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8 PATH 2 > LAB 3 > Flashcards

LAB 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical digestion of proteins happens through ____

A

Pepsin, in an acidic pH

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2
Q

What is Pepsinogen produced by?

A

Chief cells of the stomach wall

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3
Q

If proteins are not completely digested in the stomach, what will happen?

A

Moves to the duodenum (alkaline environment - inactivates pepsin)

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4
Q

If food is not digested in the stomach, it moves to the duodenum where pepsin is inactivated, what will it be digested by?

A

Trypsin from the pancreas (tripsinogen -> trypsin)

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5
Q

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins where?

A

In the mouth by AMYLASE* from the salivary glands

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6
Q

After chewing, and swallowing, amylase can ______

A

Continue digestion of carbs (depending on the pH of the stomach)

  • NOT if it’s TOO ACIDIC, (4-4.5 = amylase deactivated)
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7
Q

If the amylase is deactivated, where will carbohydrate digestion end?

A

It will end in the stomach

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8
Q

When carbs move to the duodenum after amylase in the salivary glands are deactivated, what will happen?

A

Carbohydrates move to the duodenum and amylase from the pancreas will continue digestion - finish digestion in the upper portion of small intestine and duodenum

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9
Q

Fat digestion occurs where?

A

In the duodenum

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10
Q

What is bile’s function?

A

Emulsification of fats to increase surface area for lipase to work

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11
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

In pancreas (and in small amounts, the salivary glands)

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12
Q

Where does the pancreatic ducts open into?

A

The Duodenum

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13
Q

What does bile do?

A

It divides the fats from large globus to small globus so lipase works more efficiently

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14
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Upper left abdominal cavity

-> Epigastric area of abdominal cavity above where ribs connect

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15
Q

Fundus function:

A

Storage of gas, if we didn’t have the fundus we would belch all the time

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16
Q

What is the significance of stomach fundus for chiropractic care?

A

Gastric air bubbles on X-ray to identify the left side of the body if missing the marker

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17
Q

What is a gastric air bubble?

A

Radiolucent spot on Lf side of film

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18
Q

Gastroesophageal/esophageogastric junction aka

A

Cardia area

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19
Q

What does Gastroesophageal/esophageogastric junction aka cardia area prevent?

A

The stomach contents from moving from the stomach to the esophagus (irritates esophageal mucus)

  • Prevented by the lower esophageal sphincter
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20
Q

What is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

Portion of the stomach goes into the lower portion of the stomach: The lower esophageal sphincter isn’t always strong enough - HEARTBURN

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21
Q

What is heartburn?

A

Irritation of the esophageal mucus by the stomach contents -> dangerous

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22
Q

What can frequent irritation of lower esophageal sphincter result in? (Heartburn)

A

BARRETT ESOPHAGUS

23
Q

What is BARRETT ESOPHAGUS?

A

Metaplasia (change of cell type from normal to abnormal) of the distal 2 cm of the esophageal mucosa

24
Q

Will you see changes to the mucosa with BARRETT ESOPHAGUS?

A

Yes they will be obvious, PRECANCEROUS status (20 x’s increase in probability) one of the factors that promotes esophageal cancer

25
Q

Line that separates the gastric and esophageal mucosa =

A

Z Line (GERD) Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease

26
Q

What causes GERD?

A

Nothing prevents the stomach contents through the esophagus - once into the pharyngeal cavity, can inhale stomach content

27
Q

What are the 2 reasons that GERD is bad (inhaling stomach content)?

A

1) . Strangulation - Death of the patient - common death in chronic alcoholics (vomiting while sleeping, inhaling contents)
2) . Aspiration Pneumonia

28
Q

What is “Aspiration Pneumonia” associated with GERD?

A

Infectious inflammation of lung tissue and in the stomach aggressive content (enzymes) = chemical damage to respiratory tract

29
Q

What is the treatment and problems with Aspiration pneumonia associated with GERD

A

You have to take care of chemical burns - people have trouble sleeping in certain positions due to the contents moving into the esophagus

(Have to sleep upright/sitting)

  • Gravity eliminates moving of food up into esophagus (PNEUMONIA + HEART BURN)
30
Q

What are the problems that can occur within the stomach body?

A

Lesser curvature and greater curvature

31
Q

Why is the lesser curvature significant in the stomach?

A

It is the favorite place of the peptic ulcer and stomach cancer **

32
Q

What is the “Antrum” in the stomach associated with?

A

“Cave”

  • Cells and Infection
33
Q

What is the Pylorus of the stomach?

A

Contains the pyloric canal (communicates the stomach acidic environment with duodenal basic environment)

34
Q

What is contained in the pyloric sphincter?

A

Smooth much cells that are composed of lumen

35
Q

What is the pyloric reflex?

A

The more acidic the environment of the stomach, the more narrow the pyloric canal (to prevent moving too much acidity into the duodenum)

36
Q

If you get full after eating too much, what should you drink?

A

Something basic to raise the pH to open the pyloric canal more and allow more food to move from stomach to duodenum

37
Q

What is significant about the beginning of duodenum?

A

Duodenal bulb = horizontal and very short

38
Q

What is the beginning of duodenum (bulb) infected by?

A

Moving of stomach content - chemical affects - acidic environment bombards the wall and predisposes the duodenal wall to peptic ulcer which changes the mucosa

39
Q

What is the most common place of the peptic ulcer?

A

Beginning of the duodenum

  • You will find scar tissue on the wall even without pain
40
Q

How does the body protect the duodenal bulb?

A

THrough the pyloric reflex

  • The more acidic the stomach, the more narrow the canal, small portion of chyme allowed out at a time: The more basic the stomach, the more opened the canal (not dangerous)
41
Q

What are on the inner surface of the stomach?

A

Foldings called rugae, allow for the stomach to distend (allow for more surface area/contact for the food on the stomach wall)

42
Q

Epithelial cells of the stomach are covered by _____

A

TALL COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL cells WITHOUT goblet cells **

43
Q

Duodenum and other portions of the intestines and lungs contain -

A

Goblet mucus producing cells (which produce mucus)

44
Q

What do Goblet cells do?

A

Protect the lungs and trachea - bronchial tree

45
Q

What would happen if Goblet cells are found in the stomach?

A

They are unacceptable in stomach, and it indicates sickness

46
Q

What sickness is it called when mucosal cells are in the stomach?

A

Intestinal Metaplasia (part of CHRONIC GASTRITIS)

  • intestinal cells in the stomach = precancerous situation
47
Q

Stomach mucus cells are different than goblet how?

A

Don’t have the same shape as a goblet cell - forms mucus by forming submucosal glands with multiple of the same cells

  • mucus goes out and covers the stomach wall to protect it
48
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

HCl

49
Q

What is the physiological reason for stomach acidity?

A

1) Activation of enzyme pepsinogen to pepsin
2) Stomach acidity maintains the pepsin in active state (pepsin can be in active and inactive forms based on spatial configuration)

50
Q

What does active Pepsin require?

A

Acidic environment, when stomach environment becomes basic, spatial configuration changes, inactivating pepsin

51
Q

What happens if the stomach is not acidic enough?

A

Leads to improper digestion of the proteins -> drink a lot of sour stuff

(Sour fluid promotes acidic environment thus promotes activation of pepsin)

52
Q

What is someone with weak acidic stomach environment subscribed?

A

0.5 % HCl solution

53
Q

What is Stomach acidity’s other major purpose (immune)?

A

Killing bacteria that gets in (prevent from bacterial contamination - prevents replication and growth of bacteria)

54
Q

What is a natural barrier from infection?

A

Stomach’s acidic environment

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