Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Response of VE to exercise
A
Increase linearly and then greater linearly at AnT
Lower VE in trained individuals
Trained individuals can go to greater work rate and higher VE
2
Q
Reponse of VCO2 to exercise
A
Increase linearly and then greater linearly at AnT
Lower VCO2 in trained individuals
Trained VCO2 can go to greater work rate and higher VCO2
3
Q
Response of VO2 to exercise
A
Increases linearly until plateau or decrease
Trained individuals can go to higher VO2 and work rate
4
Q
Causes for breakaway (AnT) in VE
A
- Increase (breakaway) in VCO2
2. Increase lactate (Breakaway), decrease pH due to an increase of H+
5
Q
Cause for breakaway (AnT) in VCO2
A
Breakaway in lactate production
6
Q
Training effects on:
VE
VCO2
VO2
A
Decrease
Decrease
Increase VO2 max
7
Q
Why does VE change with training
A
Increase ability for gase exchange:
Greater capillarisation
Larger lung volume
Greater alveolar VE due to neural adjustments
Greater blood volume and Hb levels
Decrease sensitivity for chemoreceptors to respiratory stimulators such as CO2 and Lactate in blood
8
Q
Why does VCO2 change with training
A
Slower production of CO2 in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyle CoA and krebs cycle
Less buffering of lactic acid into CO2 and H2O
9
Q
Why does VO2 change with training
A
Improved metabolic/biomechanical efficiency
10
Q
Primary muscle fibers for:
< AT
> AT
A
< AT:
SO, FOG
Fat - mix oxidation
Aerobic
> AT: FOG, FG Mix - CHO Increase lactic acid Anaerobic
11
Q
Alveolar ventilation rate = VA
VA =
A
(Vt - Vd) x f
12
Q
Trained individuals have a greater VA because
A
Of the slow and deep breathing patterns which cause greater Vt
13
Q
Vt depth and rate of breathing in trained athletes is
A
Slower and deeper than untrained athletes
14
Q
PO2 and PCO2 move from…
A
Areas of high Pp to an area of lower Pp due to diffusion
15
Q
Atmospheric air PO2 : PCO2 =
A
159 mmHg ; 0.3 mmHg
16
Q
Alveoli PO2 : PCO2 =
A
100 mmHg : 40 mmHg
17
Q
What is the reason for a decrease in PO2 and an increase of PCO2 from the atmospheric air and air in lungs
A
Due to dilution of atmospheric air with the residual lung gases
18
Q
Time for gas exchange at
Rest =
Exercise =
Limiting factor?
A
- 75 seconds
- 3 - 0.4 seconds
However it is not a limiting factor because it only takes 0.3 seconds for complete gas exchange to occur
19
Q
Diffusion of O2 happens in:
A
Lungs: Alveoli to pulmonary capillaries
Muscle tissue: muscle capillaries to muscle tissue
20
Q
Diffusion of CO2 happens in:
A
Lungs: Pulmonary capillaries to alveoli
Muscle tissue: muscle tissue to muscle capillaries
21
Q
PO2 is greatest when and where
A
Before the exchange
In arteries (100)
22
Q
PCO2 is greatest when and where
A
After the exchange
In veins (46)
23
Q
When you breathe in it causes pressure to
A
Increase
24
Q
When you breathe out it causes pressure to
A
Decrease
25
Q = P/R
Cardiac output = Pressure / resistance
26
What is pressure gradient indicated by
MAP (mean arterial pressure)
Best indicator of driving force of circulation***
27
MAP (mean arterial pressure) =
Diastolic + 1/3 of systolic - diastolic
Best indicator of driving force of circulation***
28
Blood flows from an area of
High pressure to an area of low pressure
From:
Left ventricle to aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins and back to right atrium
29
Pressure gradient in:
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins
1. Dramatic drop in MAP
2. Increase systemic vascular tree
3. Increase systemic vascular tree
4. Pressure gradient low
5. Pressure gradient low, contraction of skeletal muslce pushes blood back to heart
30
Factors that increase venous return:
Muscle pumping
Ventilatory or respiratory pumping
Vasoconstriction of veins
Pressure head
31
What happens in the ventilatory/respiratory pumping
Pressure in thorasic decrease
Increase in abdominal pressure beacuse of diaphragm is pulled
Blood flows from abdominal to thoracic pushing blood to right atrium
32
What is vasoconstriction
Reflex constriciton of veins
Drains the muscle
Controlled by CNS
33
What effects peripheral resistance
Viscosity
Length of circulatory pathway
Vasoconstriction/Vasodilation
34
What happens to peripheral resistance when:
Viscosity increases
Viscosity decreases
Length of circulation increases
Length of circulation decreases
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Increases
Decreases
Increases
Decreases
Increases
Decreases
35
Increase in cardiac output due to
Decrease resistence and therefore a decrease viscosity and length
Increase in pressure gradient during exercise (Increase SV and HR)
Increase blood volume following training
36
During exercise, the %Q is distributed increases in...
Decrease in...
Skeletal muscle and skin
Kidneys, abdomin and other tissue
37
During exercise, the pressure decreases due to
Vasodilation of arterioles and muscle capillaries in active skeletal muscle
38
What is Fick equation
VO2 = Q x (A - VO2 difference)
39
VO2 =
Q =
A-VO2 difference =
Oxygen uptake rate
Cardiac output
Oxygen extraction
40
Exercise affects on components of ficks equation
Acute training:
```
Increases:
Maximal and submaximal values due to:
1. Increase Mitochondria
2. Increase Myoglobin
3. Capillarisation
4. Oxidative enzymes and cytochrome activity
```
41
Cardiac responses from rest to submax to max workloads:
```
Q
SV
HR
VE
VO2
mm blood lactic acid
Muscle blood flow
```
Q = increases
Due to HR only
SV = slight increase and then plateau
Due to HR only
HR = Same max HR in trained and untrained
Untrained just reaches max heart rate at lower workload
VE = Increase with greater than linear increase at AnT
VO2 = Increase with constant or drop at top/max
Trained individuals had less VO2 max and reaches it at heavier workload
mm Blood LA = Production of lactic acid come at higher workload
Muscle blood flow = increases
42
Increase EDV + Decrease ESV =
Increase SV
43
EDV is directly related to...
Ventricular volume and venous return
44
ESV is directly related to...
Contractility of myocardium and peripheral resistance
45
Pulmonary diffusion capacity increase from...
Rest to submax to max
46
What are the factors that effect Pulmonary diffusion capacity
Changes in these factors from illness will...
1. Alveolar membrane - smoking
2. Interstitial fluid - not enough H20
3. Capillary membrane plasma - damage diabetes
4. Red blood cells - anemia
Decrease PDC and endurance
47
Diffusion pathway (movement of O2 through tissue) can occur in...
Alveolar membrane
Interstitial fluid
Capillary membrane plasma
Red blood cells
48
An increase in diffusion pathway occurs due to:
Capillaries open around alveoli
Increase contact area
Increase O2 diffusion
49
Trained people have higher PDC because:
More capillaries open around alveoli
Size of alveoli is greater accounting for larger lung volumes
Trained individuals have higher blood volume
Trained individuals have higher hemoglobin levels
50
Factors determining oxygen in the blood
1. Ventilation rate (VE)
2. Pulmonary diffusion capacity (PDC)
3. Characteristics of diffusion pathway
4. Diffusion gradient and diffusion time - decreases with altitude
5. Altitude above 1500m
6. Characteristics of blood - RBC and Hb levels
51
For every increase of 1000m above 1500m, the VO2 decreases by...
10 %
52
Greater RBCs =
Greater Oxygen in blood
53
What is the greatest transports of oxygen (99%)
Hemoglobin
54
The PO2 determines...
The % of oxygen that is saturated with hemoglobin
55
Allosteric protein does what
Enhances O2 availability by two fold
56
Hemoglobin has binding sites for effectors that...
Can alter binding of other molecules and substrates like CO2 and H+
57
What is Cooperative within hemoglobin
When 1 oxygen attaches to hemoglobin it causes the second binds more easy and then the third and then the fourth even more easily.
58
The Hb O2 curve shifts to the right during exercise because of:
Decrease pH
Increase PCO2
Increase Temp
Increase DPG
No effect on O2 loading on Hb
Increase O2 availability to muscle tissue (unloading)
59
What does the curve reveal about the lungs and muscle tissue
Lungs: Hb is almost completely saturated with oxygen where PO2 is 100mmHG
Muscle tissue: PO2 10 - 30 mmHg
Hb has less affinity for O2 and therefore O2 is released from Hb so that it can diffuse into the muscle
60
During exercise, what effects and shifts occur
Shift to the right
Increase oxygen availability for muscle tissue
Bohr effect
Haldene effect
61
What is the Bohr effect
Increase PCO2 and H+ = enhanced release of oxygen from Hb
62
What is the Haldene effect
High PO2 in alveoli enhances the release of CO2 and H+ from Hb in the lungs
Enhances removal of Co2 and H+ from body
63
What is the 1st major adaptation in high altitude
Hours
DPG
Curve
Effects
After 48 hours
Increase in 2-3 DPG levels **
Shifts curve to right = increases the amount of oxygen released to muscle tissues and increases endurance performing capabilities
64
What is epogen
Prescription eyrthropoietin = Increases RBC and Hb levels, oxygen carrying capacity
Also increases viscosity which is not good = Heart attack
65
What are the exercise effects of EDV and ESV
During exercise:
EDV increases
ESV decreases
Increases SV
66
Exercise effects on the heart contractility
Exercise increases contractility of heart due to increase activity of the sympathetic nerveous system and frank starling law
Increase EDV puts a pre-stretch on the myocardium which results in greater force contraction
ESV is decreased and SV increases
67
Endurance training increases:
Blood volume and ventricular volume
68
Strength training increases
Ventricle wall thickness
69
Difference between trained and untrained at rest:
```
Q
SV
HR
A-V difference
VE
VO2
mm LA
Muscle blood flow
```
```
Q = Same at rest **
SV = Higher in trained
HR = Lower in trained
A-V difference = Same at rest **
VE = Lower in trained but about the same at rest
VO2 = Same at rest **
mm LA = Same at rest **
Muscle blood flowSame at rest **
```
70
Difference between trained and untrained at submax and max
```
Q
SV
HR
A-V difference
VE
VO2
mm LA
Muscle blood flow
```
Q = Continues to increase in trained due to increase HR
SV = Higher in trained due to increase blood volume and wall thickness and increase venticular volume = increase myocardial efficancy
HR = lower in trained due to increase myocardial efficancy = less workload needed to maintain workload, increased vagus nerve domin
A-V difference = increases at submax to increase in max VO2 due to increase Q
VE = Lower in trained
VO2 = Lower due to improved cap, myoglobin and enzymes
mm LA = increases at higher workload due to higher lactate acid tolerance, breakaway at AnT
71
Trained individuals have greater:
What type of HR do they have
```
Blood volume
Capillaries
Hb concentrations
Mitochondria in muscle tissues
Myocardial efficancy
Myoglobin
Oxygen enzymes
Ventricular volume
Vall thickness
```
Bradycardia (endurance training) = due to increase vagus control
72
Influences on cardiorespiratory responses
```
Increase cerebral cortex activity
Increase Kinesthetic feedback
Increased chemorecptor response
Increase catecholamine release
Increase Temp
Increase altitude
O2 Enrichment
Smoking = Increases airway resistance
Blood doping = Increases OCC
```
73
How does increase cerebral cortex activity have an influence on:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels
```
Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase vasodilation heart and muscles
Increase Ventilation **
Increase vasoconstriction of other tissue
```
74
How does increase kinesthetic feedback have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels
1st onset of exercise is from...
```
Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase vasodilation heart and muscles
Increase Ventilation **
Increase vasoconstriction of other tissue
```
Joint receptors
75
How does Increase chemoreceptor reponse have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels
Increase PCO2 = Increase Ventilation, HR and SV
Decrease pH = Increase Ventilation, HR and SV
Decrease PO2 = Increase Ventilation, HR and SV
PCO2 and pH cause vasoconstriciton of other tissues
PO2 causes vasodilation in heart/muscles and vasoconstriction of other tissues
76
How does increase catecholamine release have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels
```
Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase vasodilation heart and muscles
Increase Ventilation **
Increase vasoconstriction of other tissue
```
77
How does increase temp have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels
Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase vasodilation heart and muscles
Increase Ventilation **
78
How does increase altitude have an influence on PO2
Decrease P ATM = decrease PO2
79
How does smoking have an influence
Increases airway resistance
| Increase CO = Decreases Hb that is saturated with O2
80
How does blood doping have an influence
Increase oxygen carrying capacity
81
Oxyhemoglobin is..
In relaxed state, all heme complexus exposed
82
Deoxyhemoglobin is..
oxygen forced off heme structure and goes to cells of the body during exercise
83
Oxy goes to Deoxy...
To give cells oxygen through bonding of amino acid chains
84
Oxygen carrying capacity =
Females have...
Hb + RBCs
Lower than males as they lose oxygen during menstral cycle
85
How much CO2 is transported in the blood
7 - 10%
Is important for PCO2 and regulating cardiorespiratory responses
86
In plasma CO2 + H2O =
H2CO3 which dissocaited into HCO3 and H+
HCO3 is buffered by plasma proteins
87
In RBCs CO2 + H2O =
H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is converted by carbonic anhydrase to form HCO3 and H+
H+ is buffered by Hb
60 - 70% carried by carbonic acid
88
How much CO2 Combines with Hb
23 - 30% = carbaminogemoglobin
89
What is barconate eliminated by
Kidneys
90
What happens in the Haldene effect
High PO2 leads to release of H+ and CO2 from hemoglobin
H+ and CO2 in alveolar capillaries diffuse to alveoli where they are eliminated with expiration
An increase in PO2 and PCO2 = more CO2 eliminated from body and more CO2 transported in blood
91
Lactate breakaway at AnT is due to
Increase of VCO2
92
What is lactate buffered by
What are the products
What does this cause
Sodium bicarbonate**
Products:
H2CO3 - H2O + CO2 (expired)
NaLA (sodium lactate)
Causes breakaway in VCO2, VE
Decreases pH
93
AnT =
Anaerobic threshold
94
AnT breakaway at what
Due to for each
VE, VCO2 and Lactate
VE breakaway due to Increase VCO2 and increase lactic acid (Increase PCO2 and decrease pH)
VCO2 breakaway due to increase lactate
Lactate breakaway due to buffering systen not able to keep up with lactate production by muscle tissue after AnT
95
What type of training increase AnT
Increase VO2 max training
96
What do we use AnT to predict
```
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Endurance capabilities
Exercise prescription
Tolerance to environmental extremes
To set long term work paces to aviod lactate production
```
97
Detection of AnT
Rating of RPE
Breakaways
Peaking out in FeCO2
Bottoming out in FeO2
98
3 principles of exercise physiology
Max tension - actin-myosin binding
Speed of contraction - size of axon and conc. myosin atpase
Endurance - regeneration of ATP
99
Oxygen deficit occurs before...
Steady state
100
Oxygen debt occurs after...
Max vo2 is reduced
101
Alactacid restores
1st stage
| Phosphagen that were depleted in O2 deficit
102
Lactacid is the...
2nd stage
| Removal of lactate by oxidation
103
Oxygen uptake kinetics:
Related to...
Rate of VO2 response will...
muscle mass and training
influence rate or amount of O2 deficit use
104
What is the maximal O2 deficit capacity
What are the factors
4-7L O2 in a trained individual
Phosphagen stores and lactic acid tolerance
105
Why is O2 debt is greater than O2 deficit
O2 uptake yielding ATP production is required as well as lactate removal
Therefore O2 uptake level of metabolism is elevated by myocardium and respiratory muscles
Lingering effects of hormones such as thyroxine and catecholamines
Increase heat production
Increase circulation and increase myocardial O2 uptake rate
106
Alactacid occurs based on...
Oxidative metabolism
107
Lactacid is where
Lactate is converted to pyruvate to enter krebs cyle in muscles
Sweat/urine amino acid production, gluconeogensis
108
Rate of recovery for:
Passive
Active
Passive:
alactacid - 50% within 30 seconds, 100% within 2 - 3mins
lactacid - 50% within 25-30mins, 100% within 1-2 hours
Active:
Alactacid - Same
Lactacid - 50% within 10-15mins, 100% within 30mins - 1 hour
109
What does active lactacid require
High rate of oxidative metabolism without lactate accumulation, just below AnT
Within 7 mins of exercise
Ventilation under control with heart rate at 140-160
Moderate intensity
Must keep moving
110
Pacing from:
Fast to slow
Even pace
Slow to fast
Fast to slow:
Endurance - better for athletes with high % of ST muscle
They have high H-LDH which clears lactate
Even:
Best performance time
Fastest pace kept even
Slow to fast:
Sprinters - better for athletes with more FT muscle = FINISHING KICK
Have a lower O2 deficit in first 2 mins
Have more M-LDH than endurance athletes
111
What are the three training principles
Overload
Progressioin
Specificity
112
What is overload
Higher than normal demands
113
What is progression
Increasing workloads
114
What is specificity
Motor unit training
115
Within program design, Task analysis is broken down into
Skill
Strength
Metabolic
116
When doing program design, what should we consider
```
Age
Fitness goals
Motivation
Injury/disability
Equipment
Time
Interests
Variety
```
117
What are the different program phases
Pre-season = 1-2 months prior - build specific fitness
In season = Maintain
Post season = maintain general fitness
118
What is periodisation / cycle training
Heavy training cycles mixed with lighter training cycles
119
Phosphagen metabolism occurs within
Anaerobic glycolysis occurs within
Oxidative occurs within
0-20 seconds
45 secs - 3mins
3 - 4min (3:45) - 135 mins
120
What happens at 3:45 mins (3-4min) of exercise
Where 50% of aerobic energy production and 50% anaerobic energy production
121
What are the interval training guidelines for:
Phosphagen metabolism
```
Minimum % HR max - >= 95%
0-30secs
4-5sets
8-10 reps
1/3 work ratio
Passive recovery
```
122
What are the interval training guidelines for:
Anaerobic glycolysis
```
Minimum % HR max - >= 90%
30-60secs
4-5sets
5 reps
1/3 work ratio
Active recovery
```
```
60-120secs
2-3 sets
5 reps
1/2 work ratio **
Active recovery
```
```
2-3 mins
1-2 sets
4-6reps
1/2 work ratio **
Active recovery
```
123
What are the interval training guidelines for:
Oxidative
```
Minimum % HR max - >= 85%
3-5 mins
1 set
3-4 reps
1/1 work ratio
Passive recovery
```
124
What are the recovery heart rates between reps and sets
Between reps: 70% of max HR
Between sets: 60% of max HR
125
Predicted max heart rate is
220 - age = leg exercise
208 - age = water exercise
207 - age = arm exercise
126
Endurance training general guidelines
Heart rate max =
>= 75% Max HR = FOR GENERAL FITNESS
85 - 95% Max HR = FOR COMPETITVE PREP
220 - age (+- 10 bpm)
127
% max HR =
Max HR x (% max / 100)
128
Endurance training compared to interval training
Physiologically and psychologically less demanding
Generally used to develop general overall cardiorespiratory endurance (around 75% HR Max)
Can be used in conjunction with interval training for compeitive prep (85 - 95% of HR max)
Generally less specificity in training
129
What else can be used to know if the intensity of endurance training is greater than AnT
Breakaway in VE = hyperventilation
Breakaway in lactic acid
130
ACSM recommends that the duration and frequency of endurance training is
20 - 60 mins
3 - 5 times a week
131
After 4 weeks of detraining what is loss
Lose 50% of cardiorespiratory fitness developed
132
What is the fitness classifications based on VO2 max
LOW
Female: <= 29 ml/kg/min
Male: <= 34 ml/kg/min
```
60-70% of HR max
50-60% of HRR
50-60% of VO2 max
RPE (fairly light to somewhat hard)
Breathing is comfortable, unaware
20-30mins, 3 days a week
```
133
What is the fitness classifications based on VO2 max
MODERATE
Female: 30 - 44 ml/kg/min
Male: 35-49 ml/kg/min
```
70-80% of HR max
60-75% of HRR
60-75% of VO2 max
RPE is somewhat hard to hard
Aware of breathing
30-45mins, 4 days a week
```
134
What is the fitness classifications based on VO2 max
HIGH
Female: >= 45 ml/kg/min
Male: >= 50 ml/kg/min
```
80-90% of HR max
75-85% of HRR
75-85% of VO2 max
RPE = 15-17 hard to very hard
Respiratory distress
45-60 mins, 5 days a week
```
135
Power =
Work / Time
(Force x distance) / Time
Force x velocity
136
Strength =
Maximal force from one contraction (1 rep max)
137
Isometric =
Force = resistance
No movement
Can provide a maximal overload
Joint angle specificity
138
Concentric =
Force > resistance
Movement in direction of force vector
Overload can be near maximal
But then speed will be slow
AT extremes in room **
139
Essentric =
Force < resistance
Movement in direction of resistance vector
Overload can be maximal
120% of 1 rep max
140
Isokinetic =
Force > resistance
Overload can be maximal
Controlled speed may be fast or slow
141
Muscular endurance =
What is it not dependent on
Is a measure of work capacity under moderate to high resistance loads. It mainly depends on strength and anaerobic capabilities and is also a function of the relative load involved
NOT DEPENDENT ON AEROBIC OXIDATIVE METABOLISM
142
Strength ------ Muscle endurance ------- Cardiorespiratory endurance
1 RM
2 - 3 mins
> 3 - 4 mins
143
Basic training guidelines for
Isometric
100% of maximum effort
5 sec/rep
5 reps/exercise
144
Basic training guidelines for
Concentric
8-10 exercises
1 set
8-12 repitions
2 days per week
80 - 70% of 1 rep max
145
Basic training guidelines for
Eccentric
120% of 1 RM
3 - 5 sets/exercise
6-8 reps
3-5 times a week
146
Basic training guidelines for
Isokinetic
100% of max effort
3 sets
8-15 reps
2-4 days a week
Training speed should be as fast as or faster than the speed of movement involved in the sports skill for which the athlete is training
147
Basic training guidelines for
Circuit
Involves 6 - 15 exercises
Mainly concentric
30 - 40 secs
15 - 20 secs rest
40 - 60% of 1 RM
Timed circuit 30 - 40 mins
Can be effective at increasing strength, muscle endurance, VO2 max and decreasing body fat
148
Basic training guidelines for
Muscular endurance
15 - 20 reps up to 30 - 40 reps
2 - 3 sets
3 times a week
149
Acute muscle soreness
Acute soreness is due to ischemia as blood flow is occluded at 60 % of maximal voluntary contraction
= 60% of 1 RM
150
Delayed muscle soreness
24-48 hours post workout
damage of muscle or connective tissue
151
Training adaptation of Resistance training
Decrease in...
Increase in...
Decrease in:
% BF
FW
Capiliary density
Aerobic enzyme activity
Increase in:
Everything else
152
Training adaptation of Sprint training
Decrease in...
Increase in...
Decrease in:
Body mass
% BF
FW
Body circumferences
Increase in:
Everything else
But...
Bone mineralization and connective tissue strength and mass only if it is weight bearing
153
Training adaptation of endurance training
Decrease in...
Increase in...
Decrease in:
```
Body mass
% BF
FW
Body circumferences
FT fiber to ST fiber
```
Increase in:
Everything else
But...
Bone mineralization and connective tissue strength and mass only if it is weight bearing
154
Muscle mass breakaway in ____ around the age of ____
Males
| 12
155
Force produced is greater in
Males than females
156
Steroid effects of:
Anabolic
Androgenic
Anabolic = Increase lean tissue development and strength
Androgenic = Increase masculinisation or feminisation
157
What are the side effects of exogenous intake
Liver or kidnet damage
CHD sterility
Closure of long bone growth
Servere acne
Masculinisation or femisation
Increase risk of some cancers
158
Strength training helps endurance training
Endurance training helps strength training
True
False
159
ACSM recommendation on fitness and exercise guide lines
60 - 90% HR max
50 - 85% HRR or VO2 Max
20 - 60 mins per session
3 - 5 days per week
160
Training adaptation of Resistance training on:
```
Rest HR
Rest BP
Ventricular wall thickness
Ventricular volume
SV
Myocardial efficiency
Blood lipid profiles
Glucose tolerance
Self esteem
Performance
```
```
Rest HR = Decrease
Rest BP = Decrease
Ventricular wall thickness = Increase
Ventricular volume =
SV = Increase
Myocardial efficiency = Increase
Blood lipid profiles = No change
Glucose tolerance = Improved
Self esteem = Increase
Performance = Increase
```
161
Training adaptation of sprint training on:
```
Rest HR
Rest BP
Ventricular wall thickness
Ventricular volume
SV
Myocardial efficiency
Blood lipid profiles
Glucose tolerance
Self esteem
Performance
```
Rest HR = Decrease
Rest BP = Decrease
Ventricular wall thickness = No change
Ventricular volume = Increase
SV = Increase
Myocardial efficiency = Increase
Blood lipid profiles = Improved
Glucose tolerance = Improved
Self esteem = Increase
Performance = Increase
162
Training adaptation of endurance training on:
```
Rest HR
Rest BP
Ventricular wall thickness
Ventricular volume
SV
Myocardial efficiency
Blood lipid profiles
Glucose tolerance
Self esteem
Performance
```
Rest HR = Decrease
Rest BP = Decrease
Ventricular wall thickness = Increase
Ventricular volume = Increase
SV = Increase
Myocardial efficiency = Increase
Blood lipid profiles = Improved
Glucose tolerance = Improved
Self esteem = Increase
Performance = Increase
163
Every American adult should accumulate
30 mins or more of moderate intensity physical activity over the course of most days of the week
164
What is the breakaway in VE at AnT detected by
Chemoreceptors - detect CO2 increase and pH decrease
165
At submax exercise, trained individuals have a lowerer
Due to
Trained individuals have a _____ and _____ breath
VE
```
Capillarisation
larger long volumes
Greater alveolar ventilation rate
Great Hb and blood volume
Decrease sensitivity in chemorecptors
```
Slow and deep
166
How much O2 is carried in the plasma
1%
167
PO2 is greatest in the
PCO2 is greatest in the
Capillary
Muscle
168
The higher the PO2, the greater...
The saturation of Hb with oxygen
169
Hb dissociation curve describes...
How much oxygen is bound to Hb in given Partial pressure
170
Allosteric refers to...
the interaction between spatially distinct sites
171
Ventricular volume is also known as
Anatomical volume
172
0.3 g per kg of sodium bicarbonate will..
Increase lactic acid tolerance and capacity of anaerobic glycolysis
173
AnT in untrained is _____
AnT in trained is ______
50 - 60% VO2 max
70 - 80% VO2 max
174
The capacity of anaerobic energy systems*** limits...
Max O2 deficit capacity
175
Phosphagen stores are related to...
muscle mass and training status ***
