Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
Response of VE to exercise
Increase linearly and then greater linearly at AnT
Lower VE in trained individuals
Trained individuals can go to greater work rate and higher VE
Reponse of VCO2 to exercise
Increase linearly and then greater linearly at AnT
Lower VCO2 in trained individuals
Trained VCO2 can go to greater work rate and higher VCO2
Response of VO2 to exercise
Increases linearly until plateau or decrease
Trained individuals can go to higher VO2 and work rate
Causes for breakaway (AnT) in VE
- Increase (breakaway) in VCO2
2. Increase lactate (Breakaway), decrease pH due to an increase of H+
Cause for breakaway (AnT) in VCO2
Breakaway in lactate production
Training effects on:
VE
VCO2
VO2
Decrease
Decrease
Increase VO2 max
Why does VE change with training
Increase ability for gase exchange:
Greater capillarisation
Larger lung volume
Greater alveolar VE due to neural adjustments
Greater blood volume and Hb levels
Decrease sensitivity for chemoreceptors to respiratory stimulators such as CO2 and Lactate in blood
Why does VCO2 change with training
Slower production of CO2 in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyle CoA and krebs cycle
Less buffering of lactic acid into CO2 and H2O
Why does VO2 change with training
Improved metabolic/biomechanical efficiency
Primary muscle fibers for:
< AT
> AT
< AT:
SO, FOG
Fat - mix oxidation
Aerobic
> AT: FOG, FG Mix - CHO Increase lactic acid Anaerobic
Alveolar ventilation rate = VA
VA =
(Vt - Vd) x f
Trained individuals have a greater VA because
Of the slow and deep breathing patterns which cause greater Vt
Vt depth and rate of breathing in trained athletes is
Slower and deeper than untrained athletes
PO2 and PCO2 move from…
Areas of high Pp to an area of lower Pp due to diffusion
Atmospheric air PO2 : PCO2 =
159 mmHg ; 0.3 mmHg
Alveoli PO2 : PCO2 =
100 mmHg : 40 mmHg
What is the reason for a decrease in PO2 and an increase of PCO2 from the atmospheric air and air in lungs
Due to dilution of atmospheric air with the residual lung gases
Time for gas exchange at
Rest =
Exercise =
Limiting factor?
- 75 seconds
- 3 - 0.4 seconds
However it is not a limiting factor because it only takes 0.3 seconds for complete gas exchange to occur
Diffusion of O2 happens in:
Lungs: Alveoli to pulmonary capillaries
Muscle tissue: muscle capillaries to muscle tissue
Diffusion of CO2 happens in:
Lungs: Pulmonary capillaries to alveoli
Muscle tissue: muscle tissue to muscle capillaries
PO2 is greatest when and where
Before the exchange
In arteries (100)
PCO2 is greatest when and where
After the exchange
In veins (46)
When you breathe in it causes pressure to
Increase
When you breathe out it causes pressure to
Decrease
Q = P/R
Cardiac output = Pressure / resistance
What is pressure gradient indicated by
MAP (mean arterial pressure)
Best indicator of driving force of circulation***
MAP (mean arterial pressure) =
Diastolic + 1/3 of systolic - diastolic
Best indicator of driving force of circulation***
Blood flows from an area of
High pressure to an area of low pressure
From:
Left ventricle to aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins and back to right atrium
Pressure gradient in:
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
- Dramatic drop in MAP
- Increase systemic vascular tree
- Increase systemic vascular tree
- Pressure gradient low
- Pressure gradient low, contraction of skeletal muslce pushes blood back to heart
Factors that increase venous return:
Muscle pumping
Ventilatory or respiratory pumping
Vasoconstriction of veins
Pressure head
What happens in the ventilatory/respiratory pumping
Pressure in thorasic decrease
Increase in abdominal pressure beacuse of diaphragm is pulled
Blood flows from abdominal to thoracic pushing blood to right atrium
What is vasoconstriction
Reflex constriciton of veins
Drains the muscle
Controlled by CNS
What effects peripheral resistance
Viscosity
Length of circulatory pathway
Vasoconstriction/Vasodilation
What happens to peripheral resistance when:
Viscosity increases
Viscosity decreases
Length of circulation increases
Length of circulation decreases
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Increases
Decreases
Increases
Decreases
Increases
Decreases
Increase in cardiac output due to
Decrease resistence and therefore a decrease viscosity and length
Increase in pressure gradient during exercise (Increase SV and HR)
Increase blood volume following training
During exercise, the %Q is distributed increases in…
Decrease in…
Skeletal muscle and skin
Kidneys, abdomin and other tissue
During exercise, the pressure decreases due to
Vasodilation of arterioles and muscle capillaries in active skeletal muscle
What is Fick equation
VO2 = Q x (A - VO2 difference)
VO2 =
Q =
A-VO2 difference =
Oxygen uptake rate
Cardiac output
Oxygen extraction
Exercise affects on components of ficks equation
Acute training:
Increases: Maximal and submaximal values due to: 1. Increase Mitochondria 2. Increase Myoglobin 3. Capillarisation 4. Oxidative enzymes and cytochrome activity
Cardiac responses from rest to submax to max workloads:
Q SV HR VE VO2 mm blood lactic acid Muscle blood flow
Q = increases
Due to HR only
SV = slight increase and then plateau
Due to HR only
HR = Same max HR in trained and untrained
Untrained just reaches max heart rate at lower workload
VE = Increase with greater than linear increase at AnT
VO2 = Increase with constant or drop at top/max
Trained individuals had less VO2 max and reaches it at heavier workload
mm Blood LA = Production of lactic acid come at higher workload
Muscle blood flow = increases
Increase EDV + Decrease ESV =
Increase SV
EDV is directly related to…
Ventricular volume and venous return
ESV is directly related to…
Contractility of myocardium and peripheral resistance
Pulmonary diffusion capacity increase from…
Rest to submax to max
What are the factors that effect Pulmonary diffusion capacity
Changes in these factors from illness will…
- Alveolar membrane - smoking
- Interstitial fluid - not enough H20
- Capillary membrane plasma - damage diabetes
- Red blood cells - anemia
Decrease PDC and endurance
Diffusion pathway (movement of O2 through tissue) can occur in…
Alveolar membrane
Interstitial fluid
Capillary membrane plasma
Red blood cells
An increase in diffusion pathway occurs due to:
Capillaries open around alveoli
Increase contact area
Increase O2 diffusion
Trained people have higher PDC because:
More capillaries open around alveoli
Size of alveoli is greater accounting for larger lung volumes
Trained individuals have higher blood volume
Trained individuals have higher hemoglobin levels
Factors determining oxygen in the blood
- Ventilation rate (VE)
- Pulmonary diffusion capacity (PDC)
- Characteristics of diffusion pathway
- Diffusion gradient and diffusion time - decreases with altitude
- Altitude above 1500m
- Characteristics of blood - RBC and Hb levels
For every increase of 1000m above 1500m, the VO2 decreases by…
10 %
Greater RBCs =
Greater Oxygen in blood
What is the greatest transports of oxygen (99%)
Hemoglobin
The PO2 determines…
The % of oxygen that is saturated with hemoglobin
Allosteric protein does what
Enhances O2 availability by two fold
Hemoglobin has binding sites for effectors that…
Can alter binding of other molecules and substrates like CO2 and H+
What is Cooperative within hemoglobin
When 1 oxygen attaches to hemoglobin it causes the second binds more easy and then the third and then the fourth even more easily.
The Hb O2 curve shifts to the right during exercise because of:
Decrease pH
Increase PCO2
Increase Temp
Increase DPG
No effect on O2 loading on Hb
Increase O2 availability to muscle tissue (unloading)
What does the curve reveal about the lungs and muscle tissue
Lungs: Hb is almost completely saturated with oxygen where PO2 is 100mmHG
Muscle tissue: PO2 10 - 30 mmHg
Hb has less affinity for O2 and therefore O2 is released from Hb so that it can diffuse into the muscle
During exercise, what effects and shifts occur
Shift to the right
Increase oxygen availability for muscle tissue
Bohr effect
Haldene effect
What is the Bohr effect
Increase PCO2 and H+ = enhanced release of oxygen from Hb
What is the Haldene effect
High PO2 in alveoli enhances the release of CO2 and H+ from Hb in the lungs
Enhances removal of Co2 and H+ from body
What is the 1st major adaptation in high altitude
Hours
DPG
Curve
Effects
After 48 hours
Increase in 2-3 DPG levels **
Shifts curve to right = increases the amount of oxygen released to muscle tissues and increases endurance performing capabilities
What is epogen
Prescription eyrthropoietin = Increases RBC and Hb levels, oxygen carrying capacity
Also increases viscosity which is not good = Heart attack
What are the exercise effects of EDV and ESV
During exercise:
EDV increases
ESV decreases
Increases SV
Exercise effects on the heart contractility
Exercise increases contractility of heart due to increase activity of the sympathetic nerveous system and frank starling law
Increase EDV puts a pre-stretch on the myocardium which results in greater force contraction
ESV is decreased and SV increases
Endurance training increases:
Blood volume and ventricular volume
Strength training increases
Ventricle wall thickness
Difference between trained and untrained at rest:
Q SV HR A-V difference VE VO2 mm LA Muscle blood flow
Q = Same at rest ** SV = Higher in trained HR = Lower in trained A-V difference = Same at rest ** VE = Lower in trained but about the same at rest VO2 = Same at rest ** mm LA = Same at rest ** Muscle blood flowSame at rest **
Difference between trained and untrained at submax and max
Q SV HR A-V difference VE VO2 mm LA Muscle blood flow
Q = Continues to increase in trained due to increase HR
SV = Higher in trained due to increase blood volume and wall thickness and increase venticular volume = increase myocardial efficancy
HR = lower in trained due to increase myocardial efficancy = less workload needed to maintain workload, increased vagus nerve domin
A-V difference = increases at submax to increase in max VO2 due to increase Q
VE = Lower in trained
VO2 = Lower due to improved cap, myoglobin and enzymes
mm LA = increases at higher workload due to higher lactate acid tolerance, breakaway at AnT
Trained individuals have greater:
What type of HR do they have
Blood volume Capillaries Hb concentrations Mitochondria in muscle tissues Myocardial efficancy Myoglobin Oxygen enzymes Ventricular volume Vall thickness
Bradycardia (endurance training) = due to increase vagus control
Influences on cardiorespiratory responses
Increase cerebral cortex activity Increase Kinesthetic feedback Increased chemorecptor response Increase catecholamine release Increase Temp Increase altitude O2 Enrichment Smoking = Increases airway resistance Blood doping = Increases OCC
How does increase cerebral cortex activity have an influence on:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels
Increase HR Increase SV Increase vasodilation heart and muscles Increase Ventilation ** Increase vasoconstriction of other tissue
How does increase kinesthetic feedback have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels
1st onset of exercise is from…
Increase HR Increase SV Increase vasodilation heart and muscles Increase Ventilation ** Increase vasoconstriction of other tissue
Joint receptors
How does Increase chemoreceptor reponse have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels
Increase PCO2 = Increase Ventilation, HR and SV
Decrease pH = Increase Ventilation, HR and SV
Decrease PO2 = Increase Ventilation, HR and SV
PCO2 and pH cause vasoconstriciton of other tissues
PO2 causes vasodilation in heart/muscles and vasoconstriction of other tissues
How does increase catecholamine release have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels
Increase HR Increase SV Increase vasodilation heart and muscles Increase Ventilation ** Increase vasoconstriction of other tissue
How does increase temp have an influence:
Ventilation
HR & SV
Blood vessels
Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase vasodilation heart and muscles
Increase Ventilation **
How does increase altitude have an influence on PO2
Decrease P ATM = decrease PO2
How does smoking have an influence
Increases airway resistance
Increase CO = Decreases Hb that is saturated with O2
How does blood doping have an influence
Increase oxygen carrying capacity
Oxyhemoglobin is..
In relaxed state, all heme complexus exposed
Deoxyhemoglobin is..
oxygen forced off heme structure and goes to cells of the body during exercise
Oxy goes to Deoxy…
To give cells oxygen through bonding of amino acid chains
Oxygen carrying capacity =
Females have…
Hb + RBCs
Lower than males as they lose oxygen during menstral cycle
How much CO2 is transported in the blood
7 - 10%
Is important for PCO2 and regulating cardiorespiratory responses
In plasma CO2 + H2O =
H2CO3 which dissocaited into HCO3 and H+
HCO3 is buffered by plasma proteins
In RBCs CO2 + H2O =
H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is converted by carbonic anhydrase to form HCO3 and H+
H+ is buffered by Hb
60 - 70% carried by carbonic acid
How much CO2 Combines with Hb
23 - 30% = carbaminogemoglobin
What is barconate eliminated by
Kidneys
What happens in the Haldene effect
High PO2 leads to release of H+ and CO2 from hemoglobin
H+ and CO2 in alveolar capillaries diffuse to alveoli where they are eliminated with expiration
An increase in PO2 and PCO2 = more CO2 eliminated from body and more CO2 transported in blood
Lactate breakaway at AnT is due to
Increase of VCO2
What is lactate buffered by
What are the products
What does this cause
Sodium bicarbonate**
Products:
H2CO3 - H2O + CO2 (expired)
NaLA (sodium lactate)
Causes breakaway in VCO2, VE
Decreases pH
AnT =
Anaerobic threshold
AnT breakaway at what
Due to for each
VE, VCO2 and Lactate
VE breakaway due to Increase VCO2 and increase lactic acid (Increase PCO2 and decrease pH)
VCO2 breakaway due to increase lactate
Lactate breakaway due to buffering systen not able to keep up with lactate production by muscle tissue after AnT
What type of training increase AnT
Increase VO2 max training
What do we use AnT to predict
Cardiorespiratory fitness Endurance capabilities Exercise prescription Tolerance to environmental extremes To set long term work paces to aviod lactate production
Detection of AnT
Rating of RPE
Breakaways
Peaking out in FeCO2
Bottoming out in FeO2
3 principles of exercise physiology
Max tension - actin-myosin binding
Speed of contraction - size of axon and conc. myosin atpase
Endurance - regeneration of ATP
Oxygen deficit occurs before…
Steady state
Oxygen debt occurs after…
Max vo2 is reduced
Alactacid restores
1st stage
Phosphagen that were depleted in O2 deficit
Lactacid is the…
2nd stage
Removal of lactate by oxidation
Oxygen uptake kinetics:
Related to…
Rate of VO2 response will…
muscle mass and training
influence rate or amount of O2 deficit use
What is the maximal O2 deficit capacity
What are the factors
4-7L O2 in a trained individual
Phosphagen stores and lactic acid tolerance
Why is O2 debt is greater than O2 deficit
O2 uptake yielding ATP production is required as well as lactate removal
Therefore O2 uptake level of metabolism is elevated by myocardium and respiratory muscles
Lingering effects of hormones such as thyroxine and catecholamines
Increase heat production
Increase circulation and increase myocardial O2 uptake rate
Alactacid occurs based on…
Oxidative metabolism
Lactacid is where
Lactate is converted to pyruvate to enter krebs cyle in muscles
Sweat/urine amino acid production, gluconeogensis
Rate of recovery for:
Passive
Active
Passive:
alactacid - 50% within 30 seconds, 100% within 2 - 3mins
lactacid - 50% within 25-30mins, 100% within 1-2 hours
Active:
Alactacid - Same
Lactacid - 50% within 10-15mins, 100% within 30mins - 1 hour
What does active lactacid require
High rate of oxidative metabolism without lactate accumulation, just below AnT
Within 7 mins of exercise
Ventilation under control with heart rate at 140-160
Moderate intensity
Must keep moving
Pacing from:
Fast to slow
Even pace
Slow to fast
Fast to slow:
Endurance - better for athletes with high % of ST muscle
They have high H-LDH which clears lactate
Even:
Best performance time
Fastest pace kept even
Slow to fast:
Sprinters - better for athletes with more FT muscle = FINISHING KICK
Have a lower O2 deficit in first 2 mins
Have more M-LDH than endurance athletes
What are the three training principles
Overload
Progressioin
Specificity
What is overload
Higher than normal demands
What is progression
Increasing workloads
What is specificity
Motor unit training
Within program design, Task analysis is broken down into
Skill
Strength
Metabolic
When doing program design, what should we consider
Age Fitness goals Motivation Injury/disability Equipment Time Interests Variety
What are the different program phases
Pre-season = 1-2 months prior - build specific fitness
In season = Maintain
Post season = maintain general fitness
What is periodisation / cycle training
Heavy training cycles mixed with lighter training cycles
Phosphagen metabolism occurs within
Anaerobic glycolysis occurs within
Oxidative occurs within
0-20 seconds
45 secs - 3mins
3 - 4min (3:45) - 135 mins
What happens at 3:45 mins (3-4min) of exercise
Where 50% of aerobic energy production and 50% anaerobic energy production
What are the interval training guidelines for:
Phosphagen metabolism
Minimum % HR max - >= 95% 0-30secs 4-5sets 8-10 reps 1/3 work ratio Passive recovery
What are the interval training guidelines for:
Anaerobic glycolysis
Minimum % HR max - >= 90% 30-60secs 4-5sets 5 reps 1/3 work ratio Active recovery
60-120secs 2-3 sets 5 reps 1/2 work ratio ** Active recovery
2-3 mins 1-2 sets 4-6reps 1/2 work ratio ** Active recovery
What are the interval training guidelines for:
Oxidative
Minimum % HR max - >= 85% 3-5 mins 1 set 3-4 reps 1/1 work ratio Passive recovery
What are the recovery heart rates between reps and sets
Between reps: 70% of max HR
Between sets: 60% of max HR
Predicted max heart rate is
220 - age = leg exercise
208 - age = water exercise
207 - age = arm exercise
Endurance training general guidelines
Heart rate max =
> = 75% Max HR = FOR GENERAL FITNESS
85 - 95% Max HR = FOR COMPETITVE PREP
220 - age (+- 10 bpm)
% max HR =
Max HR x (% max / 100)
Endurance training compared to interval training
Physiologically and psychologically less demanding
Generally used to develop general overall cardiorespiratory endurance (around 75% HR Max)
Can be used in conjunction with interval training for compeitive prep (85 - 95% of HR max)
Generally less specificity in training
What else can be used to know if the intensity of endurance training is greater than AnT
Breakaway in VE = hyperventilation
Breakaway in lactic acid
ACSM recommends that the duration and frequency of endurance training is
20 - 60 mins
3 - 5 times a week
After 4 weeks of detraining what is loss
Lose 50% of cardiorespiratory fitness developed
What is the fitness classifications based on VO2 max
LOW
Female: <= 29 ml/kg/min
Male: <= 34 ml/kg/min
60-70% of HR max 50-60% of HRR 50-60% of VO2 max RPE (fairly light to somewhat hard) Breathing is comfortable, unaware 20-30mins, 3 days a week
What is the fitness classifications based on VO2 max
MODERATE
Female: 30 - 44 ml/kg/min
Male: 35-49 ml/kg/min
70-80% of HR max 60-75% of HRR 60-75% of VO2 max RPE is somewhat hard to hard Aware of breathing 30-45mins, 4 days a week
What is the fitness classifications based on VO2 max
HIGH
Female: >= 45 ml/kg/min
Male: >= 50 ml/kg/min
80-90% of HR max 75-85% of HRR 75-85% of VO2 max RPE = 15-17 hard to very hard Respiratory distress 45-60 mins, 5 days a week
Power =
Work / Time
(Force x distance) / Time
Force x velocity
Strength =
Maximal force from one contraction (1 rep max)
Isometric =
Force = resistance
No movement
Can provide a maximal overload
Joint angle specificity
Concentric =
Force > resistance
Movement in direction of force vector
Overload can be near maximal
But then speed will be slow
AT extremes in room **
Essentric =
Force < resistance
Movement in direction of resistance vector
Overload can be maximal
120% of 1 rep max
Isokinetic =
Force > resistance
Overload can be maximal
Controlled speed may be fast or slow
Muscular endurance =
What is it not dependent on
Is a measure of work capacity under moderate to high resistance loads. It mainly depends on strength and anaerobic capabilities and is also a function of the relative load involved
NOT DEPENDENT ON AEROBIC OXIDATIVE METABOLISM
Strength —— Muscle endurance ——- Cardiorespiratory endurance
1 RM
2 - 3 mins
> 3 - 4 mins
Basic training guidelines for
Isometric
100% of maximum effort
5 sec/rep
5 reps/exercise
Basic training guidelines for
Concentric
8-10 exercises
1 set
8-12 repitions
2 days per week
80 - 70% of 1 rep max
Basic training guidelines for
Eccentric
120% of 1 RM
3 - 5 sets/exercise
6-8 reps
3-5 times a week
Basic training guidelines for
Isokinetic
100% of max effort
3 sets
8-15 reps
2-4 days a week
Training speed should be as fast as or faster than the speed of movement involved in the sports skill for which the athlete is training
Basic training guidelines for
Circuit
Involves 6 - 15 exercises
Mainly concentric
30 - 40 secs
15 - 20 secs rest
40 - 60% of 1 RM
Timed circuit 30 - 40 mins
Can be effective at increasing strength, muscle endurance, VO2 max and decreasing body fat
Basic training guidelines for
Muscular endurance
15 - 20 reps up to 30 - 40 reps
2 - 3 sets
3 times a week
Acute muscle soreness
Acute soreness is due to ischemia as blood flow is occluded at 60 % of maximal voluntary contraction
= 60% of 1 RM
Delayed muscle soreness
24-48 hours post workout
damage of muscle or connective tissue
Training adaptation of Resistance training
Decrease in…
Increase in…
Decrease in:
% BF
FW
Capiliary density
Aerobic enzyme activity
Increase in:
Everything else
Training adaptation of Sprint training
Decrease in…
Increase in…
Decrease in:
Body mass
% BF
FW
Body circumferences
Increase in:
Everything else
But…
Bone mineralization and connective tissue strength and mass only if it is weight bearing
Training adaptation of endurance training
Decrease in…
Increase in…
Decrease in:
Body mass % BF FW Body circumferences FT fiber to ST fiber
Increase in:
Everything else
But…
Bone mineralization and connective tissue strength and mass only if it is weight bearing
Muscle mass breakaway in ____ around the age of ____
Males
12
Force produced is greater in
Males than females
Steroid effects of:
Anabolic
Androgenic
Anabolic = Increase lean tissue development and strength
Androgenic = Increase masculinisation or feminisation
What are the side effects of exogenous intake
Liver or kidnet damage
CHD sterility
Closure of long bone growth
Servere acne
Masculinisation or femisation
Increase risk of some cancers
Strength training helps endurance training
Endurance training helps strength training
True
False
ACSM recommendation on fitness and exercise guide lines
60 - 90% HR max
50 - 85% HRR or VO2 Max
20 - 60 mins per session
3 - 5 days per week
Training adaptation of Resistance training on:
Rest HR Rest BP Ventricular wall thickness Ventricular volume SV Myocardial efficiency Blood lipid profiles Glucose tolerance Self esteem Performance
Rest HR = Decrease Rest BP = Decrease Ventricular wall thickness = Increase Ventricular volume = SV = Increase Myocardial efficiency = Increase Blood lipid profiles = No change Glucose tolerance = Improved Self esteem = Increase Performance = Increase
Training adaptation of sprint training on:
Rest HR Rest BP Ventricular wall thickness Ventricular volume SV Myocardial efficiency Blood lipid profiles Glucose tolerance Self esteem Performance
Rest HR = Decrease
Rest BP = Decrease
Ventricular wall thickness = No change
Ventricular volume = Increase
SV = Increase
Myocardial efficiency = Increase
Blood lipid profiles = Improved
Glucose tolerance = Improved
Self esteem = Increase
Performance = Increase
Training adaptation of endurance training on:
Rest HR Rest BP Ventricular wall thickness Ventricular volume SV Myocardial efficiency Blood lipid profiles Glucose tolerance Self esteem Performance
Rest HR = Decrease
Rest BP = Decrease
Ventricular wall thickness = Increase
Ventricular volume = Increase
SV = Increase
Myocardial efficiency = Increase
Blood lipid profiles = Improved
Glucose tolerance = Improved
Self esteem = Increase
Performance = Increase
Every American adult should accumulate
30 mins or more of moderate intensity physical activity over the course of most days of the week
What is the breakaway in VE at AnT detected by
Chemoreceptors - detect CO2 increase and pH decrease
At submax exercise, trained individuals have a lowerer
Due to
Trained individuals have a _____ and _____ breath
VE
Capillarisation larger long volumes Greater alveolar ventilation rate Great Hb and blood volume Decrease sensitivity in chemorecptors
Slow and deep
How much O2 is carried in the plasma
1%
PO2 is greatest in the
PCO2 is greatest in the
Capillary
Muscle
The higher the PO2, the greater…
The saturation of Hb with oxygen
Hb dissociation curve describes…
How much oxygen is bound to Hb in given Partial pressure
Allosteric refers to…
the interaction between spatially distinct sites
Ventricular volume is also known as
Anatomical volume
0.3 g per kg of sodium bicarbonate will..
Increase lactic acid tolerance and capacity of anaerobic glycolysis
AnT in untrained is _____
AnT in trained is ______
50 - 60% VO2 max
70 - 80% VO2 max
The capacity of anaerobic energy systems*** limits…
Max O2 deficit capacity
Phosphagen stores are related to…
muscle mass and training status ***
