Lecture Exam 3 pt.1 Flashcards
Respiratory Tract
Parts of the Respiratory Tract
- Nose/ nasal cavity
- pharynx
a. nasopharynx
b. oropharynx
c. laryngopharynx - larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary - bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
Conducting Zone vs. Respiratory Zone
Conducting Zone:
-passageways that conduct air
-not involved in gas exchange
Respiratory Zone:
-site of gas exchange with blood
Parts of the Conducting Zone
nose/nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
terminal bronchioles
Parts of the Respiratory Zone
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
Respiratory Organs
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Anatomy of the Nose
nasal septum
nasal conchae
-separated by meatuses
->primary, middle, inferior
olfactory epithelium
Functions of the nose
filters
moistens
warms air
smell
traps particles
Parts of the Pharynx
nasopharynx- air only
oropharynx- air, food, and liquid
laryngopharynx- air, food, and liquid
Respiratory defense system
traps and removes particles
-mucus, cilia, macrophages
protects against pathogens
Epithelial lining of upper respipratory tract
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-moves mucus with trapped debris towards the throat
Structures of the nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsils
-adenoids
opening of the auditory (eustachian) tubes
Uvula
function:
-prevents food from entering nasopharynx when swallowing
muscle:
-skeletal muscle
Epiglottis
function:
-prevents food from entering larynx
cartilage:
elastic cartilage
unpaired larynx cartilages
thyroid
-largest
cricoid
-second largest
epiglottis
paired larynx cartilages
arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform
Anatomy of the trachea
layers:
-mucosa
-submucosa
-adventitia
cartilage:
-hyaline
-c shaped rings
carina:
-sensitive area
–> for cough reflex
lining:
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Characteristics of Right lung
3 lobes
2 fissures
fat
short
Characteristics of left lung
2 lobes
1 fissure
skinny
tall
respiratory membrane
3 layers
1. alveolar epithelium
2. fused basement membrane
3. capillary endothelium
Factors affecting gas exchange
surface area
membrane thickness
partial pressure gradients
ventilation-perfusion ratio
Alveolar Cell Types
3 types
1. type 1
-gas exchange
2. type 2
-secretes surfactant
3. alveolar macrophages
- removes debris
Surfactant
reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)
surfactant deficiency
-most common in pre mature babies
Respiratory Processes
pulmonary ventilation:
-breathing in and out
external respiration
-gas exchange (lungs <–> blood)
internal respiration:
-gas exchange (bllod <–Tissue)
transport:
-O2 and CO2 in the blood
Movement of Gas
02
-lungs–>blood–>tissue
CO2
-tissue–>blood–>lungs
Pleura Anatomy
Visceral pleura
-covers lungs
parietal pleura
-lines thoracic cavity
pleural cavity
-between the 2 layers
contains fluid to reduce friction
Mechanisms of Breathing
diaphragm
-main muscular mechanism
external intercostals
intrapulmonary
-changes with breathing
intrapleural
-always lower than alveolar
atmospheric
-baseline (760mmHg)
Brainstem Respiratory Centers
medullary rhythmicity center
-basic rhythm
pneumotaxic center
-inhibits inspiration
apneustic center
-promotes inspiration
Hering-Breuer Reflex
stretch reflex
-prevents over inflation of the lungs
Chemoreceptors
monitor CO2, O2, and pH
Baroreceptors
moniter BP
Apnea
no breathing
hypoxia
low CO2
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
pneumonia
infection in the lungs
asthma
inflammation and narrowing of air ways
tachypnea
rapid breathing
cyanosis
blue tint in the skin due to hypoxia
pulmonart TB
bacterial infection
hypercapnia
high CO2
bronchitis
inflamed bronchi
pleuritis
inflamed pleura
emphysema
alveolar wall destruction
pneumothorax
air in pleural space
-collaped lung
bronchodilator
airway widening
bronchoconstriction
airway narrowing
Pulmonary Volumes
tidal volume:
-normal breath (500mL)
inspiratory reserve volume
-additional air you can forcibly inhale(3100mL)
expiratory reserve volume
-additional air you can forcibly expel (1200mL)
residual volume
-air left after forcible exhale (1200mL)
–> prevents lung collapse
Vital Capacity
maximum usable lung volume
-total amount of air you can exhale after a deep breath in
TV+IRV+ERV
Inspiratory Capacity
maximum air you can inhale after normal exhalation
TV+IRV
Functional Residual capacity
amount of air left in lungs after normal breath out
ERV+RV
Total lung capacity
max amount of air your lungs can hold
TV+ERV+IRV+RV
Partial pressures
alveoli
O2: ~104mmHg
CO2:~40mmHg
lung capilaries
O2: ~40mmHg
CO2:~45mmHg
body tissue
O2: ~40mmHg
CO2:~45mmHg
Tissue Capillaries
O2:~100mmHg
C02:~40mmHg
Pressure Differences Driving Gas Exchange
Partial Pressure Gradients
-high to low
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
right shift
-lower affinity
—> more O2 released
CO2^, Temp^, pH-
Left shift
higher affinity
CO2-, Temp-, pH^
