LECTURE 3 Flashcards
What are the manifestations of Rheumatic Fever?
- Subarthritis
- Erythema Annulare (Marginatum)
- Subcutaneous Nodules
- Sydenham’s Chorea
What is Subarthritis associated with Rheumatic Fever?
Inflammation of the joints that are warm, painful and symmetrical occurs in one joint area for 2-5 days, then spontaneously subsides
- goes to ankles, then knees, then hands, then wrist
Arthritis that moves around associated with Rheumatic Fever is known as _______
Migratory Arthritis
= No destruction of joint (does not leave any consequences)
What is “Erythema Annulare (marginatum)” associated with Rheumatic Fever?
VASCULITIS of a circular erythema - sign of vasculitis
“Common with RF” Very RARE in REAL medical practice
What are Subcutaneous Nodules associated with Rheumatic Fever?
Knuckle region (common with RF), but RARE in real practice
What is Sydenham’s Chorea associated with Rheumatic Fever
Inability to draw straight line, involuntary jerking. Curable, mild vasculitis of cerebral vessels
- Atrophy of the midbrain (stria nuclei)
What are the differences between Huntington’s Disease chorea and Sydenham’s chorea?
Huntington’s is genetic primary disease, begins at 30-35, male and female equally - INCURABLE
- Death in 10-15 years
What are the main points of Sydenham’s Chorea?
Acquired, secondary to RF, mild vasculitis of cerebral vessels
- neurons NOT affected
- Develops in FEMALES no later than 15 y.o.
- CURABLE
What are the different types of inflammation associated with Rheumatic Fever?
- Rheumatic Myocarditis
- Rheumatic Pericarditis
- Rheumatic Endocarditis
What is Rheumatic Myocarditis associated with Rheumatic Fever?
90% of cases develops myocarditis - Inflammation of heart muscles - muscle is always involved in a form of inflammation
What is Rheumatic Myocarditis manifested by?
Necrosis of Aschoff’s Nodes -> Fibrinoid Necrosis -> Pathognomic sign of RF
What is Rheumatic Pericarditis?
Accumulation of exudate (formed by fibrinogen inflammation) in the area - can be fibrous due to fibrin strands causing friction
- Can cause issue in heart function and bruits will be heard
Rheumatic Pericarditis is what type of inflammation?
Fibrinous Inflammation
What is Rheumatic Endocarditis?
Major problem with RF
- Inflammation of VALVES
- Mitral Valve MC affected
Cardiac valves that regulate blood flow in the heart are made of ______
Endocarditis —> Inflammation of valves
With Endocarditis, what can happen simultaneously?
Both valvular insufficiency and stenosis can occur simultaneously - degree of involvement varies - both usually develop at the same time
What is Valvular Insufficiency aka Valvular Regurgitation?
When there is inflammation in the endocarditis, there is inflammation of the valves as well
- Healing with CT on out layers of the valves, the valves shrink, and forms gaps/defects between the flaps of the valve
Can the Mitral valve close completely with Valvular insufficiency aka valvular regurgitation?
No the Mitral valve cannot close completely -> left ventricular systole, blood backflows into the left atrium - in each cycle, there is more blood in the left atrium that there should be
What type of stenosis is seen with Rheumatic Fever?
Stenosis of the Atrio-Ventricular opening (Mitral stenosis)
What do the valves try to do in Mitral Stenosis?
They try to compensate by adhering portions that are not gapped together, this decreases the space of the lumen that was available for blood to flow through
When stenosis of the Mitral Valve occurs, what will this lead to?
This decreases the amount of fluid allowed to flow through the space (stenosis), therefore blood from the left atrium is not allowed to flow out
What happens when blood from the left atrium is not allowed to flow out?
Left atrium accumulates more and more blood which leads to distension of the left atrium, and leads to concentric hypertrophy of the left atrium
Accumulation of fluid in the left atrium leads to _____
Increased hydrostatic pressure, and accumulation of blood leads to the equalization of the hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary vein and left atrium
What can hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary vein and left atrium lead to?
Stoppage of blood in the system of the pulmonary artery = Enlargement of plaques