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8 PATH 2 > LAB 1 > Flashcards

LAB 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Urolithiasis refers to what?

A

A calculus (stone) formation at any level of the collecting urinary system (not only just in the kidneys) from Vit A deficiency

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2
Q

How many people have Kidney stones?

A

35 million 10% of Americans (mostly men)

  • Hidden/undiagnosed urolithiasis (not manifested yet) # increases dramatically
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3
Q

What is the Etiology of Urolithiasis?

A

Unknown

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4
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Urolithiasis?

A

Associated with increased concentration of the stones’ constituents in the urine so that it exceeds their solubility in the fluid - SUPERSATURATION ***

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5
Q

What is an example of Supersaturation?

A

Sugar in coffee; too much added sugar is unable to be dissolved in the coffee

  • Prevented by drinking sufficient amounts of fluids to keep the fluid levels high enough to keep the constituents from forming stones
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6
Q

Urine is typically _____

A

A weak acidic environment

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7
Q

70-75% of the stones in the urinary are formed from ____

A

Calcium Oxalate or combination of calcium oxalate and phosphate

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8
Q

Formation of stones in tract requires space (there is no excess space in the body), how is space made?

A

Space is made by removing/killing the original, functional kidney tissue

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9
Q

Kidney stones obstruct the path that fluid flows from the kidney to bladder —>

A

Fluid is physically not compressible - causes an accumulation of fluid and increases hydrostatic/hydrolic pressure

(Increases with increased fluid in the closed/confined space) - the walls consist of proper kidney tissue

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10
Q

How does pressure atrophy affect the kidney?

A

Destroys the kidney tissue -> IRREVERSIBLE (may result in kidney failure)

  • Stones and their fragments can then flow into the ureter that is much smaller than the rest of the system
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11
Q

10-15% of the stones in the urinary tract are made of _____

A

Magnesium and Ammonium Phosphate

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12
Q

Magnesium and Ammonium Phosphate aka:

A

Triple Stones or Struvite

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13
Q

What is the normal environment of urine?

A

Weakly acidic to prevent bacterial growth (fights bacterial contamination of urine UTI)

  • This is a part of innate immunity - nonspecific resistance
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14
Q

In what environment are Triple Stones made?

A

BASIC ENVIRONMENT

  • Normally, stones are formed in an acidic environment
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15
Q

If you drink basic mineral water, different bacteria begins to develop, what are those bacteria?

A

Gram bacillus, E. Coil, Serratia, Psudomonia, etc

** Gram Bacillus infection infection is most likely cause for infection

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16
Q

If a patient has basic urine, you’re thinking ______

A

UTI

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17
Q

What is the most powerful converter of urine to a basic environment?

A

Proteus Vulgaris (Gr-bacillus)

18
Q

6-23% of the stones in the urinary tract are made of ______

A

Uric acid salts

19
Q

When are Uric acid salts typically seen?

A

Patients with Hyperuricemia (increased uric acid in the blood)

  • Pure uric acid stones are radiolucent and will NOT be seen on X ray
20
Q

What makes salts radiopaque?

A

Calcium (Called calcium inclusions)

21
Q

0.5 - 4% of the stones in the urinary tract are made of ______

A

Cystine ***

22
Q

What is Cystine in urine due to?

A

Increased elimination of cystine from the kidneys (the excess cystine precipitates into stones)

23
Q

What is urinary obstruction?

A

Slowing or stoppage of fluid flow in the system promotes precipitation of the solutes in the fluid (urine) and their sedimentation/deposit on the wall of the system

24
Q

What does Urinary Obstruction result in?

A

The decrease/narrowing of the tube lumen of the system

25
Q

What can narrowing of the lumen cause?

A

Decreased flow of the fluid (example: blocked pipes)

  • Any blockage/restriction of urine flow can cause the deposit of the solutes/sediment
26
Q

T/F, and enlarged prostate can cause Urinary obstruction, thus causing stone formation?

A

TRUE

27
Q

What is an “Enlarged Prostate?”

A

Any pathology of the prostate will cause an issue in urination — swelling of the gland can restrict the flow of urine

28
Q

What are examples of Enlarged prostate?

A

Acute prostatitis , prostate tumors (MC**)

29
Q

T/F, The prostate is single lobed?

A

FALSE, it has multiple lobes (lobes not found after fetus becomes baby)

30
Q

Central zone =

A

Surrounds urethra

31
Q

Transitional zone =

A

Around urethra

32
Q

Periurethral zone =

A

Surrounds urethra

33
Q

Peripheral Zone =

A

Outermost zone (surrounds others)

34
Q

Tumor in any Zone, C, T, P, P will ______

A

Compress the urethral wall - results in reduced urination

35
Q

Where does a tumor in the prostate usually grow into?

A

The lumen of the bladder (easiest way with least resistance)

  • This decreases the size/capacity of the bladder (100 -> 70) causes frequent urination
36
Q

A tumor in any Zone can cause what to the urethra?

A

The tumor BLOCKS the urethra which can cause DRIBBLING**

  • By patient trying to push out the urine, this increases the intra abdominal pressure causing a possible hernia
37
Q

What type of Herniation is common with blockage of the urethra by a prostate tumor?

A

Typically will cause an inguinal herniation = 3 ball disease - patient cannot urinate

38
Q

Inability to begin urination =

A

Hesitancy

39
Q

What zone will you see symptoms take the longest to develop?

A

The PERIPHERAL ZONE, farther from urethra than others, thus causing symptoms later than earlier

40
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia:

A

Adenoma (tumor arising from granular tissue - benign - begins in the lobes near the urethra CZ TZ PuZ) *****

  • affects urinary system in short time
41
Q

Prostate cancer carcinoma typically begins where ? **

A

Peripheral zone (80%)

  • Eventually reaches entire prostate, grows slow and eventually reaches urethra (over years) unable to treat and inoperable
42
Q

Most patients who have typical prostate cancer _____

A

Have no symptoms other than urination difficulty

  • With Prostate cancer (carcinoma), there will be nothing left of the prostate (20 % of cases the tumor can begin in other zones)

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