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Microbiology > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mesophiles

A

25 degree C to 40 degrees C

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2
Q

Thermophiles

A

50 degrees C to 60 degrees C

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3
Q

Extreme thermophile

A

Greater than 90 degrees C

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4
Q

Hyper thermophiles

A

Greater than 100 degrees C

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5
Q

Psycrotrophs

A

20 degree Celsius to 30 degrees Celsius

Can sometimes cause issues with food storage

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6
Q

Psychrophiles

A

-10 degrees Celsius to 15 degrees Celsius

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7
Q

Bacteria optimum pH

A

6.5-7.5

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8
Q

Acidophiles

A

Bacteria that like the pH of below 4.0

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9
Q

Fungi pH

A

More tolerant to 5.0-6.0

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10
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Shrinkage of the cell’s cytoplasm

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11
Q

Halophiles

A

Salt loving organisms

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12
Q

Carbon

A

The structural backbone of living matter
Half the dry weight of a typical bacterial cell
Growth medium needs a carbon source

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13
Q

Nitrogen

A

Required for protein synthesis
Source- organic= protein
Inorganic = nitrate or ammonia

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14
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Use gaseous nitrogen directly from the atmosphere

Can only be performed by prokaryotes (rhizobium and Cyanobacteria)

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15
Q

Sulfur

A

Used to synthesize sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamins such as thiamine and biotin
Source: sulfate and hydrogen sulfide

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16
Q

Phosphorus

A

Essential for synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids of the cell membrane.
Found in ATP
Source: phosphates

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17
Q

Oxygen

A

About 20% of the environment

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18
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Require oxygen to live

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19
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can grow with or without oxygen

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20
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Only grow without oxygen

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21
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Doesn’t need oxygen but can grow with it

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22
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Just enough oxygen

Low concentration of oxygen

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23
Q

Superoxide O2- (extra electron)

A

Oxidizes organic molecules

“Burns” them

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24
Q

Superoxide dismutase

A

Enzyme produced to destroy superoxide

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25
Q

Catalase

A

An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

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26
Q

Vitamins

A

Any organic compound that the microbe (or you) cannot synthesize
Vitamin C is needed and we get it from citrus and other foods

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27
Q

Solidifying agent

A

Agar

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28
Q

Agar

A

Polysaccharide from seaweed
Most bacteria cannot digest it
Melts at 100 degrees C and solidifies at 45 degrees C

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29
Q

Defined media

A

Composition is known exactly (because you mix it)
Useful for nutritional studies
Some microbes are “fussy” (fastidious)

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30
Q

Complex media

A

Based on extracts from plants, yeast, or animal tissues.

Composition varies, unknown (tryptophan soy agar)

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31
Q

Anaerobic methods

A

Air tight jars (anaerbe jars)

CO2 goes up, O2 goes down

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32
Q

Obligate parasites

A

Only grow on host

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33
Q

Selective media

A

Promotes growth of one kind of microbe, while inhibiting others

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34
Q

Differential media

A

Many kinds of microbes will grow, but you can tell them apart

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35
Q

Preserving microbes

A

Short term: 1-3 months, grow on slants, into fridge at 4 degrees Celsius

Long term: years, deep freeze (-80 degrees Celsius, liquid nitrogen), lyophilization (freeze drying) (stored at room temp)

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36
Q

Binary fission

A

Reproduction of bacteria

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37
Q

Generation time

A

The time required for a cell to divide
E. Coli=20 minutes
Most species: 1-3 hours

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38
Q

Exponential curve

A

‘J shaped’ curve

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39
Q

Plate counts

A

Known volume of innoculum
Spread it uniformly over a plate
Incubate it for 24 hours
Count colonies (each colony represents 1 cell from innoculum)
Measures live cells only
Colony forming units- what plate counts are reported as

40
Q

Serial dilution

A

A process of diluting the original innoculum several times

41
Q

Bacterial growth curve

A

Shows growth of cells over time

42
Q

The lag phase

A

Period of little or no cell division

43
Q

The log phase or exponential growth phase

A

The cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth

44
Q

The stationary phase

A

Period of equilibrium

45
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The number of of organisms that an environment can support

46
Q

The death phase or logarithmic decline phase

A

The number of deaths eventually exceeds the number of new cells formed

47
Q

Direct counts

A

A measured volume of a bacterial suspension is placed within a defined area on a microscope slide

48
Q

Hemacytometer or Petroff-Hausser

A

Used in direct microscopic counts

Disadvantage: counts love and dead cells

49
Q

Indirect methods

A

Measures turbidity

50
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

The instrument used to measure turbidity

51
Q

Dry weight

A

Don’t worry about the cell number, just measure the weight

52
Q

Metabolic activity

A

Measures oxygen consumption
Measures CO2 production
Measures glucose consumption
Measures ATP production

*requires standard curve

53
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

Killing growth

54
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Stopping growth

55
Q

Disinfectant

A

Apply to inanimate objects (bleach on the tables)

56
Q

Antiseptic

A

Apply to living tissue (washing hands)

57
Q

Sterilization

A

An absolute or complete destruction of all life

58
Q

Degerming

A

Mechanical removal, rather than killing, of most microbes in a limited are

59
Q

Sanitized

A

Lower microbial counts to safe public health levels and minimize the chances of disease transmission from one user to another

60
Q

How to kill?

A
  • disrupt plasma membrane
  • denature proteins
  • denature DNA and RNA
  • heat: wet heat is more effective(autoclave) standard: 121 degrees Celsius at 15 psi for at least 20 minutes. (Media, solutions, glassware and tools)
    Dry heat: ovens at 170 degrees Celsius for at least 2 hours (glassware and tools)
61
Q

Pasteurization

A

HTST- High Temperature Short Time (doesn’t sterilize) 72 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds, classic
UHT- Ultra High Temperature (close to sterile) newer, 140 degrees Celsius for 3 seconds (74 to 140 to 74 degrees Celsius(5 seconds))

62
Q

Filtration

A

Very small pore size in plastic membrane
0.5 nanometers to 0.01 nanometers
Used to sterilize Heat sensitive fluids

63
Q

Radiation

A

Kills microorganisms of two types: ionizing and nonionizing

64
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Gamma rays, X-rays, and high energy electron beams

Has a wave length shorter that that of nonionizing

65
Q

Nonionizing radiation

A

Has a wave length longer than ionizing radiation

Best example is UV light

66
Q

Heavy metals

A

Silver and mercury- poison enzymes (bind to protein)

They put silver nitrate on infants eyes

67
Q

Phenolics

A

Joseph lister

  • Phenol: disrupts plasma membrane and denatures proteins, mostly used as a disinfectant since its harsh on living tissue; can be an antiseptic
  • “Quats”: quaternary ammonium compounds
  • cepacol: disinfectant in hospitals
68
Q

Halogens

A 
Iodine
Bromine: can be an outdoor water purifier 
Chlorine
Oxidizers
Antiseptic or disinfectant
69
Q

Oxidizers

A

Denature proteins
Oxygen containing compounds
O3: Ozone (water treatment)
H2O2: hydrogen peroxide
Very effective against anaerobic microbes
Benzoyl peroxide: common ingredient in acne medications

70
Q

Aldehydes

A 
Highly effective disinfectants
Denature proteins
Not used on living tissue
Most common: formaldehyde 
Sterilize instruments
71
Q

Alcohol

A

Denature proteins
Disrupt plasma membrane
Mainly used as a disinfectant
Not good in wounds

72
Q

Gas sterilants

A

Ethylene oxide
Used on some plastic medical equipment
Used on plastic petridishes
Used on the rovers sent to Mars

73
Q

Antibiotics

A

Drugs: internally take (most of the time with the exception of Neosporin)
Inhibit growth or kills it
Effective in low concentration
Considered a natural substance (originally)(strict)
Broad: include synthetic

74
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA to RNA to Protein to Phenotype

75
Q

Genetics

A

All your cells have the same DNA even though they are all very differnet

76
Q

Jacob and Monad

A

Worked with E. Coli
Discover Lac Operon
Monad was a member of the French resistance during WWII

77
Q

Phenotype

A

Ability to digest lactose
E. Coli lives in the intestines and may or may not see lactose
The lactose digesting enzymes take a lot to make so they are not constantly in the intestines

78
Q

Structural genes

A

Z, Y, A are lactose digestive enzymes

79
Q

Operator

A

DNA sequence

80
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequence, but it is the binding site for RNS polymerase

81
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Synthesizes RNS from DNA template

Enzyme looks for recognition sites

82
Q

Regulator

A

A gene for depressor protein

83
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Combing DNS from different individuals
No sex in bacteria
Bacteria can do genetic recombination
3 kinds: transformation, conjugation, and transduction

84
Q

Transformation

A

The direct uptake of DNA from an environment
Griffith 1928-
Worked with streptococcus pneumoniae
Some strains of s. pneumoniae had a capsule (virulent, severe disease)
Other strains didn’t have a capsule (avirulent, didn’t cause disease)

85
Q

Conjugation

A

Plasmid- small circular strands of DNA. (Accessory chromosome)
Allows the exchange of plasmids from one cell to another
Can bring unique genes. (Antibiotic resistance)

86
Q

Transduction

A

Virus transfer of DNA
Bacteria get viruses (bacteria phage)
Protein shell and DNA

87
Q

Taxonomy or systematics

A

Science of naming and classification

88
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Animalia (eukaryotes)
Fungi (eukaryotes)
Plantae (eukaryotes)
Protista (eukaryotes)
Monera (bacteria)(prokaryotes)
89
Q

Luca

A

The last universal common ancestor

90
Q

Latin bionomial

A

Genus name (capitalized)
Species name (lower case)
Each one has to be a unique combo
The binomial is always italicized

91
Q

Classification

A

References: “Bergey’s Manuel of Determinative Bacteriology” 2600 species described in it

92
Q

Criteria

A

Morphology- shape, size, flagella, capsule
Differential staining- gram and acid fast
Biochemical- fermentation?. Carbon sources

93
Q

Serology

A

From serum, which is another word for blood plasma and contains antibodies

94
Q

Phage typing

A

‘Phage’ is short for bacteriophage, which are a category of virus that attacks bacteria
Host specificity- means virus don’t infect all species

95
Q

DNA anaylsis

A

It’s becoming routine
DNA sequencing
More commonly- DNA identifying with polymerase chain reaction

Microbiology (5 decks)

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