replaces epidermis)

123
Q

what is special about grass?

A

has intercalary meristem along with apical meristem

124
Q

why does grass have an intercalary meristem?

A

evolved from grazing animals taking the tops off of grass, now grass can survive this

125
Q

what are the simple tissues?

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, schlerenchyma

126
Q

what is parenchyma?

A

food and water storage tissue that is alive and can divide long after being produced

127
Q

what are the types of parenchyma?

A

aerenchyma: extensive connected air spaces
chlorenchyma: numerous chloroplasts, function in photosynthesis
transfer cells: irregular extensions that increase surface area of cells to transfer dissolved substances

128
Q

what is collenchyma?

A

a tissue that as thicker walls and an uneven primary wall that provides flexible support for growing and maturing organs , alive

129
Q

what is schlerenchyma?

A

tissue that has a thick secondary wall with lignin that is dead at maturity
most function for support

130
Q

types of schlerenchyma

A

fibers: found in many tissues in roots, stems, leaves, fruit, used to make textiles
sclereids: function in protection

131
Q

what are complex tissues?

A

tissues composed of 2 or more kinds of cells

132
Q

what is xylem for?

A

transport of water and ions

133
Q

what is phloem for?

A

transport of soluble food (sucrose)

134
Q

what is xylem made of?

A

parenchyma, fibers, vessels, tracheids, ray cells

135
Q

what are vessels?

A

open at each end, stripes can form but do not block flow of fluid

136
Q

what are tracheids?

A

no openings at ends, have pits where two tracheids contact each other [CONIFERS HAVE ONLY TRACHEIDS IN THEIR XYLEM]

137
Q

what are simple and bordered pits?

A

Simple: allow water to pass cell to cell, unregulated movement
bordered: regulate flow of materials between cells, regulated movement

138
Q

what is phloem made of?

A

sieve tube members, companion cells, phloem parenchyma (transfer cells)

139
Q

what do sieve tube members and sieve plates do?

A

allow for movement of dissolved sugars
DEAD AT MATURITY

140
Q

where are companion cells and what do they do?

A

adjacent to sieve tube members to support their function, LIVING

141
Q

what do phloem parenchyma do?

A

assist companion cells

142
Q

what is the epidermis?

A

outermost layer of cells (can be several types)

143
Q

what is a cuticle?

A

made of cutin (and added wax) influences water loss, and is resistant to bacterial/fungal diseases

144
Q

what are trichomes/what do they do?

A

structures on the epidermis that can be hairs, branched, or glandular (on leaf surface)
play a role in anti-herbivore defense and/or reduce heat load on leaves in sunny environments/ protect from UV

145
Q

what is the periderm?

A

tissue that replaces the epidermis on woody plants

146
Q

what are lenticels?

A

openings in periderm/bark that allow for gas exchange

147
Q

what do cork cells do?

A

formed from cork cambium, they have suberin which makes them waterproof and protects the cells below

148
Q

what are secretory cells?

A

cells that secrete substances: whether waste products to be eliminated, or useful materials to the plant

149
Q

how do secretory cells function?

A

either individually or as part of a tissue (often derived from parenchyma)

150
Q

give examples of secretory materials that secretory cells may secrete

A

hormones, nectar, fragrant compounds

151
Q

what do primary meristems give rise to?

A

epidermis, pith and cortex, primary xylem and primary phloem

152
Q

what makes the epidermis?

A

protoderm

153
Q

what makes the pith and cortex?

A

ground meristem

154
Q

what makes the primary xylem and primary phloem?

A

procambium

155
Q

what is a trace?

A

a strand of phloem and xylem branching off into each developing bud and leaf

156
Q

what are leaf and bud gas filled with?

A

parenchyma cells

157
Q

what gives rise to secondary phloem and secondary xylem?

A

vascular cambium

158
Q

what order do phloem and xylem form in?

A

phloem first xylem second

159
Q

how does cork cambium ork?

A

to the outside it forms cork cells with suberin, to the inside it forms parenchyma-like phelloderm

160
Q

what is stele?

A

the central part of a root or stem (primary xylem, primary phloem, pith)

161
Q

what is protostele?

A

a solid core of conducting tissue (primary phloem surrounding primary xylem), occurs in primitive plants like whisk ferns and club mosses

162
Q

what is siphonostele?

A

tubular with pith in the center, primary xylem surrounds the pith, and primary phloem surrounds primary xylem, occurs in ferns

163
Q

what is eustele?

A

primary phloem and primary xylem in discrete vascular bundles, conifers and flowering plants

164
Q

what are monocots?

A

plants that produce seeds with one nutritive structure (cotyledon) to nourish a developing embryo in aseed

165
Q

what are dicots?

A

plants that produce seeds with two nutritive structures (cotyledons) to nourish a developing embryo in a seed

166
Q

what are herbaceous plants?

A

tender, green plants that grow during the growing season and above ground parts die in the nongrowing season

167
Q

what are woody plants?

A

plants with above ground parts with cells rich in lignin, survive above ground all year long

168
Q

what are annual rings?

A

tracheary elements influenced by environmental conditions in a given season or year

169
Q

what is the purpose of modified stems?

A

promote plant asexual reproduction

170
Q

what are false rings in a tree?

A

areas with rainfall that varies greatly by season

171
Q

what are the properties of wood?

A

density
durability
knots

172
Q

what are wood products? (obvious but i’ll include it anyways)

A

lumbar
pulp
container, boxes, kegs etc

Botany (4 decks)

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