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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Lecture 1 Exam > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards

Cardiovascular System

1
Q

The Blood:
Define Blood

A

a special type of connective tissue that circulates throughout the body within a closed system

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2
Q

The Blood:
Why is blood a connective tissue

A

because of its origin and intercellular fluid matrix
-special because of its liquid form

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3
Q

The Blood:
What is the closed system that contains the blood

A

The heart and blood vessels

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4
Q

The Blood:
What is the blood produced by

A

mesenchyme

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5
Q

The Blood:
What are the three functions of the blood

A
  1. transportation
  2. regulation
  3. defense
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6
Q

The Blood:
What does the blood transport

A

oxygen, nutrients, hormones, gasses, materials, hormones, and antibodies

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7
Q

The Blood:
Where does the blood deliver O2 and nutrients

A

The tissues

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8
Q

The Blood:
What does the blood do with the other materials

A

carries it to and from the cells

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9
Q

The Blood:
What does the blood regulate

A

pH, coagulation, body temperature, and wastes

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10
Q

The Blood:
How does the blood regulate pH

A

by the presence of blood buffers

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11
Q

The Blood:
What are the blood buffers that help regulate pH

A

bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

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12
Q

The Blood:
What does coagulation regulate

A

fluid loss

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13
Q

The Blood:
What is the average blood temperature

A

38 degrees celsius/ 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit
-remains at a slightly higher temperature than the general body temperature

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14
Q

The Blood:
How does the blood regulate wastes

A

exerts wastes such as ammonia, urea, and CO2

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15
Q

The Blood:
What does the blood defend against

A

toxins and pathogens

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16
Q

The Blood:
How does the blood defend against toxins and pathogens

A

phagocytotic actions of WBC’s and antibodies

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17
Q

The Blood:
What are the general characteristics of blood

A

red
high viscosity
pH is around 7.35-7.45

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18
Q

The Blood:
why is blood red

A

hemoglobin

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19
Q

The Blood:
what color is arterial blood

A

bright red due to the presence of O2

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20
Q

The Blood:
What color is venous blood

A

bluish red due to the lack of O2

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21
Q

The Blood:
How much more viscous is blood than water

A

4-5 times
-more than 5 blood will not flow properly

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22
Q

The Blood:
Why is blood slightly alkaline

A

to avoid acidity

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23
Q

The Blood:
what results in blood pH going lower than 7.00

A

acidosis

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24
Q

The Blood:
What results in blood pH going about 7.45

A

alkalosis

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25
Q

The Blood:
What is the average blood volume

A

men : 5-6 liters
women : 4-5 liters

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26
Q

The Blood:
Why is blood volume higher in men

A

higher muscle mass and testosterone

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27
Q

The Blood:
What are the two components of blood

A

plasma and formed elements

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28
Q

The Blood:
What is the percentage of plasma in blood

A

55%

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29
Q

The Blood:
what is the percentage if formed elements in blood

A

45%

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30
Q

The Blood:
What is plasma

A

the liquid part of blood

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31
Q

The Blood:
What does plasma consist of

A

92% water
7% plasma proteins
1% other solutes

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32
Q

The Blood:
What do platelets from

A

buffy coat

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33
Q

The Blood:
what is the hematocrit value

A

formed elements

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34
Q

The Blood:
What do formed elements consist of

A

99% RBCs
>1% WBCs
>1% platelets

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35
Q

The Blood:
What do the erythrocytes do

A

carry O2 and CO2

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36
Q

The Blood:
what do leukocytes do

A

for immune function ; fight infections

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37
Q

The Blood:
what are thrombocytes for

A

blood clotting

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38
Q

The Blood:
What is the Hematocrit Value / Packed Cell Volume

A

the percentage of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells

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39
Q

The Blood:
What are the three main plasma proteins

A
  1. albumins
  2. globulins
  3. fibrinogens
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40
Q

The Blood:
How do albumins help with transport

A

responsible for colloid osmotic pressure
-the pressure that keeps blood in the center of the artery

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41
Q

The Blood:
what are globulins responsible for

A

immunity
-they are antibiotics

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42
Q

The Blood:
what are fibrinogens responsible for

A

clot formation

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43
Q

The Blood:
What is the production of formed elements

A

most blood cells do not divide but are renewed by stem cells in bone marrow

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44
Q

The Blood:
What is the term for blood cell production

A

hematopoiesis

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45
Q

The Blood:
Where does hematopoiesis occur in the fetus

A

liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow

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46
Q

The Blood:
where does hematopoiesis occur in adults

A

mainly red bone marrow of the axial skeleton
-girdles and epiphyses of humerus and femur

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47
Q

The Blood:
What are hemocytoblasts

A

give rise to all formed elements

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48
Q

The Blood:
How are the types of formed elements determined

A

growth factors

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49
Q

The Blood:
Where do formed elements derive from

A

stem cells

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50
Q

The Blood:
What is the term for “the process or production of erythrocytes

A

erythropoiesis

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51
Q

The Blood:
where do erythrocytes originate from

A

hemopoetic stem cells
-called proerythroblasts

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52
Q

The Blood:
What stimulates the production of erythrocytes

A

erythroprotein released by the kidneys

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53
Q

The Blood:
What influences the production of erythrocytes

A

testosterone, hypoxia, renal erythroprotein

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54
Q

The Blood:
What is the lifespan for RBCs

A

3-4 months

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55
Q

The Blood:
Why is the lifespand of RBCs so short

A

lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes

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56
Q

The Blood:
What is earliest stage of RBCs

A

proerythroblasts
-day 1

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57
Q

The Blood:
When do RBCs begin to get smaller

A

basophilic erythroblast
-day 2

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58
Q

The Blood:
what is day 3 of RBC lifespan

A

polychromatic erythroblast

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59
Q

The Blood:
When does the RBC eject its nucleus

A

normoblast stage
-day 4

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60
Q

The Blood:
When does RBC enter circulation

A

when it becomes a reticulocyte
-days 5-7

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61
Q

The Blood:
when does an RBC become a mature red blood cell

A

day 8

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62
Q

The Blood:
What is erythropoiesis

A

production of red blood cells

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63
Q

The Blood:
where does erythropoiesis occur

A

red bone marrow

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64
Q

The Blood:
What does erythropoiesis begin with

A

hematopoetic stem cell

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65
Q

The Blood:
What is hemopoiesis

A

the process of blood cell formation and development

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66
Q

The Blood:
where does hompoiesis occur

A

bone marrow of blood cells and lymphoid organs

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67
Q

The Blood:
what is thrombopoiesis

A

production of platelets

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68
Q

The Blood:
where does thrombopoiesis occur

A

bone marrow

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69
Q

The Blood:
How does thrombopoiesis occur

A

when megakaryocytes fragment into smaller pieces

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70
Q

The Blood:
What is leukopoiesis

A

the production of white blood cells

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71
Q

The Blood:
where does leukopoiesis occur

A

bone marrow and lymphoid organs

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72
Q

The Blood:
What are hemocytoblasts

A

pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow that can give rise to all types of blood cells

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73
Q

The Blood:
What is a lymphoid stem cell

A

stem cell that differentiates into lymphocytes

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74
Q

The Blood:
what are the types of lymphocytes

A

t cells, b cells, and natural killer cells

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75
Q

The Blood:
What is a myeloid stem cell

A

stem cell that differentiates into other blood cells including RBCs, platelets, and granulocytes

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76
Q

The Blood:
What is erythropoeiten

A

hormone produced mainly by the kidneys in response to low O2 levels and stimulates the production of RBC in the bone marrow

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77
Q

The Blood:
What are the 4 protein subunits of hemoglobin

A

2 heme and 2 globin

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78
Q

The Blood:
What does the heme subunit contain

A

iron ion

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79
Q

The Blood:
what is oxyhemoglobin

A

hemes ability to easily associate with oxygen

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80
Q

The Blood:
What is deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemes ability to easily dissassociate with oxygen

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81
Q

The Blood:
What does globin have

A

4 globular protein subunits

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82
Q

The Blood:
What does each subunit of globin bind with

A

one molecule of heme

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83
Q

The Blood:
what is the function of hemoglobin

A

carries O2 from the lungs to the tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs

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84
Q

The Blood:
What is the normal hemoglobin count

A

male : 14-18 g/dl whole blood
female : 12-16 g/dl whole blood

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85
Q

The Blood:
why is the male hb count higher

A

more RBCs

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86
Q

The Blood:
What is the function of RBCs

A

transport O2 and CO2 to and from the lungs (to the tissue and from the tissue)

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87
Q

The Blood:
What is the microscopic appearance of RBCs

A

biconcave, no nucleus, small, red stained cells

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88
Q

The Blood:
What is the microscopic appearance of WBCs

A

larger than RBCs with nuclei that vary in shape

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89
Q

The Blood:
what is the microscopic appearance of neutrophils

A

pale granules
2-6 lobes

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90
Q

The Blood:
what is the microscopic appearance of eusonophils

A

red stained granules
bilobed

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91
Q

The Blood:
what is the microscopic appearance of basophils

A

blue/purple granules
bilobed

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92
Q

The Blood:
what is the microscopic appearance of lymphocytes

A

large nucleus
no granules

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93
Q

The Blood:
what is the microscopic appearance of monocytes

A

larger than other cells
bean shaped nucleus

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94
Q

The Blood:
what is the microscopic appearance of platelets

A

small
irregular
no nuclei

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95
Q

The Blood:
what is a normal RBC count in 1 microliter of whole blood

A

male : 4.5-6.3 million
female : 4.2-5.5 million

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96
Q

The Blood:
what is a normal WBC count in 1 microliter of whole blood

A

4,000-11,000 cells

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97
Q

The Blood:
what is the normal platelet count per microliter of whole blood

A

150,000-450,000

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98
Q

The Blood:
What are the final steps of RBC lifespan

A

the cell become fragile before the cell membrane ruptures

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99
Q

The Blood:
what are the organs of RBC recycling

A

liver and spleen

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100
Q

The Blood:
what is considered the graveyard organ

A

spleen

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101
Q

The Blood:
what happens to hemoglobin components when RBC dies

A

they are broken down into heme and globin

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102
Q

The Blood:
What is heme further broken into when RBC dies

A

bilirubin

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103
Q

The Blood:
what is globin further broken down into when RBC dies

A

amino acids and they are reused

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104
Q

The Blood:
what happens to the iron from hemoglobin when RBC dies

A

stored in the body
or reused in new RBC production

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105
Q

The Blood:
what are the granulocytes

A

the phils
-neutrophil
-eusonophil
-basophil

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106
Q

The Blood:
what are the most abundant of the granulocytes

A

neutrophils

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107
Q

The Blood:
what are the agranulocytes

A

the cytes
-lymphocytes
-monocytes

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108
Q

The Blood:
what are the 5 properties of WBCs

A
  1. diapedesis
  2. marginization
  3. ameboid motion
  4. chemotaxis
  5. phagocytosis
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109
Q

The Blood:
what is diapedesis

A

white blood cells pass through the pores of the blood vessel wall

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110
Q

The Blood:
what is marginization

A

when WBCs attach to the wall of a blood vessel

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111
Q

The Blood:
what is ameboid motion

A

the movement of WBCs as they change shape and crawl

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112
Q

The Blood:
what is chemotaxis

A

chemical attraction

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113
Q

The Blood:
what do WBCs use chemotaxis for and what kind do they use

A

to move towards bacteria
-positive chemotaxis

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114
Q

The Blood:
what is phagocytosis

A

WBC engulfs and digests pathogens and debris

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115
Q

The Blood:
what is hemostasis

A

the stoppage of bleeding

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116
Q

The Blood:
what are the three stages of hemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
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117
Q

The Blood:
what is the vascular spasm stage

A

immediate constriction of the blood vessel to reduce blood flow

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118
Q

The Blood:
what is the platelet plug formation stage

A

platelets adhere to the site of injury and form a plug
-platelets are sticky and like rough surfaces

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119
Q

The Blood:
what is the coagulation stage

A

activation of clotting factors leading to fibrin formation and stabilization of the platelet plug

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120
Q

The Blood:
What is the ABO system

A

blood type is determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on RBC

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121
Q

The Blood:
what is type A

A

A antigen on surface with B antibodies in plasma

122
Q

The Blood:
what is type B

A

B antigen on surface with A antibodies in plasma

123
Q

The Blood:
what is type AB

A

A and B antigens on surface with no A or B antibodies in plasma

124
Q

The Blood:
What is type O

A

No A or B antigens on surface but has both A and B antibodies in plasma

125
Q

The Blood:
What is the Rh system

A

with or without Rh factor on RBC surface

126
Q

The Blood:
what is Rh positive

A

with the Rh antigen

127
Q

The Blood:
what is Rh negative

A

without the Rh antigen

128
Q

The Blood:
How do they determine transfusions

A

they look at the donors antigens on RBC surface ; they look at the recipients antibodies in their plasma

129
Q

The Blood:
Why can’t A donate to B and vice versa

A

the antigens from A donor would be attacked by B recipients antibodies causing clots

130
Q

The Blood:
Who is the universal recipients

131
Q

The Blood:
who is the universal donor

132
Q

The Blood:
What is agglutination

A

the clumping of cells due to the reaction between antigens and antibodies

133
Q

The Blood:
What is agglutinogen

A

the antigen on the surface of RBCs that triggers an immune response

134
Q

The Blood:
what is agglutinins

A

the antibodies in the plasma that reacts with agglutinogens

135
Q

The Blood:
What are the 2 pathways for clotting factor

A
  1. intrinsic
  2. extrinsic
136
Q

The Blood:
what is the intrinsic pathways

A

platelet injury that releases platelet factors that cause a reaction

137
Q

The Blood:
what is the extrinsic pathway

A

tissue injury that causes the release of tissue factors to cause a reaction

138
Q

The Blood:
What do both pathways release

A

prothrombin activator

139
Q

The Blood:
what does the prothrombin activator do

A

creates thrombin from prothrombin

140
Q

The Blood:
what does thrombin fo

A

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

141
Q

The Blood:
what is coagulation

A

the process of blood clot formation

142
Q

The Blood:
what are the 4 essential factors of coagulation

A
  1. fibrinogen
  2. prothrombin
  3. thromboplastin
  4. Ca++
143
Q

The Blood:
What is histamine

A

chemical released by basophils that promotes inflammation

144
Q

The Blood:
what is heparin

A

an anticoagulant that inhibits clotting by inactivating thrombin and other clotting factors

145
Q

The Blood:
how many clotting factors are there total

A

13
-only first 4 are essential

146
Q

The Blood:
what is the common pathway of blood coagulation

A

where factor X is activated

147
Q

The Blood:
What does factor X combine with

148
Q

The Blood:
After Factor V and X combine what do they form

A

prothrombinase complex

149
Q

The Blood:
what does the prothrombinase complex do

A

converts prothrombin into thrombin

150
Q

The Blood:
what does thrombin do

A

converts fibrinogen into fibrin to form the fibrin mesh

151
Q

The Blood:
What is Thromboxane A

A

a substance release by platelets to promote vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

152
Q

The Blood:
what is adenosine diphosphate

A

molecule released by platelets that activates additional platelets and aides in clot formation

153
Q

The Blood:
What is blood plasma

A

liquid component of blood containing clotting factors

154
Q

The Blood:
what is blood serum

A

plasma without the clotting factors
-after clotting has occurred

155
Q

The Blood:
what causes anemia

A
  1. insufficient erythrocytes
  2. low hb content
  3. abnormal hb
156
Q

The Blood:
what 3 types of anemias are caused by insufficient erythrocytes

A
  1. hemorrhagic anemia
  2. hemolytic anemia
  3. aplastic anemia
157
Q

The Blood:
what 2 types of anemia are caused by low hemoglobin content

A
  1. iron deficient anemia
  2. pernicious anemia
158
Q

The Blood:
what causes iron deficient anemia

A
  • secondary result of hemorhagic anemia
    -inadequete intake of iron containing foods
    -impaired iron absorption
159
Q

The Blood:
what causes pernicious anemia

A

-deficiency of vitamin B12
-lack of intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B12

160
Q

The Blood:
what 2 kinds of anemia are caused by abnormal hemoglobin

A

-thalassemias anemia
-sickle cell anemia

161
Q

The Blood:
what causes thalassemias anemia

A

-absent or faulty hemoglobin chain
-RBCs are to thin, delicate, and deficient in hb

162
Q

The Blood:
what causes sickle cell anemia

A

defective gene codes that cause RBCs to become sickle shapes

163
Q

The Blood:
what ie edema

A

swelling caused by the accumulation of fluid in the body’s tissue

164
Q

The Blood:
what causes edema

A

lack of colloid osmotic pressure
-pressure starts to push outwards on blood vessels causing fluid leakage

165
Q

The Blood:
what is hemorrhagic anemia

A

acute or chronic loss of blood

166
Q

The Blood:
what is hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs rupture prematurely

167
Q

The Blood:
what is aplastic anemia

A

obstruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

168
Q

The Blood:
what is hemoglobinuria

A

hb breaks down products in urine in an excessive amount due to excessive hemolysis in blood stream

169
Q

The Blood:
what is hematuria

A

whole red blood cells in urine

170
Q

The Blood:
What are the three kinds of jaundice

A
  1. hemolytic jaundice
  2. hepatic jaundice
  3. post hepatic jaundice
171
Q

The Blood:
what causes hemolytic jaundice

A

increased RBC breakdown

172
Q

The Blood:
what causes hepatic jaundice

A

liver disease

173
Q

The Blood:
what causes post hepatic jaundice

A

blockage of bile fluids

174
Q

The Blood:
What is polycythemia

A

excess RBC’s increase blood viscosity

175
Q

The Blood:
what is polycythemia vera

A

bone marrow cancer

176
Q

The Blood:
what is secondary polycythemia

A

when less O2 is available or when EPO production increases
-not clinical and can happen at high altitudes

177
Q

The Blood:
what is blood doping

A

injection of RBCs which causes artificially induced polycythemia

178
Q

The Blood:
what is hypoxia

A

increased RBCs due to insufficient oxygen in the tissues

179
Q

The Blood:
what is erythema

A

redness of the skin due to increased blood flow to that area

180
Q

The Blood:
what is cyanosis

A

bluish color of the skin due to decreased blood O2 levels

181
Q

what is hemolytic disease

A

Rh negative mother carrying an Rh positive baby and the mothers antibodies attack the babies antigens
-doesn’t affect first Rh-pos baby but will affect any RH-pos baby after first birth

182
Q

The Blood:
What is leukocytosis

A

increase in WBCs due to infection or inflammation
-over 11,000

183
Q

The Blood:
what is leukopenia

A

abnormally low WBC count
-generally drug induced or due to bone marrow disorders

184
Q

The Blood:
what is leukemia

A

extreme increase in WBC

185
Q

The Blood:
what does myelocytic leukemia involve

A

myeloblasts

186
Q

The Blood:
what does lymphocytic leukemia involve

A

lymphocytes

187
Q

The Blood:
what is acute leukemia

A

involves blast type cells
-primarily affects children

188
Q

The Blood:
when is chronic leukemia more prevalent

189
Q

The Heart:
what is the shape of the heart

A

-roughly conicle
-hollow and muscular

190
Q

The Heart:
what is the size of the heart

A

-size of a fist
-approximately 12cm long, 9cm wide, 6 cm thick

191
Q

The Heart:
where is the heart located

A

-lower mediastinum
-thoracic cavity
-2/3 left side ; 1/3 right side
-between the lungs
-rests on the diaphragm and attached by strong fibers

192
Q

The Heart:
describe the base of the heart

A

broad superior part of the heart where the greate vessels emerge

193
Q

The Heart:
what is the apex

A

-pointed inferior tip of the heart
-points towards the left side of the body

194
Q

The Heart:
how do you locate the heart using surface anatomy

A

intercostal spaces
-between 3rd and 5th

195
Q

The Heart:
what is the mediastinum

A

central compartment of the thoracic cavity

196
Q

The Heart:
where is the mediastinum

A

between 2 pleural cavities

197
Q

The Heart:
what does the mediastinum contain

A

heart
trachea
esophagus
great vessels
thymus

198
Q

The Heart:
what are the 5 general functions of the heart

A
  1. pumping blood
  2. circulation
  3. removes metabolic waste
  4. maintains blood pressure
  5. regulation
199
Q

The Heart:
Where does the heart pump blood

A

-pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to gain oxygen
-pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body to provide oxygen

200
Q

The Heart:
what does the heart circulate

A

oxygen
nutrients
hormones

201
Q

The Heart:
what metabolic wastes does the heart remove

A

CO2 and Urea

202
Q

The Heart:
along with blood pressure what else does the heart maintain

A

blood flow

203
Q

The Heart:
what does the heart regulate

A

the blood flow to different organs based on their needs

204
Q

The Heart:
What are the function of the right atrium

A

-recieves deoxygenated blood from the body (via svc)
-pumps blood to the right ventricle

205
Q

The Heart:
what are the functions of the right ventricle

A

-recieves deoxygenated blood from the right atrium
-pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs (via pulmonary artery)

206
Q

The Heart:
what are the function of the left atrium

A

-receives oxygenated blood from the lungs (via pulmonary veins)
-pumps the oxygenated blood to the left ventricle

207
Q

The Heart:
what are the functions of the left ventricle

A

-receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium
-pumps the oxygenated blood to the body (via aorta)

208
Q

The Heart:
What is the covering of the heart called

A

pericardium

209
Q

The Heart:
what is the pericardium

A

double lining of the pericardial cavity

210
Q

The Heart:
what is the parietal layer

A

outer layer of the pericardium

211
Q

The Heart:
what is the visceral layer

A

inner lining of the pericardium

212
Q

The Heart:
what is the pericardial fluid

A

fluid inside pericardial cavity located between the visceral and parietal layers

213
Q

The Heart:
what is the purpose of the pericardial fluid

A

reduce friction between the two layers
-lubricant texture

214
Q

The Heart:
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
215
Q

The Heart:
describe the epicardium

A

outermost layer
visceral pericardium
covers the heart

216
Q

The Heart:
describe the myocardium

A

muscular wall of the heart
-cardiac muscle
middle layer

217
Q

The Heart:
describe the endocardium

A

simple squamous epithelium
innermost layer

218
Q

The Heart:
what are the auricles on the heart

A

small, muscular appendages located on each atria

219
Q

The Heart:
what do the auricles do

A

increase atrial volume

220
Q

The Heart:
what are the grooves on the heart

A

surface depression
separate the heart chambers
contain blood vessels

221
Q

The Heart:
what is the coronary groove

A

separates the atria from the ventricles

222
Q

The Heart:
what are the sulcus on the heart

A

raised edges that contain blood vessels

223
Q

The Heart:
what is the coronary sulcus

A

between RA and RV

224
Q

The Heart:
what is the anterior interventricular sulcus

A

between RV and LV

225
Q

The Heart:
Describe the thickness of the left ventricular wall

A

thickest chamber wall
-needs more muscle to pump blood further

226
Q

The Heart:
right ventricular wall

A

second thickest
-to pump blood to lungs

227
Q

The Heart:
describe the atrial walls

A

thinner walls
-to blood only traveling to chambers below

228
Q

The Heart:
where is the tricuspid valve located

A

between RA and RV

229
Q

The Heart:
where is the bicuspid valve located

A

between LA and LV

230
Q

The Heart:
what is the bicuspid valve also called

A

mitral valve

231
Q

The Heart:
why are the atrioventricular valves only one way

A

-prevents blood from going back into the atria
-blood only travels down

232
Q

The Heart:
Where is the pulmonary valve located

A

between RV and pulmonary artery

233
Q

The Heart:
where is the aortic valve located

A

between LV and aorta

234
Q

The Heart:
what way does the blood travel for semilunar valves

A

up
-one way

235
Q

The Heart:
what does the cardiac cycle refer to

A

the sequence of events in one heartbeat

236
Q

The Heart:
how many phases are in the cardiac cycle

A

2 phases
1. systole
2. diastole

237
Q

The Heart:
what is the systole phase of the cardiac cycle

A

when the heart contracts and pumps the blood

238
Q

The Heart:
what is the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle

A

when the heart relaxes and the chambers fill with blood

239
Q

The Heart:
What does the hearts conducting system coordinate

A

contraction

240
Q

The Heart:
how does the conducting system coordinate contraction

A

2 nodes
1. Sinoatrial node
2. atrioventricular node

241
Q

The Heart:
describe the SA node

A

the pace maker
generate impulses
-around 70-80 per minute
depolarizes faster than any other part of the myocardium

242
Q

The Heart:
describe the AV node

A

depolarizes about 5o times per minute
-much slower than the SA node

243
Q

The Heart:
What do the internodal fibers connect

A

the 2 nodes

244
Q

The Heart:
describe the AV bundle/bundle of His

A

arises from the AV node
enters into the interventricular septum
divides into 2 entering the ventricular walls before branching

245
Q

The Heart:
what are the purkinje fibers

A

the branches of the AV bundle in the ventricular wall

246
Q

The Heart:
Flow chart of the conducting system

A

SA node —> AV node —> AV Bundle —> Right/left bundle branches —> purkinje fibers —> ventricular myocardium

247
Q

The Heart:
What does an EKG do

A

records the electrical activity of the heart
-can record from any part of the body

248
Q

The Heart:
What happens during the p wave

A

atrial depolarization

249
Q

The Heart:
what happens during the QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

250
Q

The Heart:
what happens during the T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

251
Q

The Heart:
what is contractility

A

the hearts ability to contract

252
Q

The Heart:
what is autorythmicity

A

self-maintaining intervals

253
Q

The Heart:
what is conductivity

A

heart has a conductive system that generates and transmits impulse/electrical signals

254
Q

The Heart:
what is syncitium

A

quick communication

255
Q

The Heart:
what is refractory period

A

time when the heart muscle does not respond to a stimulus –during the contraction of the heart

256
Q

The Heart:
what is the first refractory period

A

absolute RP
-first part of contraction
-will not listen to any stimulus

257
Q

The Heart:
what is the second refractory period

A

relative rp
-end part
-heart may or may nor listen to stimulus

258
Q

The Heart:
what is elasticity

A

the hearts ability to expand and recoil

259
Q

The Heart:
what is the law that contributes to elasticity

A

Frank Starlings law of Heart
-length tension relationship

260
Q

The Heart:
describe syncytium

A

network of interconnected cells that work together as a single functional unit
-gap junctions ensure the heart contracts as a unit

261
Q

The Heart:
how are cardiac muscle fibers connected

A

intercalated discs

262
Q

The Heart:
what are the histological characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

a striated involuntary muscle
-branching
-intercalated discs
-central nuclei
-rich in mitochondria

263
Q

The Heart:
Where are the cardiac centers in the brain located

A

medulla oblongata

264
Q

The Heart:
what are the 2 cardiac centers in the brain

A
  1. cardioacceleratory center
  2. cardioinhibitory center
265
Q

The Heart:
what does the cardioacceleratory center do

A

increases heart rate via sympathetic stimulation

266
Q

The Heart:
what does the cardioinhibitory center do

A

decreases the heart rate via parasympathetic stimulation

267
Q

The Heart:
what is the main parasympathetic nerve

A

vagus nerve

268
Q

The Heart:
what does the vagus nerve do

A

controls the heart
produces acetylcholine

269
Q

The Heart:
why is the left coronary artery important

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the heart
-divides in two

270
Q

The Heart:
why is the right coronary artery important

A

supplies RV and RA as well as parts of the LV with and interventricular septum with blood
-branches into several key arteries

271
Q

The Heart:
what does the right marginal artery brach off of

A

right coronary artery

272
Q

The Heart:
where does the left marginal artery arise from

A

circumflex artery

273
Q

The Heart:
what does the interventricular artery branch off of

A

left coronary artery

274
Q

The Heart:
where does the circumflex artery brach off of

A

left coronary artery

275
Q

The Heart:
what are the 2 important properties of coronary circulation

A
  1. anastomoses
  2. collateral vessels
276
Q

The Heart:
what are anastomoses

A

connection between blood vessels
-alternate routes of oxygen supply
many connections between coronary arteries and their branches

277
Q

The Heart:
what are collateral vessels

A

smaller vessels
develop or enlarge to serve as secondary routes for blood flow
-when primary artery is blocked

278
Q

The Heart:
what is systemic circulation

A

carries oxygenated blood
-from LV to the rest of the body
-returns deoxygenated blood to RA via vena cava

279
Q

The Heart:
What is pulmonary circulation

A

carries deoxygenated blood
-RV to the lungs for oxygenation
-returns oxygenated blood to the LA

280
Q

The Heart:
what is the blood supply of the heart called

A

Coronary circulation

281
Q

The Heart:
what is coronary circulation

A

flow of blood inside the heart wall
-blood supply is provided by coronary arteries

282
Q

The Heart:
what do veins do

A

bring deoxygenated blood to the RA
-via superior and inferior vena cava
-coronary sinus brings deoxygenated blood from the hearts muscle tissue to the RA

283
Q

The Heart:
how many pulmonary veins are there

A

4
-2 from left lung
-2 from right lung

284
Q

The Heart:
what is hepatic portal circulation

A

blood from GI tract, spleen, and pancreas is carries to the liver via hepatic portal vein

285
Q

The Heart:
What is the lub sound

A

S1 sound
-first heart sound
-closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

286
Q

The Heart:
what is the dub sound

A

S2 sound
-second heart sound
-closure of semilunar valves

287
Q

The Heart:
what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium
-causes chest pain
-due to friction between pericardial layers

288
Q

The Heart:
what is pericardial tamponade

A

excess fluid or blood accumulates in pericardial space
-compresses the heart and effects its ability to pump

289
Q

The Heart:
what is valvular stenosis

A

narrowing of heart valves
-obstructs blood flow

290
Q

The Heart:
what is a murmur

A

abnormal heart sound
-caused by turbulent blood flow
-valve defects

291
Q

The Heart:
what is arteriosclerosis

A

thickening and hardening of arterial walls

292
Q

The Heart:
what is atherosclerosis

A

arteriosclerosis caused by fatty buildup

293
Q

The Heart:
what is myocardial infarction

A

heart attack
-caused by blockage of coronary arteries

294
Q

The Heart:
what is anginapectoris

A

chest pain
-due to reduced blood flow from the heart

295
Q

The Heart:
what is tachycardia

A

heart rate faster than normal (100+)

296
Q

The Heart:
what is bradycardia

A

heart rate slower than normal
(<60)

297
Q

The Heart:
what is fibrillation

A

irregular heart beat

298
Q

The Heart:
what is ectopic focus

A

abnormal pacemaker
-arrythemia

299
Q

The Heart:
what is first degree heart block

A

SA node failure
-slower heart rate, no atrial contraction
-delayed conduction through Av node

300
Q

The Heart:
what is second degree heart block

A

AV node is partially blocked
-delayed signal, missing beat
-some impulses fail to reach the ventricles (dropped beat)

301
Q

The Heart:
what is third degree heart block

A

complete block of AV node
-atrium and ventricles beat independently
-incomplete ventricular contraction

302
Q

The Heart:
what is heart failure

A

over pressure elasticity
-heart becomes enlarged
-ability to pump is impaired
-elasticity decreases

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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