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Final! Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteriophage life cycle

A

Lytic
Lysogenic
Prophage

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2
Q

Viral DNA

A

Host chromosomes
Provirus- goes in and doesn’t come out
Herpes simplex
Chicken pox- infected as child, can re-occur years later

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3
Q

Provirus

A

Inserts more or less randomly

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4
Q

What happens if it inserts in the middle of a functioning gene?

A

If the gene is one that controls mitosis, it causes uncontrolled mitosis that leads to cancer

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5
Q

Human Papiloma Virus

A

STD- genital warts
Cervical cancer
HPV vaccine

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6
Q

Oncogenic

A

Cancer causing

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7
Q

Retrovirus

A

RNA as genetic material
RNA -> DNA-> provirus
(First arrow) reverse transcriptase- is not normally in eukaryotes. And is also packaged in capsid with RNA
HIV- aids- enveloped

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8
Q

COVID-19

A

RNA virus but not a retrovirus
Enveloped-> spike proteins on lipid bilateral-> attach to our cells-> angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) (in lung tissue)

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9
Q

COVID vaccine

A

Most vaccines introduce an antigen/protein

mRNA vaccine-> injected-> manufacture spike protein-> immunity

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10
Q

Prions

A

“Infectious proteins”
Kruetzfeld-Jacob Disease
- brain rot- “spongiform encephalopathy”- slow dementia-> death
- sheep herders- sheep “scrapie”- sheep to humans how? Slow virus so it can’t

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11
Q

Stanley Prusner

A

Discovered prions

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12
Q

Mad Cow Disease

A

BSE- bovine spongiform encephalopathy

KURU- aboriginal in New Guinea

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13
Q

Prion

A

Misfiled protein- acts as a catalyst

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14
Q

Pathology

A

Study of disease

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15
Q

Disease

A

Abnormal state- can’t function normally?

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16
Q

Etiology

A

Causes disease

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17
Q

What are the causes of disease?

A

Environmental causes- deficiency- vitamin C= scurvy
- vitamin D= ricketts
Toxins

Genetics

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18
Q

Infectious disease

A

Invading microbe

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19
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing microbe that infects the host

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20
Q

Pathogen vs normal flora

A

Normal flora
Colonize, but don’t cause disease
10^13 cells in body
10^14 bacteria in body

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21
Q

Mutualism

A

Win/win scenario

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22
Q

Examples of microbial antagonism

A

Vagina- bacteria lower pH- inhibits yeast candida
Oral streps- inhibits other Gram + cocci
G(-) in colon inhibits G(+) C. difficile

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23
Q

Etiology

A

Koch’s postulates

1) pathogen must always be present
2) pathogen has to be isolated and grown in pure culture
3) inoculate healthy individual with pathogen
4) get disease and reisolate same pathogen

Some disease caused by more than one microbe(pneumonia and nephritis)
Some pathogens can cause more than one disease (Strep. pyogenes- sore throat- scarlet fever- puerperal fever)

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24
Q

Disease classification

A

Symptoms- subjective changes
Signs- objective changes
Syndrome- specific set of signs and symptoms that accompany disease

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25
Q

Communicable

A

Person to person

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26
Q

Non-communicable

A

Tetanus

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27
Q

Occurrence of disease

A 
Sporadic- random
Endemic- always present
Epidemics- sudden outbreak
Pandemic- world wide epidemic
Emergent- new disease
28
Q

Severity

A

Acute- short acting

Chronic- long lasting

29
Q

Extent of host infection

A

Local vs systemic

30
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria in blood

31
Q

Septicemia

A

Bacteria growing in blood

32
Q

Toxemia

A

Toxins in blood

33
Q

Primary infections

A

Caused by pathogens

34
Q

Secondary infections

A

Caused by an opportunist (join party)

35
Q

Disease development

A

1) incubation- no symptoms
2) prodromal- mild symptoms
3) illness
4) decline- over the hump
5) convalescence- the return to predisease state

36
Q

Reservoirs of diseases

A

Other humans/ carriers
Zoonose- animal reservoirs- bubonic plague- rabies
Soli and water- clostridium

37
Q

Transmission

A 
Contact- person to person
- direct- handshake
- indirect- door knob- fomites
- droplet- sneezing/coughing less than or equal to 1 meter
Vehicle transmission 
- H2O- cholera- enterics
- food- salmonella/worms
- air/aerosols- coughing/ sneezing greater than or equal to 1 meter
38
Q

Vector transmission

A

Mechanical/ passive

Biological/active- malaria

39
Q

Nosocomial infections

A 
Hospital acquired
Compromise immunity 
5-15% of patients catch
20,000/ year die
G(+) Staph. aureus and C. diff
G(-) Psuedomonas and E. coli
40
Q

Epidemiology

A

Where and how of disease transmission and occurrence
John Snow- cholera outbreak
- stuck pins in a map of London wherever there was a case
- broad street pump
- removed handle of pump

41
Q

Descriptive vs analytic

A

Descriptive- snow and Semmelweis

Analytic- statistical- case controls- define a cohert- follow over time

42
Q

Cohert

A

People who are similar

43
Q

Morbidity

A

Number of sick per population size

44
Q

Mortality

A

Number of deaths per population size

45
Q

Mechanisms of pathogenicity

A

Entry
Evade host defenses
Damage

46
Q

Entry

A 
Mucous membranes
- mucous itself- goopy, can trap microbes
- protective enzymes
-• lysosomes
- weak link
-• especially in respiratory 
-• gastrointestinal- urogenital tract
Skin
- tough
- dry
- salty
- difficult environment for bacteria
- made out of keratin (bacteria have a hard time digesting keratin)(fungi have keratinases)
- hair follicles ( provides a way past keratin)
- sweat glands(provides a way around keratin)
-cuts and scrapes( parenteral route)
47
Q

How many bacterial cells does it take?

A 
LD50- lethal dose
- toxins
- dose/ amount required to kill 50% of test population
- acute- kill fast
- chronic- kill slowly
Mg/kg body weight
ID50- infectious dose
- bacillus anthracis spores 
- skin- ID50- 10-50 spores 
-inhalation- ID50- 10-20,000 spores
- ingest- ID50- 1x10^6 spores
48
Q

Evasion of host defenses

A

Ad herence
- fimbriae- used for attachment- adhesions- protein ‘glue’- E. coli
- capsules- polysaccharide
- lower phagocytosis
- streptococcus pneumoniae- has a capsule= virulent- doesn’t have a capsule= avirulent
Membrane disrupting toxins
- hemolysins- kill red blood cells- open channels in PM (cell contents to leak out)- streptococci and staphs

49
Q

Luekocidins

A

Kill white blood cells

destroy lysosomes of WBC’s

50
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes

51
Q

Coagulase

A

Clot fibrinogen (soluble protein)
Fibrin (insoluble clot)
Protects berterium
- staphylococcus- boils, etc.

52
Q

Damage to host

A 
Direct damage- attaches to host cell penetrates host cell digest from inside out
 Toxins- proteins usually
- exotoxins- proteins
-• produced inside bacteria
-• release/ secreted into environment 
-• clostridium 
-•- C. tentani- neurotoxin
-•- C. perfringins- cytotoxin
-•- C. difficile- enterotoxin
- endotoxin- lipids
-• part fo the cell wall
-• lysis (kill) bacterium
-•- release
-• antibiotic to lysis to toxin to fever to endotoxin to shock
53
Q

Viruses

A

Small- cannot be seen with light microscope
Non-living- extreme parasites- no metabolism- by themselves can do nothing
Origin?- degenerate cell? Or personage up from pre-biotic stew?

54
Q

Structure of viruses

A

Nucleic acid

  • DNA- double stranded- single stranded
  • RNA- double stranded- single stranded
55
Q

Capsid of viruse

A

Protein shell that holds and protects the nucleus acid
Subunit= capsomeres
Shape: helical- tubes
- polyhedrons- boxes

56
Q

All viruses have

A

Nucleic acid and capsid

57
Q

Some viruses have

A

Envelope
- lipid bilayer of host origin for PM or host cell
- integral proteins of both host origins and viral origins
Naked vs enveloped

58
Q

How to culture viruses

A 
In host organism
- plants-> next plant
- bacteria
- animals
Tissue culture
- grow both plant and animal tissue on Petri dishes 
- in eggs- some can, but not all
59
Q

Viral life cycle

A 
Attachment- stick to host cell PM
Penetration- into host cell
Uncoating- nucleic acid out of capsid
Biosynthesis- viral DNA/RNA-> viral proteins
- done by host enzymes and ribosomes
60
Q

Assembly of viruses

A

Viral nucleic acid and proteins put together

self assembly

61
Q

Release/ lysis of viruses

A

Usually kills host cell

62
Q

Example: T-even bacteriophage

A

Naked
Complex capsid
Head-DNA
Tail- sheath(penetration)- pins(penetration)- fibers(attachment)

63
Q

Biosynthesis

A 
Stop host protein synthesis 
Viral DNS synthesis starts
Viral mRNA synthesis
Viral protein synthesis 
Assembly- shake n bake
Release/lysis- death of E. coli
64
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Immediately results in death of host cell
Viral DNA-> lytic cycle
Viral DNA(prophage) while in host chromosome

65
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Viral DNA inserted into host chromosome (DNA)
Then E. coli goes along with its life cycle
Viral DNA waits for many generations
Then viral DNA comes out as result of environmental stress
- UV exposure
- dessication
- chemical exposure

Microbiology (5 decks)

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