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Kin 155 > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Response of VE to exercise

A

Increase linearly and then greater linearly at AnT
Lower VE in trained individuals
Trained individuals can go to greater work rate and higher VE

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2
Q

Reponse of VCO2 to exercise

A

Increase linearly and then greater linearly at AnT
Lower VCO2 in trained individuals
Trained VCO2 can go to greater work rate and higher VCO2

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3
Q

Response of VO2 to exercise

A

Increases linearly until plateau or decrease

Trained individuals can go to higher VO2 and work rate

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4
Q

Causes for breakaway (AnT) in VE

A
  1. Increase (breakaway) in VCO2

2. Increase lactate (Breakaway), decrease pH due to an increase of H+

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5
Q

Cause for breakaway (AnT) in VCO2

A

Breakaway in lactate production

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6
Q

Training effects on:
VE
VCO2
VO2

A

Decrease
Decrease
Increase VO2 max

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7
Q

Why does VE change with training

A

Increase ability for gase exchange:

Greater capillarisation
Larger lung volume
Greater alveolar VE due to neural adjustments
Greater blood volume and Hb levels

Decrease sensitivity for chemoreceptors to respiratory stimulators such as CO2 and Lactate in blood

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8
Q

Why does VCO2 change with training

A

Slower production of CO2 in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyle CoA and krebs cycle

Less buffering of lactic acid into CO2 and H2O

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9
Q

Why does VO2 change with training

A

Improved metabolic/biomechanical efficiency

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10
Q

Primary muscle fibers for:
< AT

> AT

A

< AT:
SO, FOG
Fat - mix oxidation
Aerobic

> AT:
FOG, FG
Mix - CHO
Increase lactic acid
Anaerobic
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11
Q

Alveolar ventilation rate = VA

VA =

A

(Vt - Vd) x f

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12
Q

Trained individuals have a greater VA because

A

Of the slow and deep breathing patterns which cause greater Vt

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13
Q

Vt depth and rate of breathing in trained athletes is

A

Slower and deeper than untrained athletes

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14
Q

PO2 and PCO2 move from…

A

Areas of high Pp to an area of lower Pp due to diffusion

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15
Q

Atmospheric air PO2 : PCO2 =

A

159 mmHg ; 0.3 mmHg

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16
Q

Alveoli PO2 : PCO2 =

A

100 mmHg : 40 mmHg

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17
Q

What is the reason for a decrease in PO2 and an increase of PCO2 from the atmospheric air and air in lungs

A

Due to dilution of atmospheric air with the residual lung gases

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18
Q

Time for gas exchange at
Rest =
Exercise =

Limiting factor?

A
  1. 75 seconds
  2. 3 - 0.4 seconds

However it is not a limiting factor because it only takes 0.3 seconds for complete gas exchange to occur

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19
Q

Diffusion of O2 happens in:

A

Lungs: Alveoli to pulmonary capillaries

Muscle tissue: muscle capillaries to muscle tissue

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20
Q

Diffusion of CO2 happens in:

A

Lungs: Pulmonary capillaries to alveoli

Muscle tissue: muscle tissue to muscle capillaries

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21
Q

PO2 is greatest when and where

A

Before the exchange

In arteries (100)

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22
Q

PCO2 is greatest when and where

A

After the exchange

In veins (46)

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23
Q

When you breathe in it causes pressure to

A

Increase

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24
Q

When you breathe out it causes pressure to

A

Decrease

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25
Q

Q = P/R

A

Cardiac output = Pressure / resistance

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26
Q

What is pressure gradient indicated by

A

MAP (mean arterial pressure)

Best indicator of driving force of circulation***

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27
Q

MAP (mean arterial pressure) =

A

Diastolic + 1/3 of systolic - diastolic

Best indicator of driving force of circulation***

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28
Q

Blood flows from an area of

A

High pressure to an area of low pressure

From:
Left ventricle to aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins and back to right atrium

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29
Q

Pressure gradient in:

  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Capillaries
  4. Venules
  5. Veins
A
  1. Dramatic drop in MAP
  2. Increase systemic vascular tree
  3. Increase systemic vascular tree
  4. Pressure gradient low
  5. Pressure gradient low, contraction of skeletal muslce pushes blood back to heart
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30
Q

Factors that increase venous return:

A

Muscle pumping
Ventilatory or respiratory pumping
Vasoconstriction of veins
Pressure head

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31
Q

What happens in the ventilatory/respiratory pumping

A

Pressure in thorasic decrease

Increase in abdominal pressure beacuse of diaphragm is pulled

Blood flows from abdominal to thoracic pushing blood to right atrium

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32
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Reflex constriciton of veins
Drains the muscle
Controlled by CNS

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33
Q

What effects peripheral resistance

A

Viscosity
Length of circulatory pathway
Vasoconstriction/Vasodilation

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34
Q

What happens to peripheral resistance when:

Viscosity increases
Viscosity decreases

Length of circulation increases
Length of circulation decreases

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation

A

Increases
Decreases

Increases
Decreases

Increases
Decreases

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35
Q

Increase in cardiac output due to

A

Decrease resistence and therefore a decrease viscosity and length

Increase in pressure gradient during exercise (Increase SV and HR)

Increase blood volume following training

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36
Q

During exercise, the %Q is distributed increases in…

Decrease in…

A

Skeletal muscle and skin

Kidneys, abdomin and other tissue

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37
Q

During exercise, the pressure decreases due to

A

Vasodilation of arterioles and muscle capillaries in active skeletal muscle

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38
Q

What is Fick equation

A

VO2 = Q x (A - VO2 difference)

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39
Q

VO2 =
Q =
A-VO2 difference =

A

Oxygen uptake rate
Cardiac output
Oxygen extraction

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40
Q

Exercise affects on components of ficks equation

A

Acute training:

Increases:
Maximal and submaximal values due to:
1. Increase Mitochondria
2. Increase Myoglobin
3. Capillarisation
4. Oxidative enzymes and cytochrome activity
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41
Q

Cardiac responses from rest to submax to max workloads:

Q
SV
HR
VE
VO2
mm blood lactic acid
Muscle blood flow
A

Q = increases
Due to HR only

SV = slight increase and then plateau
Due to HR only

HR = Same max HR in trained and untrained
Untrained just reaches max heart rate at lower workload

VE = Increase with greater than linear increase at AnT

VO2 = Increase with constant or drop at top/max
Trained individuals had less VO2 max and reaches it at heavier workload

mm Blood LA = Production of lactic acid come at higher workload

Muscle blood flow = increases

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42
Q

Increase EDV + Decrease ESV =

A

Increase SV

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43
Q

EDV is directly related to…

A

Ventricular volume and venous return

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44
Q

ESV is directly related to…

A

Contractility of myocardium and peripheral resistance

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45
Q

Pulmonary diffusion capacity increase from…

A

Rest to submax to max

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46
Q

What are the factors that effect Pulmonary diffusion capacity

Changes in these factors from illness will…

A
  1. Alveolar membrane - smoking
  2. Interstitial fluid - not enough H20
  3. Capillary membrane plasma - damage diabetes
  4. Red blood cells - anemia

Decrease PDC and endurance

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47
Q

Diffusion pathway (movement of O2 through tissue) can occur in…

A

Alveolar membrane
Interstitial fluid
Capillary membrane plasma
Red blood cells

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48
Q

An increase in diffusion pathway occurs due to:

A

Capillaries open around alveoli
Increase contact area
Increase O2 diffusion

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49
Q

Trained people have higher PDC because:

A

More capillaries open around alveoli
Size of alveoli is greater accounting for larger lung volumes
Trained individuals have higher blood volume
Trained individuals have higher hemoglobin levels

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50
Q

Factors determining oxygen in the blood

A
  1. Ventilation rate (VE)
  2. Pulmonary diffusion capacity (PDC)
  3. Characteristics of diffusion pathway
  4. Diffusion gradient and diffusion time - decreases with altitude
  5. Altitude above 1500m
  6. Characteristics of blood - RBC and Hb levels
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51
Q

For every increase of 1000m above 1500m, the VO2 decreases by…

A

10 %

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52
Q

Greater RBCs =

A

Greater Oxygen in blood

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53
Q

What is the greatest transports of oxygen (99%)

A

Hemoglobin

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54
Q

The PO2 determines…

A

The % of oxygen that is saturated with hemoglobin

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55
Q

Allosteric protein does what

A

Enhances O2 availability by two fold

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56
Q

Hemoglobin has binding sites for effectors that…

A

Can alter binding of other molecules and substrates like CO2 and H+

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57
Q

What is Cooperative within hemoglobin

A

When 1 oxygen attaches to hemoglobin it causes the second binds more easy and then the third and then the fourth even more easily.

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58
Q

The Hb O2 curve shifts to the right during exercise because of:

A

Decrease pH
Increase PCO2
Increase Temp
Increase DPG

No effect on O2 loading on Hb
Increase O2 availability to muscle tissue (unloading)

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59
Q

What does the curve reveal about the lungs and muscle tissue

A

Lungs: Hb is almost completely saturated with oxygen where PO2 is 100mmHG

Muscle tissue: PO2 10 - 30 mmHg
Hb has less affinity for O2 and therefore O2 is released from Hb so that it can diffuse into the muscle

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60
Q

During exercise, what effects and shifts occur

A

Shift to the right
Increase oxygen availability for muscle tissue
Bohr effect
Haldene effect

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61
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

Increase PCO2 and H+ = enhanced release of oxygen from Hb

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62
Q

What is the Haldene effect

A

High PO2 in alveoli enhances the release of CO2 and H+ from Hb in the lungs

Enhances removal of Co2 and H+ from body

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63
Q

What is the 1st major adaptation in high altitude

Hours
DPG
Curve
Effects

A

After 48 hours
Increase in 2-3 DPG levels **
Shifts curve to right = increases the amount of oxygen released to muscle tissues and increases endurance performing capabilities

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64
Q

What is epogen

A

Prescription eyrthropoietin = Increases RBC and Hb levels, oxygen carrying capacity

Also increases viscosity which is not good = Heart attack

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65
Q

What are the exercise effects of EDV and ESV

A

During exercise:
EDV increases
ESV decreases
Increases SV

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66
Q

Exercise effects on the heart contractility

A

Exercise increases contractility of heart due to increase activity of the sympathetic nerveous system and frank starling law

Increase EDV puts a pre-stretch on the myocardium which results in greater force contraction

ESV is decreased and SV increases

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67
Q

Endurance training increases:

A

Blood volume and ventricular volume

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68
Q

Strength training increases

A

Ventricle wall thickness

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69
Q

Difference between trained and untrained at rest:

Q
SV
HR
A-V difference
VE
VO2
mm LA
Muscle blood flow
A 
Q = Same at rest **
SV = Higher in trained
HR = Lower in trained
A-V difference = Same at rest **
VE = Lower in trained but about the same at rest
VO2 = Same at rest **
mm LA = Same at rest **
Muscle blood flowSame at rest **
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70
Q

Difference between trained and untrained at submax and max

Q
SV
HR
A-V difference
VE
VO2
mm LA
Muscle blood flow
A

Q = Continues to increase in trained due to increase HR

SV = Higher in trained due to increase blood volume and wall thickness and increase venticular volume = increase myocardial efficancy

HR = lower in trained due to increase myocardial efficancy = less workload needed to maintain workload, increased vagus nerve domin

A-V difference = increases at submax to increase in max VO2 due to increase Q

VE = Lower in trained
VO2 = Lower due to improved cap, myoglobin and enzymes
mm LA = increases at higher workload due to higher lactate acid tolerance, breakaway at AnT

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71
Q

Trained individuals have greater:

What type of HR do they have

A 
Blood volume
Capillaries
Hb concentrations
Mitochondria in muscle tissues
Myocardial efficancy
Myoglobin
Oxygen enzymes
Ventricular volume
Vall thickness

Bradycardia (endurance training) = due to increase vagus control

72
Q

Influences on cardiorespiratory responses

A 
Increase cerebral cortex activity
Increase Kinesthetic feedback
Increased chemorecptor response
Increase catecholamine release
Increase Temp
Increase altitude
O2 Enrichment
Smoking = Increases airway resistance
Blood doping = Increases OCC
73
Q

How does increase cerebral cortex activity have an influence on:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels

A 
Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase vasodilation heart and muscles
Increase Ventilation **
Increase vasoconstriction of other tissue
74
Q

How does increase kinesthetic feedback have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels

1st onset of exercise is from…

A 
Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase vasodilation heart and muscles
Increase Ventilation **
Increase vasoconstriction of other tissue

Joint receptors

75
Q

How does Increase chemoreceptor reponse have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels

A

Increase PCO2 = Increase Ventilation, HR and SV
Decrease pH = Increase Ventilation, HR and SV
Decrease PO2 = Increase Ventilation, HR and SV

PCO2 and pH cause vasoconstriciton of other tissues

PO2 causes vasodilation in heart/muscles and vasoconstriction of other tissues

76
Q

How does increase catecholamine release have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels

A 
Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase vasodilation heart and muscles
Increase Ventilation **
Increase vasoconstriction of other tissue
77
Q

How does increase temp have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels

A

Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase vasodilation heart and muscles
Increase Ventilation **

78
Q

How does increase altitude have an influence on PO2

A

Decrease P ATM = decrease PO2

79
Q

How does smoking have an influence

A

Increases airway resistance

Increase CO = Decreases Hb that is saturated with O2

80
Q

How does blood doping have an influence

A

Increase oxygen carrying capacity

81
Q

Oxyhemoglobin is..

A

In relaxed state, all heme complexus exposed

82
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin is..

A

oxygen forced off heme structure and goes to cells of the body during exercise

83
Q

Oxy goes to Deoxy…

A

To give cells oxygen through bonding of amino acid chains

84
Q

Oxygen carrying capacity =

Females have…

A

Hb + RBCs

Lower than males as they lose oxygen during menstral cycle

85
Q

How much CO2 is transported in the blood

A

7 - 10%

Is important for PCO2 and regulating cardiorespiratory responses

86
Q

In plasma CO2 + H2O =

A

H2CO3 which dissocaited into HCO3 and H+

HCO3 is buffered by plasma proteins

87
Q

In RBCs CO2 + H2O =

A

H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is converted by carbonic anhydrase to form HCO3 and H+

H+ is buffered by Hb

60 - 70% carried by carbonic acid

88
Q

How much CO2 Combines with Hb

A

23 - 30% = carbaminogemoglobin

89
Q

What is barconate eliminated by

A

Kidneys

90
Q

What happens in the Haldene effect

A

High PO2 leads to release of H+ and CO2 from hemoglobin

H+ and CO2 in alveolar capillaries diffuse to alveoli where they are eliminated with expiration

An increase in PO2 and PCO2 = more CO2 eliminated from body and more CO2 transported in blood

91
Q

Lactate breakaway at AnT is due to

A

Increase of VCO2

92
Q

What is lactate buffered by

What are the products

What does this cause

A

Sodium bicarbonate**

Products:
H2CO3 - H2O + CO2 (expired)
NaLA (sodium lactate)

Causes breakaway in VCO2, VE
Decreases pH

93
Q

AnT =

A

Anaerobic threshold

94
Q

AnT breakaway at what

Due to for each

A

VE, VCO2 and Lactate

VE breakaway due to Increase VCO2 and increase lactic acid (Increase PCO2 and decrease pH)

VCO2 breakaway due to increase lactate

Lactate breakaway due to buffering systen not able to keep up with lactate production by muscle tissue after AnT

95
Q

What type of training increase AnT

A

Increase VO2 max training

96
Q

What do we use AnT to predict

A 
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Endurance capabilities
Exercise prescription
Tolerance to environmental extremes
To set long term work paces to aviod lactate production
97
Q

Detection of AnT

A

Rating of RPE
Breakaways
Peaking out in FeCO2
Bottoming out in FeO2

98
Q

3 principles of exercise physiology

A

Max tension - actin-myosin binding
Speed of contraction - size of axon and conc. myosin atpase
Endurance - regeneration of ATP

99
Q

Oxygen deficit occurs before…

A

Steady state

100
Q

Oxygen debt occurs after…

A

Max vo2 is reduced

101
Q

Alactacid restores

A

1st stage

Phosphagen that were depleted in O2 deficit

102
Q

Lactacid is the…

A

2nd stage

Removal of lactate by oxidation

103
Q

Oxygen uptake kinetics:

Related to…

Rate of VO2 response will…

A

muscle mass and training

influence rate or amount of O2 deficit use

104
Q

What is the maximal O2 deficit capacity

What are the factors

A

4-7L O2 in a trained individual

Phosphagen stores and lactic acid tolerance

105
Q

Why is O2 debt is greater than O2 deficit

A

O2 uptake yielding ATP production is required as well as lactate removal

Therefore O2 uptake level of metabolism is elevated by myocardium and respiratory muscles

Lingering effects of hormones such as thyroxine and catecholamines

Increase heat production

Increase circulation and increase myocardial O2 uptake rate

106
Q

Alactacid occurs based on…

A

Oxidative metabolism

107
Q

Lactacid is where

A

Lactate is converted to pyruvate to enter krebs cyle in muscles

Sweat/urine amino acid production, gluconeogensis

108
Q

Rate of recovery for:

Passive

Active

A

Passive:
alactacid - 50% within 30 seconds, 100% within 2 - 3mins
lactacid - 50% within 25-30mins, 100% within 1-2 hours

Active:
Alactacid - Same
Lactacid - 50% within 10-15mins, 100% within 30mins - 1 hour

109
Q

What does active lactacid require

A

High rate of oxidative metabolism without lactate accumulation, just below AnT

Within 7 mins of exercise

Ventilation under control with heart rate at 140-160

Moderate intensity

Must keep moving

110
Q

Pacing from:

Fast to slow
Even pace
Slow to fast

A

Fast to slow:
Endurance - better for athletes with high % of ST muscle
They have high H-LDH which clears lactate

Even:
Best performance time
Fastest pace kept even

Slow to fast:
Sprinters - better for athletes with more FT muscle = FINISHING KICK
Have a lower O2 deficit in first 2 mins
Have more M-LDH than endurance athletes

111
Q

What are the three training principles

A

Overload
Progressioin
Specificity

112
Q

What is overload

A

Higher than normal demands

113
Q

What is progression

A

Increasing workloads

114
Q

What is specificity

A

Motor unit training

115
Q

Within program design, Task analysis is broken down into

A

Skill
Strength
Metabolic

116
Q

When doing program design, what should we consider

A 
Age
Fitness goals
Motivation
Injury/disability
Equipment
Time
Interests
Variety
117
Q

What are the different program phases

A

Pre-season = 1-2 months prior - build specific fitness

In season = Maintain

Post season = maintain general fitness

118
Q

What is periodisation / cycle training

A

Heavy training cycles mixed with lighter training cycles

119
Q

Phosphagen metabolism occurs within

Anaerobic glycolysis occurs within

Oxidative occurs within

A

0-20 seconds

45 secs - 3mins

3 - 4min (3:45) - 135 mins

120
Q

What happens at 3:45 mins (3-4min) of exercise

A

Where 50% of aerobic energy production and 50% anaerobic energy production

121
Q

What are the interval training guidelines for:

Phosphagen metabolism

A 
Minimum % HR max - >= 95%
0-30secs
4-5sets
8-10 reps
1/3 work ratio
Passive recovery
122
Q

What are the interval training guidelines for:

Anaerobic glycolysis

A 
Minimum % HR max - >= 90%
30-60secs
4-5sets
5 reps
1/3 work ratio
Active recovery
60-120secs
2-3 sets
5 reps
1/2 work ratio **
Active recovery
2-3 mins
1-2 sets
4-6reps
1/2 work ratio **
Active recovery
123
Q

What are the interval training guidelines for:

Oxidative

A 
Minimum % HR max - >= 85%
3-5 mins
1 set
3-4 reps
1/1 work ratio
Passive recovery
124
Q

What are the recovery heart rates between reps and sets

A

Between reps: 70% of max HR

Between sets: 60% of max HR

125
Q

Predicted max heart rate is

A

220 - age = leg exercise
208 - age = water exercise
207 - age = arm exercise

126
Q

Endurance training general guidelines

Heart rate max =

A

> = 75% Max HR = FOR GENERAL FITNESS

85 - 95% Max HR = FOR COMPETITVE PREP

220 - age (+- 10 bpm)

127
Q

% max HR =

A

Max HR x (% max / 100)

128
Q

Endurance training compared to interval training

A

Physiologically and psychologically less demanding

Generally used to develop general overall cardiorespiratory endurance (around 75% HR Max)

Can be used in conjunction with interval training for compeitive prep (85 - 95% of HR max)

Generally less specificity in training

129
Q

What else can be used to know if the intensity of endurance training is greater than AnT

A

Breakaway in VE = hyperventilation

Breakaway in lactic acid

130
Q

ACSM recommends that the duration and frequency of endurance training is

A

20 - 60 mins

3 - 5 times a week

131
Q

After 4 weeks of detraining what is loss

A

Lose 50% of cardiorespiratory fitness developed

132
Q

What is the fitness classifications based on VO2 max

LOW

A

Female: <= 29 ml/kg/min

Male: <= 34 ml/kg/min

60-70% of HR max
50-60% of HRR
50-60% of VO2 max
RPE (fairly light to somewhat hard)
Breathing is comfortable, unaware
20-30mins, 3 days a week
133
Q

What is the fitness classifications based on VO2 max

MODERATE

A

Female: 30 - 44 ml/kg/min

Male: 35-49 ml/kg/min

70-80% of HR max
60-75% of HRR
60-75% of VO2 max
RPE is somewhat hard to hard
Aware of breathing
30-45mins, 4 days a week
134
Q

What is the fitness classifications based on VO2 max

HIGH

A

Female: >= 45 ml/kg/min

Male: >= 50 ml/kg/min

80-90% of HR max
75-85% of HRR
75-85% of VO2 max
RPE = 15-17 hard to very hard
Respiratory distress
45-60 mins, 5 days a week
135
Q

Power =

A

Work / Time

(Force x distance) / Time

Force x velocity

136
Q

Strength =

A

Maximal force from one contraction (1 rep max)

137
Q

Isometric =

A

Force = resistance

No movement
Can provide a maximal overload
Joint angle specificity

138
Q

Concentric =

A

Force > resistance

Movement in direction of force vector
Overload can be near maximal
But then speed will be slow

AT extremes in room **

139
Q

Essentric =

A

Force < resistance

Movement in direction of resistance vector
Overload can be maximal
120% of 1 rep max

140
Q

Isokinetic =

A

Force > resistance

Overload can be maximal
Controlled speed may be fast or slow

141
Q

Muscular endurance =

What is it not dependent on

A

Is a measure of work capacity under moderate to high resistance loads. It mainly depends on strength and anaerobic capabilities and is also a function of the relative load involved

NOT DEPENDENT ON AEROBIC OXIDATIVE METABOLISM

142
Q

Strength —— Muscle endurance ——- Cardiorespiratory endurance

A

1 RM

2 - 3 mins

> 3 - 4 mins

143
Q

Basic training guidelines for

Isometric

A

100% of maximum effort

5 sec/rep

5 reps/exercise

144
Q

Basic training guidelines for

Concentric

A

8-10 exercises

1 set

8-12 repitions

2 days per week

80 - 70% of 1 rep max

145
Q

Basic training guidelines for

Eccentric

A

120% of 1 RM

3 - 5 sets/exercise

6-8 reps

3-5 times a week

146
Q

Basic training guidelines for

Isokinetic

A

100% of max effort

3 sets

8-15 reps

2-4 days a week

Training speed should be as fast as or faster than the speed of movement involved in the sports skill for which the athlete is training

147
Q

Basic training guidelines for

Circuit

A

Involves 6 - 15 exercises

Mainly concentric

30 - 40 secs

15 - 20 secs rest

40 - 60% of 1 RM

Timed circuit 30 - 40 mins

Can be effective at increasing strength, muscle endurance, VO2 max and decreasing body fat

148
Q

Basic training guidelines for

Muscular endurance

A

15 - 20 reps up to 30 - 40 reps

2 - 3 sets

3 times a week

149
Q

Acute muscle soreness

A

Acute soreness is due to ischemia as blood flow is occluded at 60 % of maximal voluntary contraction

= 60% of 1 RM

150
Q

Delayed muscle soreness

A

24-48 hours post workout

damage of muscle or connective tissue

151
Q

Training adaptation of Resistance training

Decrease in…

Increase in…

A

Decrease in:

% BF
FW
Capiliary density
Aerobic enzyme activity

Increase in:
Everything else

152
Q

Training adaptation of Sprint training

Decrease in…

Increase in…

A

Decrease in:

Body mass
% BF
FW
Body circumferences

Increase in:
Everything else
But…
Bone mineralization and connective tissue strength and mass only if it is weight bearing

153
Q

Training adaptation of endurance training

Decrease in…

Increase in…

A

Decrease in:

Body mass
% BF
FW
Body circumferences
FT fiber to ST fiber

Increase in:
Everything else
But…
Bone mineralization and connective tissue strength and mass only if it is weight bearing

154
Q

Muscle mass breakaway in ____ around the age of ____

A

Males

12

155
Q

Force produced is greater in

A

Males than females

156
Q

Steroid effects of:

Anabolic
Androgenic

A

Anabolic = Increase lean tissue development and strength

Androgenic = Increase masculinisation or feminisation

157
Q

What are the side effects of exogenous intake

A

Liver or kidnet damage

CHD sterility

Closure of long bone growth

Servere acne

Masculinisation or femisation

Increase risk of some cancers

158
Q

Strength training helps endurance training

Endurance training helps strength training

A

True

False

159
Q

ACSM recommendation on fitness and exercise guide lines

A

60 - 90% HR max

50 - 85% HRR or VO2 Max

20 - 60 mins per session

3 - 5 days per week

160
Q

Training adaptation of Resistance training on:

Rest HR
Rest BP
Ventricular wall thickness
Ventricular volume
SV
Myocardial efficiency
Blood lipid profiles
Glucose tolerance
Self esteem
Performance
A 
Rest HR = Decrease
Rest BP = Decrease
Ventricular wall thickness = Increase
Ventricular volume = 
SV = Increase
Myocardial efficiency = Increase
Blood lipid profiles = No change
Glucose tolerance = Improved
Self esteem = Increase
Performance = Increase
161
Q

Training adaptation of sprint training on:

Rest HR
Rest BP
Ventricular wall thickness
Ventricular volume
SV
Myocardial efficiency
Blood lipid profiles
Glucose tolerance
Self esteem
Performance
A

Rest HR = Decrease

Rest BP = Decrease

Ventricular wall thickness = No change

Ventricular volume = Increase

SV = Increase

Myocardial efficiency = Increase

Blood lipid profiles = Improved

Glucose tolerance = Improved

Self esteem = Increase

Performance = Increase

162
Q

Training adaptation of endurance training on:

Rest HR
Rest BP
Ventricular wall thickness
Ventricular volume
SV
Myocardial efficiency
Blood lipid profiles
Glucose tolerance
Self esteem
Performance
A

Rest HR = Decrease

Rest BP = Decrease

Ventricular wall thickness = Increase

Ventricular volume = Increase

SV = Increase

Myocardial efficiency = Increase

Blood lipid profiles = Improved

Glucose tolerance = Improved

Self esteem = Increase

Performance = Increase

163
Q

Every American adult should accumulate

A

30 mins or more of moderate intensity physical activity over the course of most days of the week

164
Q

What is the breakaway in VE at AnT detected by

A

Chemoreceptors - detect CO2 increase and pH decrease

165
Q

At submax exercise, trained individuals have a lowerer

Due to

Trained individuals have a _____ and _____ breath

A

VE

Capillarisation
larger long volumes
Greater alveolar ventilation rate
Great Hb and blood volume
Decrease sensitivity in chemorecptors

Slow and deep

166
Q

How much O2 is carried in the plasma

A

1%

167
Q

PO2 is greatest in the

PCO2 is greatest in the

A

Capillary

Muscle

168
Q

The higher the PO2, the greater…

A

The saturation of Hb with oxygen

169
Q

Hb dissociation curve describes…

A

How much oxygen is bound to Hb in given Partial pressure

170
Q

Allosteric refers to…

A

the interaction between spatially distinct sites

171
Q

Ventricular volume is also known as

A

Anatomical volume

172
Q

0.3 g per kg of sodium bicarbonate will..

A

Increase lactic acid tolerance and capacity of anaerobic glycolysis

173
Q

AnT in untrained is _____

AnT in trained is ______

A

50 - 60% VO2 max

70 - 80% VO2 max

174
Q

The capacity of anaerobic energy systems*** limits…

A

Max O2 deficit capacity

175
Q

Phosphagen stores are related to…

A

muscle mass and training status ***

Kin 155 (4 decks)

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