Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

8 PATH 2 > LECTURE FINAL > Flashcards

LECTURE FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

A multisystem derangement that occurs when the heart is no longer able to eject blood delivered to it by the venous system (Heart fails to pump blood adequately)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Can heart tissue replicate?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens if there is death of heart muscle?

A

It will not be regenerated - number of heart muscle cells was set as a fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Any kind of loss of heart muscle cells =

A

Decreased ability of the heart to pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens after the heart has been diseased?

A

Compensatory mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 compensations of congestive heart failure?

A

1) Activity of sympathetic NS
2) Hypertrophy
3) Dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 ways the Sympathetic NS is involved in CHF?

A

1) Positive Ionotropic effect

2) Positive Chronotropic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Positive Ionotropic effect?

A

Increase the ability of the heart to pump blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the positive Chronotropic effect?

A

Increased heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does chronic compensation of the Symp. NS do to the heart during CHF?

A

Muscle can only be LOST, progressive loss of myofibrils and destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 types of Hypertrophy associated with CHF?

A

1) Concentric Hyp.

2) Eccentric Hyp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Concentric Hypertrophy?

A

Increased thickness without change of heart chamber size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Concentric Hypertrophy happens due to?

A

PRESSURE overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example of Concentric Hypertrophy?

A

LV:RV ratio can be increased from 2:1 > 8:1, and heart will deviate to the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens to the LV in concentric hypertrophy?

A

Systemic hypertension, aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to the RV during Concentric Hypertrophy?

A

Cor Pulmonale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Eccentric Hypertrophy?

A

Increase of the heart muscle thickness with increased capacity (dilation) of the heart chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Eccentric Hyp. Happens due to ?

A

VOLUME overload

  • Only happens when there is overload of the heart chamber with extra volume of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy can happen with ?

A

Aortic insufficiency OR mitral stenosis due to narrowing of the valve/lumen, leaving more and more blood in atrium of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is “Dilation” in regard to Compensatory mechanism of CHF?

A

Elongation of the heart myofibrils, increasing their contractility (Frank Starling law, like stretching a rubber band)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If the dilated ventricle is about to maintain the cardiac output at a level that meets the needs of the body, the patient is in ?

A

Compensated HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

If further dilation no longer results in increased contractility, but instead leads to a progressive decrease in myocardial contractility and a decline of cardiac output, the patient is in ?

A

Decompensated HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mitral Insufficiency leads to ?

A

Enlargement of LA (dilation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 2 types of HF?

A

Right and Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Left Sided HF caused by?

A

Caused by anything that increases hydrostatic P (accumulation of fluid) in left side of heart (atrium or ventricle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the most common causes of Left Sided HF?

A
  • Systemic hypertension
  • Mitral or Aortic valve disease
  • Ischemic Heart disease
  • Primary diseases of the myocardium (myocardiopathies are incurable)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Does left Sided HF have lung edema?

A

YES ALWAYS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens when there is an issue with the mitral valve in left Sided HF?

A

Blood accumulates in left atrium, more and more leads to the increase in hydrostatic pressure, increase pressure will eventually resist the flow of the blood from the pulmonary vein into the left atrium (accumulation of blood in pulmonary veins -> Equalization of hydrostatic pressure -> No movement of blood = stasis -> Stasis of blood in the alveoli - CONGESTION of PULMONARY CIRCULATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens to the alveoli in left sided HF?

A

Pushes transudate (not due to inflammation) into the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens to BOTH the capillaries and alveoli in left sided HF?

A

RUPTURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Can blood cells be pushed into the alveoli with left sided HF?

A

YES

  • Blood cells could be pushed into the alveoli (RBCs that are not in the blood cause them to lyse due to osmotic pressure > release hemoglobin into the surrounding tissue > heme + globin > heme contains iron which goes into the alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do alveoli macrophages do in left sided HF ?

A

Alveoli macrophages eliminate abnormal components in the alveoli > engulf iron - HEART FAILURE CELLS aka SIDEROPHAGES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are Heart Failure Cells aka Siderophages?

A

Cells latent with iron from the destroyed RBCs as a result of pulmonary artery congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What will siderophages cause?

A

They will eventually have fibrosis within the alveolar walls due to healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is pulmonary edema associated with in left sided HF ?

A

Fibrosis within the alveolar walls due to healing, area where gas should be = DROWNING (drowning in their own blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What can pulmonary edema be caused by?

A

Anything that causes an accumulation of blood in left atrium (weakening of left atrium, stenosis, insufficiency, MI, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Are there any breathing problems with left sided HF?

A

Yes, can see bubbling of the pink color from the mouth (transudate out of mouth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens when left sided HF becomes “Chronic Congestive HF” ?

A

Changes the color of the lungs, brown induration of the lungs

(Pulmonary hemosiderosis) due to too much Hemosiderin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are primary diseases of myocardium?

A

Myocardiopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Who does myocardiopathies affect?

A

Young people, no etiology, incurable

Around 50

** Patient dies within weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the different types of Cardiomyopathies?

A
  • Dilated
  • Hypertrophied
  • Restrictive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the MC cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

A condition in which the heart’s ability to pump blood is decreased because the LV is enlarged and weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What happens during Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

Thinning of the wall

  • Caused by: Myocarditis, perinatal statis (anything around the delivery of baby)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy ?

A
  • Myocarditis
  • Perinatal
  • Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (no known cause)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is hypertrophied cardiomyopathy?

A

When the heart muscle cells enlarge and cause the walls of the ventricles, usually the LV, and especially the interventricular septum to thicken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What happens during hypertrophied cardiomyopathy ?

A

The ventricle size often remains normal, but the thickening may block blood flow out of the ventricles (obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) > can prevent flow into aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy congenital ?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

A rare form of heart muscle disease that is characterized by restrictive filling of ventricles during diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What happens during restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

The contractile function (squeeze) of the heart and wall thicknesses are usually normal, but the relaxation or filling phase of the heart is very abnormal (rigid, fibrous tissue within the heart wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What can the heart not do in Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

A

Cannot distend easily

  • Causes: Endomyocardial fibrosis, cardiac amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the causes of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Endomyocardial fibrosis
  • cardiac amyloidosis
  • hemochromatosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is always present in right sided HF?

A

There is always an increase in hydrostatic P in the pulmonary system = pulmonary artery hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the flow fo pathology that happens after right sided HF?

A

Increased load of right ventricle > right ventricular hypertrophy > increased load to right atrium > systemic venous congestion and soft tissue edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the first victim in right sided HF?

A

LIVER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What happens to the liver during right sided HF?

A

Hepatomegaly because the liver is overloaded by the venous blood due to not being able to flow to heart due to increased pressure from the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What happens if the liver is affected for an extended period of time due to right sided HF?

A

It becomes chronic passive congestion

  • Diffuse liver necrosis (MC cause)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What happens if there is congestion in the venous system due to right sided HF?

A

Increased pressure in central vein due to inability to expel blood to the right heart - increased pressure to hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What happens when there is no pressure to the hepatocytes?

A

Increased pressure continues to increase due to increased load to right ventricle and right atrium > compression of hepatocytes leads to pressure atrophy/necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is it called when there is pressure atrophy to the hepatocytes?

A

Nutmeg liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What does progression of right sided HF later begin to involve?

A

There is an escape of fluid into tissue, peripheral edema

(discrepancy of hydrostatic P inside and outside blood vessels, increased pressure inside pushes fluid out of the vessel into the tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is it called when there is swelling in the peripheral limbs due to right sided HF?

A

Pedal (pitting) edema

  • Anterior medial portion of the leg over the tibia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What results will happen with right sided HF?

A
  • Hepatomegaly
  • pedal edema
  • Accumulation of transudate in tissues
  • Anascara
  • cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the “accumulation of transudate” in right sided HF?

A

Pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, and Ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is Anascara ?

A

Total swelling of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Where would you see Cyanosis in right sided HF?

A

Where there is mucous, lips, and nail beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the most common causes of right sided HF?

A
  • left sided HF

- cor pulmonale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are clinical features of right sided HF?

A
  • enlarged heart (dilation and hypertrophy)
  • distended neck veins
  • enlarged liver
  • cyanosis
  • Muscle fatigue
  • edema (peripheral)
  • accumulation of transudate (in cavities discussed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Aka pulmonary heart disease

Disease of right sided cardiac chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is cor pulmonale caused by?

A

Pulmonary hypertension resulting from pulmonary parenchyma or pulmonary vascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Describe the long definition of cor pulmonale aka pulmonary heart disease

A

term used to describe disease to the right-sided cardiac
chambers caused by pulmonary hypertension resulting from pulmonary parenchymal or pulmonary
vascular disease – pathology of the heart caused by lung pathology – left heart could be completely
normal, but the right heart affected by lung pathology :: lung emphysema (rupture of the alveolar walls &
capillaries → pressure increased as discussed earlier)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the causes of cor pulmonale ?

A
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

- Diffuse Interstitial (restrictive) diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is COPD?

A

Lung emphysema and bronchiectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is diffuse interstitial (restrictive) diseases?

A

Pneumoconioses and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What pneumoconiosis?

A

Silicosis and asbestosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

How do you develop pneumoconiosis?

A

Inhale substances and the body treats the particles as intruders -> attracts phag. Cells -> engulfs particles (inorganic) -> Unable to digest the inorganic material (intruders) -> kills the phag cell and then the cells lyse and the enzymes (active) start to DIGEST THE LUNGS -> process happens over again -> healing of lung tissue by useless CT -> Respiratory insufficiency and dies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are the symptoms and clinical features of right sided heart failure?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • muscle fatigue
  • heart (enlarged, tachycardia)
  • fine rales in the lung bases
  • Hepatomegaly; sometimes tender liver
  • edema, accumulation of fluid in the body cavities
  • cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What are the different types of dyspnea associated with HF (mostly left)?

A
  • exertion dyspnea
  • orthopnea
  • paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is exertional dyspnea?

A

Normal breathing until exertion, heart can cope during resting but not activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

Dyspnea due to a change in position from standing to lying down, because the lack of gravity when lying down brings blood flooding back to overworked heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

A

Patient must sleep in upright position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES

A

NEW TOPIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is Hydrocephalus ?

A

Refers to the accumulation of excessive CSF in the ventricular system of the brain > increases hydrostatic P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is contained in the ventricles of the brain?

A

Spaces in the brain filled with CSF

  • capacity is 150mL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Choroid Plexus, 500mL each day (movement of fluid within the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is the long process by which CSF flows (long def.) ?

A

Fluid made in the lateral ventricles → flows through interventricular
foramen of Monroe → along with fluid produced in 3rd ventricle, flow through the
aqueduct of Sylvius into the 4th → flows out of the ventricles of the brain thru 3 openings: foramen of
Magendie AKA median aperature & 2 foramen of von Luscka AKA lateral apertures → goes to the the space
surrounding the cerebellum called the cisterna magna → flows into subarachnoid space → absorption of CSF
into the arachnoid granulations (designed for absorption of CSF) → flows into superior sagittal sinus (runs along
superior fissure) [main collector of venous blood in the brain] → goes into the transverse sinus → sigmoid →
jugular vein into the blood → superior vena cava (away from the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is the major symptom of hydrocephalus?

A

Increased intracranial pressure (caused by both communicating and non communicating hydrocephalus, but NOT ex vacuo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hydrocephalus?

A
  • headache
  • nausea and/or vomiting
  • papilledema
    (Swelling of optic disc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What are the 2 types of hydrocephalus?

A

Communicating and non communicating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Caused by an impairment of CSF flow OUTSIDE the ventricular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What are the 2 pathogenic mechanisms of communicating hydrocephalus ?

A

1) Overproduction of CSF (reabsorption is normal)
2) Abnormal reabsorption of CSF (production is normal) can be due to swelling of the arachnoid granulation due to swelling of the dura (meningitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What are the 2 common things with communicating hydrocephalus ?

A

Both have normal communication with outside of brain with no obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is non communicating hydrocephalus caused by?

A

Impairments of CSF flow (buildup of fluid) WITHIN the ventricular system

94
Q

What can cause Noncommunicating hydrocephalus ?

A

An obstructive tumor

Ex: Ependymoma, cranopharyngioma (non removable tumor)

95
Q

What is the most common tumor that can block CSF flow?

A

Most common in cerebral aqueduct/aqueduct of Silvius = APEDIOMA **

Hemorrhagic stroke, etc

96
Q

When something blocks the CSF movement within ventricular system (any tumor) non-communicating, what can this lead to?

A

Lack of communication between the ventricles and outside

97
Q

What does granular (cranio)pharyngioma create? And what is it?

A

Creates Non-communicating hydrocephalus

  • Walls made from tissue of the pituitary - CANNOT be removed > prevents normal flow of CSF
98
Q

What does accumulation of CSF in the brain cause (or brain tumor)?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure

99
Q

What are the 3 major signs and symptoms due to increased intracranial pressure?

A
  1. Headache
  2. Nausea vomiting
  3. Papilledema
100
Q

Why would you have nausea during increased ICP?

A

Body is trying to get rid of fluid

101
Q

What is Papilledema?

A

Swelling of the optic disc (do not see boundaries of the disc)

102
Q

What is the 3rd type of Hydrocephalus?

A

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

103
Q

What happens during Hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

Brain atrophy occurs accompanied by CSF filling spaces making up for lost tissue

104
Q

How is hydrocephalus ex vacuo different compared to communicated and non-communicated hydrocephalus?

A

There is NORMAL ICP

105
Q

What clinical sign is apparent with hydrocephalus ex vacuo ?

A

Loss of memory

106
Q

What are examples of hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s

107
Q

Alzheimer’s aka

A

Pick’s disease

108
Q

What happens during Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • Decreases mass inside and outside brain
  • Diminish gray matter
  • Parts of brain that create memories are replaced by CSF accumulation
109
Q

What happens during Huntington’s Disease?

A

GENETIC

  • Atrophy of midbrain striatum nuclei > causes increase in the size of the ventricular system, leads to compensatory accumulation of CSF
110
Q

What does Huntington’s Disease cause?

A

CHOREA

111
Q

What does diagnosis of hydrocephalus depend on?

A

AGE

112
Q

Less than 18 month (in regard to hydrocephalus) =

A

OPEN fontanelles

113
Q

More than 18 months (in regard to Hydrocephalus) =

A

CLOSED fontanelles

114
Q

When you are born, what is the appearance of your cranial vault ?

A

6 fontanelles at birth - movable cranial vault bones and unclosed growth plates

115
Q

5 of the fontanelles are closed at 2 months, but ______ may be open until 18 months ?

A

FRONTAL fontanelle

116
Q

What would non-closure of the fontanelles cause?

A

Increased space in the ventricular system =

Increased hydrocephalus

117
Q

What happens if the parietal bones overlap during birth?

A

It can add pressure on the superior sagittal sinus, causing hydrocephalus

118
Q

What is the treatment of hydrocephalus?

A

Tube/shunt between the brain into the stomach or jugular brain

119
Q

CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

A

NEW TOPIC

120
Q

Under normal circumstances, the brain receives _____

A

15% of the cardiac output and utilized fought 20% of the oxygen consumed by the body

121
Q

What is the most sensitive hypoxic organ?

A

The brain

122
Q

What are the 3 major categories of cerebrovascular disease?

A
  1. Parenchymal injuries
  2. Infarcts (ischemic stroke)
  3. Hemorrhage’s (hemorrhagic stroke)
123
Q

What are “Parenchymal injuries” associated with cerebrovascular disease?

A

Parenchymal injuries associated with a generalized with a generalized reduction in blood flow, including global hypoxia - ischemic encephalopathy

  • LEAST COMMON
124
Q

What are “Infarcts” associated with cerebrovascular disease?

A

Infarcts (ischemic stroke) caused by local vascular obstruction

  • zone of NECROSIS due to oxygen deficiency
125
Q

How common is “Infarcts (ischemic stroke)” in cerebrovascular disease?

A

Makes up 80% of all CVD (MC)

126
Q

What are hemorrhages (hemorrhagic stroke) associated with cerebrovascular disease?

A

Within the brain parenchyme or subarachnoid space

  • Makes up 15% of all CVD
127
Q

What is a hemorrhage?

A

An escape of blood from a ruptured vessel

128
Q

What is ischemia?

A

A restriction of blood supply to tissue causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose

129
Q

What is an infarct?

A

Tissue death (necrosis) due to lack of oxygen

130
Q

When does Ischemic stroke occur?

A

When an artery to the brain is blocked

131
Q

What are the 2 types of ischemic stroke?

A

Lacunar infarction and thrombosis of cerebral arteries

132
Q

Lacunar infarction makes up ____

A

8-9% of all ischemic infarction

133
Q

Lacunar infarction is associated with ?

A

Hyaline arteriosclerosis **

134
Q

What happens during Lacunar infarction?

A

Dramatic narrowing of the lumen of arterioles = reduced blood flow to the brain

135
Q

What does Lacunar infarction affect?

A

MIDBRAIN

136
Q

What type of infarction do people have subtle manifestations and don’t realize they have it?

A

Lacunar infarction

137
Q

Thrombosis of cerebral arteries is due to ______

A

Atherosclerosis

138
Q

What is thrombosis of cerebral arteries associated with?

A

Atheroma accumulate in the walls - activation of the platelet plug, thrombus formation, necrosis of tissue

139
Q

In thrombosis of cerebral arteries, what happens if the thrombus breaks off?

A

If thrombus tears and becomes an embolism, it goes with blood flow to vessels who have small lumen - leads to development of thromboembolism

140
Q

What are the most common areas of atheroma ?

A
  1. Bifurcation of the CC artery
  2. Bifurcation of the internal carotid artery
  3. Middle cerebral artery
141
Q

Where is the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

A

Divided into int/ext at the level of C5

142
Q

Where is the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery?

A

Divided into ant/middle cerebral artery

143
Q

What is the most vulnerable area for ischemic stroke (atheroma)?

A

Middle cerebral artery ***

144
Q

Liquefaction necrosis results from?

A

Cerebrovascular disease

145
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

Replacement of damaged brain by neuralgia = GLIOSIS

146
Q

What are the sources of thromboemboli in the brain?

A

Left sided heart failure

  • mitral stenosis
  • subacute bacterial endocarditis
  • MI
147
Q

What is Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

A

Sequelae of thrombosis - resolution

148
Q

What happens in Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

A

Development of temporary ischemic stroke - patient develops manifestations of stroke and loss of motor function/speech/eyesight

(UNILATERAL)**

149
Q

What is the duration of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

A

Lasts several minutes and the symptoms go away

150
Q

What is a major symptom of TIA?

A

Loss of vision explained by Involvment of opthalmic artery

151
Q

What is important diagnosis in TIA associated with the opthalmic artery thrombosis?

A

Aka AMAUROSIS FUGAX

  • Temporary unilateral loss of vision
  • Similar symptoms
152
Q

What is the treatment of opthalmic artery thrombosis (aka AMAUROSIS FUGAX) associated with TIA?

A

Anticoagulant

153
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke subcategory:

A

Intracerebral aka parenchymal aka hypertensive (long term)

154
Q

What is intracerebral/parenchymal/hypertensive Hemorrhagic Stroke associated with?

A

Hyaline arteriosclerosis

155
Q

What is the mechanism of injury with intracerebral/parenchymal/hypertensive - Hemorrhagic stroke?

A

In the case of long term hypertension, development of hyaline arteriosclerosis, replacement of normal vascular wall with hyaline tissue weakening of the vascular wall

156
Q

What does intracerebral aka parenchymal aka hypertensive - Hemorrhagic Stroke lead to?

A

Death of parenchyme

157
Q

What is the most dangerous part of high BP?

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

  • Intracerebral aka parenchymal aka hypertensive
  • Sudden increase or decrease of BP
158
Q

What is the development sequence of hemorrhagic stroke?

A
  1. Dramatic pressure into adjacent tissue which results in
    compression of walls in ventricle and formations of
    non-communicating hydrocephalus
  2. Development of poisoning of brain tissue by blood
    ▪ Because blood gets outside of the vessels- poisonous for the
    nervous tissue
  3. Pressure atrophy of brain tissue
    ▪ Usually results in death
    ▪ If survival, there is scar tissue formation
159
Q

What happens from subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Rupture of multiple aneurysms that develop within several cerebral arteries (circle of Willis)

160
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Pouching of vascular wall

161
Q

Where does subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke go?

A

Goes into subarachnoid space (not cerebral tissue)

  • Does not result in death of neural tissue, just blood in the subarachnoid space
162
Q

What is the etiology of subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Hypertension may be involved, but it is genetic

163
Q

What is the way in which subarachnoid hemorrhagic strokes occur?

A

The middle layer of arteries are weakened and eventually leads to destruction of the elastic fibers and slow formation of pouching

  • usually occurs in bifurcations
164
Q

When does a subarachnoid hemorrhage occur

A

Usually before 50 y.o.

165
Q

What are the 2 examples of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A
  1. Berry aneurysm

2. Congenital giant aneurysm

166
Q

Aka of Berry Aneurysm :

A

Saccular Aneurysm

167
Q

What does Berry Aneurysm cause?

A

Papilledema

  • Berry A. Is most vulnerable to rupture (> 1cm)
168
Q

Congenital Giant Aneurysm aka

A

Giant Aneurysm

Diameter = > 1cm, up to 5 cm

169
Q

What are the symptoms of congenital Giant aneurysm ?

A

Similar to space occupying lesions (headache, papilledema, nausea, vomiting )

  • MUST BE REMOVED
170
Q

Aneurysms are most vulnerable to rupture between _____

A

4-7 mm

171
Q

CNS TRAUMA

A

NEW TOPIC

172
Q

What is the major factor of CNS trauma ?

A

Car accidents

173
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

Collection of blood outside of the vessels

174
Q

What are the 3 major categories of CNS trauma?

A
  1. Epidural hematoma
  2. Subdural Hematoma
  3. Brain Traumatic Injury (parenchyme)
175
Q

Know your layers ->

A

(Superficial to deep)

  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
176
Q

What is an epidural hematoma?

A

Normally no space between the skull and dura > in this case, arterial hemorrhage pushes against the dura and creates space at the expense of the cranial fossa

177
Q

What artery does blood leak from in an epidural hematoma?

A

Meninges arteries - middle meningeal artery

178
Q

Will you have increased hydrostatic P in epidural hematoma?

A

YES

  • Along with compression of brain tissue
179
Q

What swells during epidural hematoma?

A

Swelling of white matter - accumulation of fluid around axons

  • loss of brain function
  • prevents/diminishes neural activity
180
Q

What happens to the brain during Epidural Hematoma?

A

Shift of brain to the other side fo skull

  • Noncommunicating hydrocephalus is possible
181
Q

What are the types of Herniations that can occur during Epidural hematoma ? **

A
  1. Subfalcine Herniation
  2. Transtentorial (Uncal, uncinate) herniation
  3. Cerebellar Tonsilar Herniation
182
Q

What happens during Subfalcine herniation?

A
  • Compression of the anterior cerebral artery

- Compression of the cingulate gyrus against the fall Cerebri

183
Q

What results from a Transtentorial (Uncal, uncinate) herniation?

A

Compression of free margin of temporal lobe against tentorium cerebelli

184
Q

What gets compressed during Transtentorial (Uncal, uncinate) herniation ?

A

Compression of CN III =

Palsy of CN III **

185
Q

What are the results of Transtentorial (Uncal/uncinate) herniation?

A
  • Paralysis of sphincter papilla muscle responsible for narrowing pupil
  • Ipsilateral pupil dilation
  • Results in permanent dilation of pupil on the same side of herniation
186
Q

What is ipsilateral pupil dilation?

A

Mydriasis aka Blown Pupil

187
Q

What herniation is more serious, Subfalcine or Transtentorial?

A

Transtentorial

188
Q

What is the most serious herniation associated with Epidural hematoma?

A

Cerebellar Tonsilar Herniation

189
Q

What happens during Cerebellar Tonsilar Herniation ?

A

Herniations of cerebellar tonsils and brainstem into foramen magnum (can result in death)

190
Q

What gets compressed during Cerebellar Tonsilar herniation

A
  • Midbrain

- Cardiovascular and respiratory centers compressed = can lead to parathesis/ cardiopulmonary arrest

191
Q

What can cerebellar Tonsilar herniation lead to?

A

Secondary brainstem hemorrhage

  • aka duret hemorrhage
  • develops in pons
  • arterial hematoma
192
Q

What is a severe consequence of cerebellar Tonsilar herniation ?

A

Lost consciousness in 15-25 min and die within 45 min

193
Q

Where is the most dangerous place for an epidural hematoma?

A

Temporal bone

194
Q

Why is the temporal bone the most dangerous place for an epidural hematoma?

A

Middle meningeal artery (largest of meningeal arteries)

195
Q

What is the sequence of Epidural Hematoma?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Break of skull
  3. Cuts meningeal A.
  4. Increases hydrostatic P.
  5. Convexity
  6. Swelling
  7. Death (highly likely)
196
Q

What is affected in Subdural hematoma?

A

Superior cerebral veins

197
Q

Aka of superior cerebral veins =

A

Bridging veins

  • carries blood from the brain to superior sagittal sinus to be drained: major blood collector of brain
198
Q

What does Subdural hematoma result from?

A

Results from rupture of bridging veins due to sudden change of head velocity

199
Q

What is the MOI in Subdural hematoma?

A

Trauma to head, law of inertia, the brain still has room to move when skull is impacted, creates tearing/shearing force

200
Q

What happens during a Subdural hematoma?

A

Leakage fo blood in Subdural space

  • venous hematoma
201
Q

What exactly happens with a Subdural hematoma, what causes damage?

A

Direct contact of blood with the brain - leads to dysfunction and atrophy of the brain tissue

202
Q

When will you see signs and symptoms for Subdural hematoma?

A

24-48 hours and a 2nd trauma could be fatal (why athletes who experience this trauma should continue playing)

203
Q

What are the 2 types of Subdural hematoma?

A
  1. Acute

2. Chronic

204
Q

What happens with acute Subdural hematoma?

A

Sudden change of head velocity that develops in the normal brain (normal people falling)

205
Q

What happens with Chronic Subdural hematoma?

A

Usually develops in elderly people with brain atrophy

  • typical with Alzheimer’s , Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s
206
Q

What are the things associated with brain traumatic parenchymal injury?

A
  • concussion
  • Diffuse Axonal injury
  • contusion
  • laceration (aka traumatic brain hemorrhage)
  • Basilar skull fracture
207
Q

What happens during a brain traumatic parenchymal injury?

A

Damage of brain in different degree and severity

  • MC cause of post traumatic dementia
208
Q

What is brain traumatic parenchymal injury associated with?

A

Concussion

209
Q

What is concussion clinical syndrome?

A

Characterized by immediate and transient loss of neurological function secondary to mechanical forces

210
Q

What is concussion characterized by?

A

2 factors: loss of consciousness and amnesia

211
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Temporary loss of memory of events prior to, during, and after they occur

212
Q

What system is affected with concussion associated with brain traumatic parenchymal injury ?

A

Reticular Activating System (temporary function loss of RAS with concussion)

  • Set of neurons which connect various parts of the brain with one another and negatively effected by trauma
213
Q

What is the most common cause of post traumatic dementia?

A

Diffuse Axonal injury

214
Q

What happens during diffuse Axonal injury ?

A

Elongation of white matter - stretching

  • may result in tear of white matter structures
215
Q

Where does diffuse Axonal injury normally occur?

A

In posterior portions of brainstem and cervical spine

216
Q

What is the MOI with diffuse Axonal injury?

A

Acceleration-deceleration trauma

(Car accident whiplash*)

  • Shaken baby syndrome
217
Q

What do you see within Diffuse Axonal injury?

A

Subinclusions found in area of axon tear, due to accumulation of proteins (micro tears in white matter), amyloid protein precursor-Axonal spheroids

  • aka AXONAL SWELLING
218
Q

What disease would you see with Diffuse Axonal injury ?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

219
Q

What happens with contusion?

A

Hemorrhage’s in the Superficial brain parenchyma caused by blunt trauma - anatomical damage to brain tissue

(More serious than concussion )

220
Q

What are the 2 types of contusions?

A

Coup and contra coup

221
Q

What is coup contusion characterized by?

A

Damage of brain underneath area of impact

  • mobile impact force on immobile head
222
Q

What is contra coup contusion characterized by?

A

Damage of brain on opposite side of impact

  • Mobile head runs into immobile object (person runs into wall)
223
Q

What is laceration aka

A

Traumatic brain hemorrhage

224
Q

What happens during laceration?

A

Tear of brain tissue (and therefore blood vessels)

** DONT CONFUSE WITH STROKE

225
Q

What are the 2 types of hemorrhage associate with laceration?

A
  1. Traumatic Subarachnoid hemorrhage

2. Intracerebral/parenchymal hemorrhage

226
Q

What happens during traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Leakage of blood in subarachnoid space as a result of trauma - develops in superficial areas

227
Q

What happens during intracerebral/parenchymal hemorrhage?

A

Leakage of blood in brain tissue as a result of trauma

228
Q

What happens with a basilar skull fracture?

A

Fracture of orbital plates of frontal bone or greater wing of sphenoid development of bilateral periorbital hemorrhage (bruising of both eyes) and rhinorrhea (runny nose for no reason)

  • Raccoon sign
229
Q

What are the 2 types of fracture associated with Basilar skull fracture?

A

Fracture of orbital plates of frontal bone or greater wing of sphenoid

Fracture of pyramid of temporal bone or anterior aspect of the occipital bone

230
Q

What happens during the 2nd type of fracture during basilar skull fracture?

A

Fracture of pyramid of temporal bone or anterior aspect of the occipital bone - development of battle sign (bruising behind ear)

  • leakage of CSF from ear > otorrhea
231
Q

What can happen as a result of basilar skull fracture?

A

Development of an infection of the CNS - antibiotics would be prescribed

8 PATH 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions