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Botany > Lecture exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture exam 3 Flashcards

chapters 11, 12, 16, 17, 18

1
Q

___________ is defined as an irreversible increase in mass due to the division and enlargement of cells.

A

growth

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2
Q

Internal environmental factors coordinating plant growth and development include ________.

A

hormones

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3
Q

Which of the following groups of plants tends to be the least sensitive to auxins?

A

monocots

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4
Q

Which of the following pertaining to auxins is true?
Their migration from the cells where they originate is relatively slow.
Their movement is polar.
Their movement requires the expenditure of energy stored in ATP molecules.
They tend to proceed through parenchyma cells surrounding vascular bundles.
All of these answers are correct.

A

all of these answers are correct

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4
Q

Auxins promote the growth of the stem by

A

by promoting cell elogation

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5
Q

The most important effect of cytokinin is its influence on

A

cell division

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5
Q

Which plant hormone was isolated from a fungus causing “foolish-seedling disease”?

A

gibberellin

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6
Q

Absicsic acid is associated with maintaining ___________ in buds and seeds.

A

dormancy

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7
Q

The suppression of the growth of axillary or lateral buds is called

A

apical dominance

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8
Q

The fruit ripening process releases large quantities of

A

ethylene

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9
Q

Plant movements that are NOT oriented relative to the direction of the stimulus are called

A

nastic movements

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10
Q

Which of the following play a major role in water-conservation movements of grasses?

A

bulliform cells

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11
Q

Which of the following statements is a CORRECT comparison between photosynthesis and respiration?

A

Photosynthesis is an energy storing process whereas respiration is an energy releasing process.

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12
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place when protons flow across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. This is called

A

chemiosmosis

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13
Q

Oxidation is the

A

loss of electrons

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14
Q

Photosynthesis is an example of a/an _____________ set of chemical reactions in plants.

A

anabolic

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15
Q

The oxygen liberated by green plants during photosynthesis comes from

A

water molecules

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16
Q

Several antenna pigments function in photosynthesis. Which is found in flowering (higher) plants?

A

both [carotenoids and chlorophyll b] are correct

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17
Q

The longest wavelengths of light useful in photosynthesis are those of

A

red light

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18
Q

Which list gives the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

NADPH, ATP, and oxygen molecule

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19
Q

In the process of photosynthesis, which molecule becomes reduced?

A

CO2

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20
Q

In glycolysis

A

glucose is broken down into simpler compounds.

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21
Q

The citric acid cycle takes place in the ___________________.

A

mitochondria

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22
Q

In aerobic respiration, how many ATPs are produced from complete respiration of one molecule of glucose?

A

36

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23
Q

The first person(s) of note to attempt to organize and classify plants was/were

A

Theophrastus.

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24
Q

In the thirteenth century A.D., features of stem structure were used to recognize the following two groups: ___________________.

A

monocots and dicots

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25
Q

Linnaeus’ classes were based primarily on

A

stamens

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26
Q

Linnaeus’ classification system is now considered to be _________________, as it was not based on evolutionary relationships.

A

artificial

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27
Q

Scientific names consist of two parts and the method of naming is known as ______________.

A

binomial system of nomenclature

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28
Q

In Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification, which of the following is NOT used as a basis for distinguishing among kingdoms?

A

size of organisms

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29
Q

The kingdom-level classification system is now preceded by the ___________ category, which is based on evolutionary and biochemical characteristics of all living organisms.

A

domain

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30
Q

Which of the following species concepts is not very useful in defining plant species because some plant groups readily hybridize with other plant groups?

A

Interbreeding species concept.

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31
Q

Scientists who specialize in identifying, naming and classifying organisms are called _______.

A

taxonomists

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32
Q

Which of the following features is found only in bacteria?

A

lack of membrane bound compartments within the protoplast

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33
Q

Some genetic recombination in bacteria occurs as a result of fragments of DNA being carried from one cell to another by viruses. This process is called

A

transduction.

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34
Q

The bacterial structure formed by a single, very condensed, circular DNA molecule is called a

A

a nucleoid.

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35
Q

Which of the following possessed by eukaryotic cells is/are NOT found in prokaryotic cells?

A

mitochondria

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36
Q

Bacteria that are more or less spherical in shape are generally called

A

cocci

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37
Q

True bacteria may get their nutrition from __________________.
nonliving organic matter (saprobes)
other living organisms (parasites)
from sunlight (autotrophs)
from inorganic chemicals (chemoautotrophs)
All these modes of nutrition are used by some eubacteria species.

A

All these modes of nutrition are used by some eubacteria species.

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38
Q

Photosynthetic, algal-like bacteria are

A

cyanobacteria.

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39
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of sexual reproduction?

A

vegetative spores

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40
Q

Which of the following statements about mitosis is NOT true?

A

Mitosis can only lead to growth and development of the individual.

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41
Q

Two chromosomes that are morphologically similar, but potentially carry different versions of each gene are referred to as ______________.

A

homologues

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42
Q

In which phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur?

A

prophase I

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43
Q

In meiosis

A

the process allows for a contribution of genes from both parents.

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44
Q

Which of the following statements pertaining to sexual reproduction is true?

A

The first cell of a gametophyte generation is normally a spore.

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45
Q

Which of the following pairs of cells do NOT have identical chromosome numbers in a given species of plant?

A

spore and zygote

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46
Q

Diploid organisms have how many sets of chromosomes?

A

2

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47
Q

The Kingdom Protista is characterized as having ______________________, making it the most diverse of the eukaryotic kingdoms.
plant-like algae
animal-like zooplankton
fungal-like slime molds
oomycetes
all of the above are found in the Kingdom Protista

A

all of the above are found in the Kingdom Protista

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48
Q

Single-celled algae found in fresh or marine waters are

A

phytoplankton.

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49
Q

Algae are placed into phyla based on their

A

[pigment forms, cell wall composition, and stored carbohydrates] are correct.

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50
Q

Which of the following reproduces asexually primarily by fragmentation?

A

Spirogyra

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51
Q

Proteinaceous structures located on algal chloroplasts and thought to contain enzymes associated with the synthesis of starch are

A

pyrenoids.

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52
Q

In a green alga such as Chlamydomonas, which of the following would you NOT expect to find?

A

chlorophyll d

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53
Q

Stoneworts and Oedogonium are both

A

oogamous.

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54
Q

The brownish pigment found in both brown algae and diatoms is

A

fucoxanthin.

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55
Q

Diatom zygotes that are capable of rapidly increasing in size are

A

auxospores.

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56
Q

The cells of which of the following are diploid?

A

diatom cells

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57
Q

No unicellular or colonial representatives of the _______________ algae have been found to date.

A

brown algae

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58
Q

Brown algae, diatoms, and yellow green algae are all classified in the phylum _________ based on shared features such as pigments, storage materials and reproductive characters.

A

Chromophyta

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59
Q

The pigments that give red algae their characteristic colors are

A

phycobilins.

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60
Q

Which statement about the toxin associated with the red tide is INCORRECT?
The toxin and the red tide are produced by a sudden and rapid increase in dinoflagellates.
The fishing industry is adversely affected by the red tide and the toxin because it kills fish, clams, and contaminates shellfish used for human consumption.
The frequency of the red tide and its geographic range has widened since the 1970s.
The same toxin is produced by blooms of the blue-green bacteria and is responsible for the fishy-smell of oceans.
The toxin may move up the food chain, killing or sicken any organism that eats the dinoflagellates or the contaminated shellfish.

A

The same toxin is produced by blooms of the blue-green bacteria and is responsible for the fishy-smell of oceans.

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61
Q

This substance which is extracted from brown algae, is used as a stabilizer for ice cream and chocolate milk, and as an emulsifier in paints and cosmetics.

A

algin

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62
Q

what is development?

A

the coordination of growth and differentiation of a singe cell into multicellular tissues and organs

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63
Q

what is differentiation?

A

as cells enlarge, cells develop
different forms adapted to specific functions,
e.g., transport, support

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64
Q

what factors influence development?

A

genes, internal signals and external environmental conditions

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65
Q

what are nutrients used for

A

furnish elements and energy for plant growth and maintenance

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66
Q

what do vitamins do?

A

play an important role in reactions catalyzed by enzymes

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67
Q

what are vitamins?

A

vitamins are coenzymes or [arts of coenzymes that join with a protein to form a functional enzyme–needed in small quantities– most are made by plants

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68
Q

what are hormones

A

organic substances that influence many developmental processes

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69
Q

how do hormones act?

A

by binding to specific receptor molecules
once bound they trigger a series of biochemical reactions (called signal transduction)

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70
Q

what are the 5 main types of plant hormones?

A

auxins
giberellins
cytokinins
abscisic acid
ethyene

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71
Q

what is a coleoptile?

A

a sheath covering the shoot tip and embryonic leaves of monocots

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72
Q

what did Went do with oat coleoptiles?

A

coleoptile tip onto agar and agar onto decapitated coleoptile

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73
Q

what did Went discover

A

Auxin
the substance that influenced the bending of the coleoptile

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74
Q

what are the 3 hormones known to promote growth?

A

auxins
giberellins
cytokinins
(can become inhibitory at certain concentrations)

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75
Q

where are auxins made?

A

made in apical meristems, buds, young leaves, and other actively growing parts of plant

76
Q

what may auxin do at a particular concentration?

A

promote shoot growth and inhibit root growth

77
Q

what does auxin do at appropriate concentrations?

A

auxins stimulate enlargement of cells by increasing plasticity of cell walls

78
Q

what are oter effects of auxin?

A

trigger production of other hormones
cause dictyosomes to increase secretion rate
influence respiration, growth, stem growth, root initiation and more

79
Q

describe the movement of auxins

A

polar (away from source)
and require ATP (active transport)

80
Q

what is IAA used in horticulture to promote?

A

rooting of cuttings
flowering and fruit set
fruit retention
weed control

81
Q

what do giberellins affect?

A

flowering (some plants)
stem length (dicots, some monocots, not conifers)
bud and seed dormancy

82
Q

how do giberellins move?

A

through xylem and phloem, not polar like auxin

83
Q

what are cytokinins?

A

hormones that stimulate cell division (promotes progression from the G2 phase to the mitosis phase in presence of auxin)
role in enlarging of cells, delay of aging in leaves
synthesized in root tips and germinating seeds

84
Q

what does abscisic acid (ABA) do?

A

growth-inhibiting hormone
synthesized in plastids, probably from carotenoids
inhibits growth promoting effects of other growth-promoting hormones
once thought to play a role in promoting abscision of fruits and leaves
ABA influences transport or retention of K+ in guard cells when leaves wilted
prevents seeds in fruits from germinating

85
Q

what role does ethylene play?

A

ripening of fruits can be accelerated by presence of ethylene (commercial uses to ripen green fruits)
ethylene production increases if fruits are bruised
pea seedling growing through soil produce ethylene if counter interference– tighter crook in stem
abscission of leaves promoted by presence ethylene

86
Q

where is ethylene produced naturally?

A

by fruits, flowers, seeds, leaves and even roots

87
Q

what is apical dominance?

A

the suppression of growth of latera or axillary buds perhaps by auxin-like inhibitor

88
Q

what is senescence?

A

breakdown of cell components in deciduous plants and conifers influenced by ABA and ethylene

89
Q

where are twining movements found?

A

the tendrils of manroot plants
occurs when cells elongate to different extent (internal factors) tendril twining is stimulated by contact

90
Q

where do contractile movements occur?

A

found in contractile roots in bulbs

91
Q

what are nastic movements?

A

non-directional movements that do not result in an organ being oriented toward or away from the direction of a stimulus

92
Q

what are tropisms?

A

permanent movements resulting from stimuli coming from one direction (positive and negative)

93
Q

what is phototropism?

A

tulip exposed to light from one direction over several weeks, auxin influences phototropism

94
Q

what is gravitropism?

A

coleus placed on its side (stems negatively gravitropic)

95
Q

what is a statolith?

A

starch containing plastid that acts as a gravity sensor, common in roots

96
Q

what is a clinostat?

A

a device to counter the effects pf gravity in a plant

97
Q

what is thigmotropism?

A

a response by a plant or plant part to contact with a solid object, e.g. coiling of tendrils, twining of climbing plant stems

98
Q

why causes coiling

A

cells in contact becoming slightly shorter and those on opposite side elongate

99
Q

what is chemotropism?

A

response to the presence of a chemical e.g pollen tube grows as a long tube that follows a diffusion gradient of a chemical found within a flower

100
Q

what is photoperiodism?

A

length of day is related to onset of flowering in many plants

101
Q

what is the critical daylength for photoperiodism?

A

about 12 to 14 hours for the initiation of flowering

102
Q

what are short day plants?

A

plants that will only flower if the day length is shorter than the critical length (fall/spring–shorter days, longer nights)

103
Q

what are long day plants?

A

plants that will not flower unless periods of light are longer than the critical length (summer– longer days, shorter nights)

104
Q

what are day neutral plants?

A

plants that flower no matter the day length

105
Q

what are phytochromes?

A

pigments that control photoperiodism

106
Q

what do phytochromes influence?

A

photoperiodism
changes in plastids
plant development
anthocyanin production
detection of shading
seed germination

107
Q

what are phytochromes?

A

pale blue proteinaceous pigments produced in minute amounts in meristems

108
Q

what are the forms of phytochrome?

A

P red absorbs red light
P far red (active form) absorbs far red light

109
Q

how do phytochromes interconvert?

A

one form is changed to the other when exposed to the right wavelength of light

110
Q

what is thermoperiodism?

A

predicting the date of harvest based on temperature and growth rate

111
Q

what is dormancy

A

a period of growth inactivity in seeds, buds, bulbs, and other plant organs even when temperature, water, or day length would typically cause plant growth

112
Q

who first classified 500 plants as trees, shrubs, and herbs and based on leaf characteristics

A

Theophrastus

113
Q

what century were monocots vs dicots differentiated based on stems
what century were fruit and flower structure also used to classify plants

A

13th
18th

114
Q

what were the original latin names for plants

A

polynomials

115
Q

who was carolus Linnaeus

A

father of modern taxonomy and the system of binomial nomenclature

116
Q

what is an artificial system?

A

naming of pants based on similarity of appearance but not relationships

117
Q

what is the natural system of classification

A

based on relatedness, closely related plants are placed into one group (systematics)

118
Q

what rules did the international code of botanical nomenclature set for naming

A

Latin description published, type specimen established, nestled within larger category of taxa

119
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A

bacteria archaea eukarya

120
Q

list the major taxonomic groups

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

121
Q

what is the morphological species concept?

A

based on morphology (useful for examination of herbarium specimens)

122
Q

what is the interbreeding species concept?

A

species is a population capable of interbreeding and is reproductively isolated from other such groups

123
Q

what is the phylogenetic species concept?

A

the grouping of organisms with a shared evolutionary past

124
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in references to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms

125
Q

what is phylogenetics?

A

the study of evolutionary similarities among groups of organisms

126
Q

what is cladistics?

A

analysis of shared features to determine natural relationships among organisms

127
Q

what is a clade?

A

a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants, a single “branch” on the “tree of life”

128
Q

what is a cladogram?

A

straight line diagram used to portray evolutionary relationships

129
Q

what is phylocode?

A

a new classification system based on phylogenetic relationships and clades. many relationships now determined by molecular analysis. evidence that currently recognized taxonomic groups may consist of unrelated species. they are not natural

130
Q

what is the nutrition of bacteria and archaea?

A

primarily absorption through cell wall (heterotroph)
some chemosynthesize
some photosynthesize (cyanobacteria and choroxybacteria)

131
Q

describe bacteria

A

abundant, small (0.2-10u)
90% are harmless or beneficial
some species motile
reproduction primarily asexual

132
Q

what are the steps to binary fission in bacteria?

A

DNA replicates
cell elongates
septum forms– new membrane and cell wall material form
cell pinches in 2– 2 new cells form

133
Q

what are the 3 forms of genetic recombination in bacteria

A

conjugation
transformation
transduction

134
Q

what is conjugation?

A

DNA transferred from donor cell to recipient cell usually through pilus

135
Q

what is transformation?

A

living cell acquires DNA fragments released by dead cells

136
Q

what is transduction?

A

DNA fragments carried from one cell to another by viruses

137
Q

what are the 3 shapes of bacteria

A

cocci
bacilli
spirilla

138
Q

what are prochlorobacteriae

A

procloron possesses chlorophyll A and B and no Phycobilins
carotenoid pigments
adds support to the idea that chloroplasts arose as bacterial cells living within other cells

139
Q

what are heterocysts

A

play role in N fixation

140
Q

what are akinetes

A

play a role in resisting freezing and other adverse conditions

141
Q

whats special about cyanobacteria?

A

can be first colonists on bare lava
can survive in fissures in desert rocks

142
Q

what is the phylum bacteriophyta?

A

bacteria differ from archaea in RNA bases, metabolism, and lipids, many saprobes (heterotrophic)

143
Q

what are autotrophic bacteria and give example

A

synthesize organic compounds from simple inorganic substances, No O2 produced
purple and green sulfur bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria

144
Q

what else is special about purple and green sulfur bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria

A

use pigments and chemical pathways different from those used in cyanobacteria and in plants

145
Q

what’s special about sulfur bacteria

A

they have bacteriochlorophyll, greenish pigment similar to chlorophyll a of higher plants

146
Q

what is the chemical formula of photosynthesis in sulfur bacteria?

A

CO2 + 2 H2S –bacteriochlorophyll+light—-> (CH2O)n + H2O + 2S

147
Q

what does sulfur bacteria do for humans

A

compost

148
Q

what is bioremediation

A

use of living organisms in the cleanup of toxic wastes and pollution
bacteria that break down tri-nitro toluene, nitroglycerine
break down oil from oil spills

149
Q

describe blue-green cyanobacteria

A

have chlorophyll a and produce oxygen
have pigments called phycobilins (role in PS) (phycoerythrin and phycocyanin)
can have carotenoid pigments
can fix N2 and produce O2
found in diverse fresh and marine habitats

150
Q

how many species of algae are there

A

1500 known species of blue green bacteria

151
Q

what color is phycoerythrin

A

red

152
Q

what is cyanophycin

A

a nitrogenous food reserve that stores lipids and carbs, atypical of bacteria but some cyanobacteria form it

153
Q

how do algae species form colonies?

A

held together by gelatinous sheath

154
Q

what is kelp?

A

source of align used to make ice cream, salad dressing, beer, jelly beans etc

155
Q

what nutrients in kelp are useful?

A

iodine used for goiter
nitrogen and potassium used in fertilizer

156
Q

what are the uses of a diatomaceous earth quarry

A

filtering liquids, reflectorized paint, swimming pools, metal polishes, toothpastes, gardeners etc

157
Q

what are cryptomonads?

A

pyrenoid associated with starch storage
2 flagella

158
Q

what are dinoflagellates?

A

2 flagella
responsible for red tides in 40 species

159
Q

what are euglena?

A

have an eyespot and a single flagellum

160
Q

describe red algae

A

red to purplish in color due to presence of phycobilins similar to those of cyanobacteria
store energy in a compound called Floridian starch
produce agar and other gelatinous substances

161
Q

what phylum does red algae belong to?

A

rhodaphyta

162
Q

what are gametangia

A

structures where gametes are produced

163
Q

what are brown algae?

A

kelp, algin in or on the cell wall

164
Q

what pigments do brown algae have

A

fucoxanthin chlorophyll a and c

165
Q

describe the parts of a brown algae

A

multicellular- specialization of function
laminarin- main food reserve
algin- carbohydrate in cell wall

166
Q

what pigments do diatoms have

A

chlorophyll a, c1, c2 and fucoxanthin

167
Q

what are diatom walls made out of and what are their food reserrves

A

wall consist mostly of silica in organic framework of pectin or other substances
food reserves of oil, fat or carbohydrate laminarin

168
Q

what are statospores and which organisms have them

A

spiky thing formed by many species of golden brown algae

169
Q

describe the phylum chromophyta

A

7600 species
food reserves
specialized pigments

170
Q

describe xanthophyceae

A

yellow green algae
fucoxanthin absent except in vaucheria

171
Q

describe vaucheria

A

oogamous
coenocytic
filamentous

172
Q

describe sea lettuce (Ulva)

A

blades may be haploid or diploid up to 1 m long
multicellular with a holdfast

173
Q

what is acetabularia?

A

mermaids win glass
marine algae
one very large cell
isogamy

174
Q

what is hydrodictyon

A

a water net
asexual reproduction by daughter colonies
sexual reproduction is isogamous

175
Q

other green algae

A

may have both sexual and asexual reproduction

176
Q

describe the oedogonium life cycle

A

oogamy
sperm gains access to egg via a pore
zygote may remain dormant for up to a year before undergoing meiosis

177
Q

describe spirogyra

A

vegetative filament
sexual reproduction by conjugation papillae form opposite each other
male gamete moves
joins female gamete to become zygote

178
Q

what is special about ulothrix

A

haploid and diploid reproduction containing both gametes, zygotes and zoospores

179
Q

describe chlamydomonas

A

cup shaped chloroplast
1 or 2 pyrenoids– proteinaceous structure for the synthesis of starch
eyespot that promotes movement towards light isogamy

180
Q

describe the phylum chlorophyta (green algae)

A

diverse forms (single cell to seaweed)
diverse habitats (salt/fresh water, trees, sloths, turtles)
most common mutualistic algae is lichens
chlorophylls a and b and other pigments
store energy in starch
presumed to be ancestors of higher plants

181
Q

what’s wrong with the eukaryotic kingdom classification

A

lack a set of unifying characteristics

182
Q

what’re the current thoughts about kingdom protista

A

range from single cell, multicellular, colonies or filament
autotrophs (algae), heterotrophs (slime molds/protozoans ingest food, euglena does both, oomycetes and chytrids absorb food in solution)
some motile some staionary but produce motile cells
taxonomy under review

183
Q

why is coleochaete a green algae presumed to be an indirect ancestor to land plants

A

cells that resemble parenchyma
forms a cell plate during mitosis
forms a protective covering for the zygote
produce a lignin-like compound

184
Q

what does haploid mean

A

one set of chromosomes
gamete

185
Q

what does diploid mean

A

2 sets of chromosomes
zygote

186
Q

what does polyploid mean

A

more than 2 sets of chromosomes
triploid (3) navel oranges, seedless watermelons
tetraploid

187
Q

what is the typical life cycle of plants that undergo sexual reproduction w/ alternation of generations (phases of life cycle)

A

haploid cells: go thru myosis to become spore than gametophyte than gametes then undergo fertilization to becomes DIPLOID: becomes zygote then sporophyte then sporocyte then back to meiosis

188
Q

what does meiosis produce?

A

4 unique haploid daughter cells

Botany (4 decks)

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