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Microbiology > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of small life

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2
Q

1st usable microscope

A

Leeuwenhoek 1673

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3
Q

1st compound microscope

A

Robert Hooke 1665

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4
Q

Cell theory

A
  • Cells are the basic living unit
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • all cells arise from pre existing cells
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5
Q

Theory of spontaneous generation

A
  • living organisms coming from non-living materials

- frecesco redi tested spontaneous generation

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6
Q

Spontaneous generation vs cell theory

A

Louis Pasteur 1861

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7
Q

Pasteurization

A

Brief heat treatment killed spoilage microbes preserved beer

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8
Q

What causes disease?

A
  • divine retribution
  • evil spirits (demons, demonic possession)
  • miasmas (vapors)
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9
Q

Germ cell theory of disease

A

Ignaz Semmelweis 1840

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10
Q

Childbirth fever

A

Killed mother after birth (ignaz)

Washing hands lowered cases

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11
Q

Infected wounds lead to death

A

Joseph Lister 1860

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12
Q

1st use of disinfectant

A 
Joseph Lister 1860
Carbolic acid (phenol) into wounds
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13
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

Robert Koch 1876
Anthrax
Proved germ theory

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14
Q

Smallpox

A

Edward Jenner 1798

Milk maids got cowpox

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15
Q

Immunology

A

Vaccine/vaccination

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16
Q

Contemporary

A

At the same time

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17
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Drugs -kill the microbe before it kills you

It being the drug

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18
Q

Antibiotics

A
  • effective at very low concentration
  • antimicrobial
  • natural substances
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19
Q

No bacterial growth next to mold

A

Alexander Fleming 1927

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20
Q

Penicillin became a useful drug in WWII

A

Ernst Chain
Howard Florey
Nobel prize in 1945

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21
Q

Gram

A

Weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water

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22
Q

1 liter of water weight

A

1 kilogram=1000 grams

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23
Q

Light microscope

A
  • uses white light
  • useful magnification range
    -100x to 2000x
  • resolution/resolving power ability to separate two close points
    Resolution is 0.2 nanometers
24
Q

Variations on light microscope

A
  • Bright field: ordinary
  • Dark field: background is dark, cell is bright, and not staining
  • phase contrast: live, no staining, internal structures
25
Q

Electron microscopes

A

-use electron beams to illuminate
- magnetic “lens” to bend electron beams
- resolution of 2.5 nanometers
2 kinds: transmission EM- scanning EM

26
Q

Stains for light microscopes

A
  • Many cells are colorless
  • Want them to stand out from the background
  • Simple stain: just color specimen, sometimes requires a mordant to get stain to stick
27
Q

Differential stains

A

-react differently with different bacteria

28
Q

Gram stain

A

Hans Christian Gram

- tells cell walls apart

29
Q

Capsule stain

A

Stain everything but the capsule

30
Q

Endoscope stain

A

Spore inside cell

31
Q

Flagella stain

A

Repeatedly “paint” flagella until thick enough to see

32
Q

Fluorescent stains

A

UV light source
Fluorochrome dyes
Fluorscense- UV invisible to our eyes

33
Q

Fluorochrome dyes

A

Sticks to some microbes but not others

34
Q

Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

A

Pro- No nucleus or organelles, cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, single strand DNA, binary fission (division), and simple
Eukaryotic- has a nucleus and organelles, various cell walls, multiple linear chromosomes (DNA), mitosis (division), complex

35
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Morphology- size, shape, and arrangement

No definite shape

36
Q

Flagella

A

Bacteria
Flagellin- hollow protein tube
Anchored in plasma membrane by basal body- spins

37
Q

No flagella

A

Atrichous- “without hair”
Peritichous- “ around hair”
Monotrichous- “one hair”
Polar flagella- out the end

38
Q

Spirocheates

A

Spirals
- axial filaments: similar to flagella, underneath stealth
Common in aquatic environments

39
Q

Fimbriae

A

Protein tubes
Extend out from the cell
Attachment- “anchor lines”

40
Q

Pili

A

Hollow tube
Connect two cells
Allow DNA exchange between cells. Called conjugation

41
Q

Cell wall

A

External to plasma membrane
Protect (rigid)
Peptidoglycan- “muccopolysccharide” the

42
Q

Gram +

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan
Resists mechanical damage
Teichoic acid

43
Q

Gram -

A

Double membrane structure
Thin layer of peptidoglycan
Periplasmic gel- contains enzymes
Advantages- evade phagocytosis, additional layer acts as a barrier to antibiotics, lysozyme, and detergents

44
Q

Mycobacteria

A

Waxy walls

Acid fast stain

45
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

No walls

Pleomorphic- no definite shape

46
Q

Archaea

A

Doesn’t cause disease

Walls built of other materials

47
Q

Plasma membrane

A 
Outer boundary of the living cell
Consists of a lipid bilateral
Very active- materials pass in and out
Function- “goodies in, garbage out”
Semipermeable
48
Q

Cytoplasm

A

80% water, enzymes, etc.

49
Q

Nucleoid/nuclear area

A

Chromosome stuck to plasma membrane

No nucleus in bacteria

50
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made out of rRNA and protein
Bacteria have 70s ribosomes (sensitive to some antibiotics)
Eukaryotes have 80s ribosomes

51
Q

Inclusions

A

Stuff lays around cell

Differents

52
Q

Endospores

A 
Thick wall
Goes to sleep (dormat)
Resistant to damage
Sporulation- stops growing
Germination- starts growing again
53
Q

Capsule/glycocalyx

A

Composition varies (carb, protein, or combo)
Sticky
Protects cell by: sticky, hides cell from our immune system
Increased virulence
External to cell wall

54
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

glucose to pyruvate to carbon dioxide to ATP

55
Q

Fermentation

A

Glucose to pyruvate to alcohol and carbon dioxide

Microbiology (5 decks)

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