Lecture Exam 3 pt.2

Question 1

Digestive Processed

Answer 1

Ingestion:
-taking food into the mouth

mechanical digestion:
-physically breaking down food
—>chewing, churning in stomach

chemical digestion:
-breaking food down into molecules via enzymes and acids
—> saliva and stomach acid

absorption:
-nutrients from digested food are absorbed into the blood and lymph

metabolism:
-cells use absorbed nutrients to produce energy or build body components

defecation:
-elimination of indegestible substances and waste as feces

Question 2

oral cavity boundaries

Answer 2

roof
-hard and soft palate

floor
-tongue and muscles

Question 3

tongue

Answer 3

assists in tasting, swallowing, and speech
-contains papillae and taste buds

Question 4

GI tract

Answer 4

1. oral cavity
2. pharynx
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intestine
   a. duodenum
   b. jejunum
   c. ilium
6. large intestine
   a. cecum
   b. ascending
   c. transvers
   d. descending
   e. sigmoid
7. rectum
8. anus

Question 5

Accessory digestive organs

Answer 5

teeth
tongue
liver
salivary glands
gallbladder
pancreas

Question 6

Deglutition

Answer 6

swallowing
-2 phases
1. buccal (Voluntary)
-tongue pushes food to oropharynx
2. pharyngeal-esophageal (involuntary)
-swallowing reflex

Question 7

uvula

Answer 7

blocks nasal cavity so food can’t get in when swallowing

Question 8

upper and lower esophageal sphincters

Answer 8

regulate passage of food into and out of the esophagus

Question 9

movements

Answer 9

peristalsis
-wave like muscle contractions that push food forwards/down

segmentation
-mixing movements that aid digestion and absorption

Question 10

esophagus

Answer 10

voluntary
-upper 1/3
^skeletal muscle

involuntary
-lower 2/3
^smooth muscle

layers
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. adventitia

Question 11

Stomach

Answer 11

parts
-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pylorus

wall layers
-mucoas
^epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis externa
^oblique, circular, longitudinal
-serosa

Question 12

Peritoneum

Answer 12

layers
-parietal
^lines abdominal wall
-visceral
^ covers organs

Question 13

mesentery

Answer 13

double layer
-holds organs in place and carries vessels

Question 14

functions of peritoneum and mesentery

Answer 14

support, protection, blood supply

Question 15

omen

Answer 15

greater omentum
-hangs from stomach
-has fat
-immune function
-protects

lesser omentum
-connects stomach to liver

Question 16

gastric secretion phases

Answer 16

cephalic
-thinking/smelling food

gastric
-food in stomach
-stimulated by stretch and pH

intestinal
-controls rate of emptying
^into small intestine

Question 17

Nerve Plexuses in GI tract

Answer 17

myenteric plexus
-controly motility
submucosal plexus
-controls secretion

Question 18

small intestine

Answer 18

parts
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum

structures
-villi
-microvilli
-circular folds
^for absorption

Question 19

Large intestine

Answer 19

parts
-cecum
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
-anus

features
-haustra
^pouches
-teniae coli
^ bands of muscle

Question 20

Liver

Answer 20

functions
-detox
-metabolism
-production of bile
-store vitamins

lobes
-left
-right
-caudate
-quadrate

structures
-hepatic lobules
-sinusoids
-central vein

triads
-branches of bile duct
-hepatic artery
-portal vein

porta hépatisations
-the entry/exit for vessels and bile ducts

Question 21

Bile Pathway

Answer 21

Liver—>right and left hepatic ducts—>common hepatic ducts—>cystic duct—>common bile duct—>duodenum

Question 22

Pancreas

Answer 22

mixed type gland
-exocrine
^acini cells produce digestive enzymes
-endocrine
^islets produce insulin and glucogen

Question 23

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Answer 23

where bile and pancreatic juice mix
-duodenal papilla
^entry point into duodenum

Question 24

Bile

Answer 24

produced in
-liver

concentrated in
-gallbladder

function
-emulsifies fats for digestion