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Kin 155 > Lecture Exam 1 - Brain and Contraction > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 - Brain and Contraction Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Cerebrum contain

A

Motor Cortex and Sensory Cortex

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2
Q

What is the main part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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3
Q

What are the functions of the Cerebrum (5)

A
  1. Higher mental processes
  2. Movement
  3. Visceral functions
  4. Perception
  5. Behavioural reactions
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4
Q

What is the Cerebrum responsible for

A

The association and integration of the functions

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5
Q

What does the motor cortex consist of

A

Primary motor cortex

Pre motor cortex

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6
Q

What does the Primary cortex do and where is it

A

Anterior to central sulcus

Conscious motor movements = pyramidal system

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7
Q

What does the Pre motor cortex do and where is it

A

Anterior to primary motor cortex

Unconscious fine tuning of muscle activity, balance and muscle tone

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8
Q

What does the pre motor cortex cause to happen

Where does this then happen

A

general patterns of movement involving groups of muscles that perform specific functions

Basal ganglia and thalamus

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9
Q

What does the Sensory cortex do and where is it

A

Lies posterior to central sulcus

Relays information through sensory receptors to the motor cortex

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10
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia

What does it do

A

Cluster of cell bodies that make up the central gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres

Muscle tone and control of movement

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11
Q

What happens if the basal ganglia gets damage

A

Paralysis/jerky involuntary movement

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12
Q

What does the Thalamus do

A

relay station of sensory input as well as interpretation of some sensory input

Pain, temp, crude pressure and touch

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13
Q

What does the hypothalamus do (7)

A

releases hormones (and inhibits them) to control:

  1. water
  2. balance
  3. sleep
  4. temp
  5. hunger
  6. visceral activities
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14
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Coordination of movement

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15
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata do (6)

A

Controls:

  1. Heart rate
  2. Blood flow
  3. Equilibrium
  4. Swallowing
  5. Salivation
  6. Respiration
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16
Q

Where do the pyramidal tracts cross over

A

Medulla Oblongata

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17
Q

What does the medulla oblongata contain

A

Ascending and descending communication tracts for spinal cord and other parts of the body

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18
Q

What does the pons control and what else does it do (7)

A

Respiration

  1. Acts as a bridge between spinal cord
  2. Responsible for eye movement
  3. Facial expressions
  4. Taste
  5. Salivation
  6. Equilibrium
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19
Q

What does the Midbrain do

What does it regulate

A

Sends sensation of:

Touch
Proprioception
Vibrations

To the thalamus

Regulation of pupil size, eye movement and lens shape

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20
Q

Motor tracts in the pyramidal system

  1. originate in
  2. % cross over
  3. Synapse with
A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. 90% X over
  3. Motor neurons in the anterior gray horn of spinal cord to innervate muscles involved in specific movement
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21
Q

What is Ipselateral training and which system does it occur in

A

One side of the body is developed through training

Will be some cross over effect as neural stimulation occurs on the opposite side of the body

Pyramidal system

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22
Q

What happens in the Extrapyramidal system

  1. Motor tracts
  2. Type of movement
  3. Originates
  4. Movement patterns
  5. Synapse with
A
  1. Motor tracts do not cross
  2. Fine tuning of highly skilled movements
  3. Originates in premotor cortex
  4. General movement patterns like muscle tone, posture, vision, hearing, equilibrium and control of head movement
  5. Do not synapse directly with motor neurons
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23
Q

What does the limbic system provide

A

input to motor cortex due to motivation drive and needs

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24
Q

What are the different sensory receptors (5)

A
  1. Muscle spindles
  2. Golgi tendon organs
  3. Proprioceptors
  4. Joint receptors
  5. Kinesthetic awareness
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25
Q

What are the functions of muscle spindles (3)

Where are they located

A
  1. Sense length of fibers
  2. Reflex contraction
  3. Coactivation

In between in between intrafusal fibers

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26
Q

What do golgi tendon organs do (3)

Where are they located

A
  1. Reflex inhibition for protection of the muscles
  2. Facilitate recruitment of additional motor units to maintain force production
  3. help to equalise contractile forces of separate muscle fiber

Insert to bone
Function at spinal cord not all the way to brain

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27
Q

What do proprioceptors do

What do they regulate and facilitate

A

sense position, length, pressure, tension and temperature in a muscle

regulates change in length and facilitate kinesthetic awareness

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28
Q

What do joint receptors do

Where does this occur and what does it facilitate

A

Proprioceptors for feedback

Sensory cortex and facilitate kinesthetic awareness

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29
Q

What does kinesthetic awareness involve (3)

A

Deformation/compression

Acceleration/deceleration

Space awareness

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30
Q

What are Krause

A

Receptors for cold stimuli

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31
Q

What are pacinian corpuscles

A

detect changes in vibrations

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32
Q

What are Ruffini corpuscles

A

detect changes in temperature

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33
Q

What are the two main components of muscle spindles

A

Intrafusal fibers

Extrafusal muscle fibers

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34
Q

What do intrafusal fibers do

What are they activated by

What senses the change in intrafusal fibers

information is sent back to the spinal cord via

A

gross muscle contraction

Gamma motor neurons

Annulospiral endings

Sensory afferent neurons

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35
Q

Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by

A

Alpha motor neurons

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36
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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37
Q

A neuron is

A

a nerve cell

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38
Q

Soma is

A

cell body of neuron

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39
Q

Schwann cell is

A

Responsible for the production of myelin

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40
Q

Synaptic vesicles store

A

Neurotransmitters

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41
Q

Node of ranvier is where

Because

A

Salutatory conduction occurs

not covered by myelinated sheath

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42
Q

What happens during an action potential

A

Na gates open
Influx of Na
Stimulates electrical current (AP)

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43
Q

What is a synapse

A

point of contact where the nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another

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44
Q

What is the size principle

A

Motor units with smaller cell bodies are generally recruited first since larger motor units require more stimulation

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45
Q

At rest

What are actin and myosin

Where is ATP bound

Where is CA stored

A

Separate

Bound to cross bridge

CA stored in SR

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46
Q

Steps of excitation

A

Voluntary movement from Primary Motor Cortex

Stimulation causes CA to bind to troponin to inhibit the effects of seperating actin and myosin

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47
Q

Steps of contraction

A

Actin slides over myosin

Coupling activiates myosin ATPase which breaks down ATP to cause a power stroke

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48
Q

Steps of Recharging

A

New ATP molecule binds to the cross bridge causing myosin to uncouple with actin

New coupling with different actin then occurs

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49
Q

Steps of relaxation

A

No more neural stimulation
Ca returns to the SR
Myosin ATPase is turned off

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50
Q

Sarcolemma is where

A

ACh binds to receptors to open Na channels to depolarise cell

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51
Q

Epimysium is

Inserts where

A

Connective tissue = Muscle belly

Inserts into tendon and surrounds muscle

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52
Q

Perimysium is

A

Connective tissue = Fasicles

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53
Q

Endomysium is

A

Connective tissue = Muscle fiber

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54
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is

What does it contain

A

Cytoplasm of muscle

Contains sarcomere
Where anaerobic metabolism occurs

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55
Q

What does the S-1 unit head of myosin attach to

What does it change

A

Actin

Changes its orientation to 45 degrees axis

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56
Q

What does “the tilt” refer to

What is released

A

Power stroke for muscle contraction

ATPase breaks down ATP to release ADP and Pi

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57
Q

What does tropomyosin do

A

Blocks actin and myosin from forming cross bridges

58
Q

What causes tropomyosin to move out of the way

A

Ca binds to troponin which causes a conformational change

59
Q

What are the two roles of Ca

A

Influx of Ca into axon terminal stimulates release of ACh

Binds with troponin to move tropomyosin out of the way

60
Q

What are the roles of ATP (3)

A

Energy for power stroke of S-1 myosin head - leads to sliding filament

A new molecule of ATP binds to myosin S-1 head to cause dissociation of actin/myosin - when broken down myosin head moves back away from actin

ATP used to actively pump Ca back into the SR through longitudinal tubules when nerve stimulation stops

61
Q

What does the Z lines do

A

keeps actin around myosin

Provides a pathway for AP to travel down t-tubule

Initiates pulling mechanism

62
Q

What does the M line do

A

Holds myosin in place

63
Q

What does the I band do

What is it

A

Shortens during contraction

Actin only

64
Q

What happens to the H zone

What is it

A

Disappears during contraction

Myosin only

65
Q

What is the sarcomere

What is it from

A

Contracting unit of muscle cell

Z line to Z line

66
Q

How fast can a muscle twitch

A

120 m/s

67
Q

What is the SR triad

What does it do

What does training do

A

2 cisternae and t-tubule

Cisternae store Ca

Increases from 5% to 12%

68
Q

What is the anaerobic enzyme

A

Myosin ATPase

69
Q

What is the aerobic enzyme

A

SDH staining

70
Q

There is high levels of Myosin ATPase in what muscle fibre

A

Fast twitch

71
Q

There is high levels of SDH staining in what muscle fibre

A

Oxidative muscle

72
Q

Dark myosin ATPase means it is

A

Fast

73
Q

Dark SDH staining means it is

A

High oxidative

74
Q

Slow twitch is
Acid…
Basic…

A

Acid stabile

Basic labile

75
Q

Fast twitch is
Acid…
Basic…

A

Acid labile

Basic stabile

76
Q

FOG is
Acid…
Basic…

A

Acid labile

Basic stabile

77
Q

IIc twitch fibres are…

In adults

In children

A

Stability at all levels

Renovation or training in adults

Undifferentiated fibres in children - become FT or ST eventually

78
Q

What are the 3 fundamental properties of exercise physiology

A

Max tension is dependent on actin and myosin binding

Speed of contraction is dependent on the size of axon and the concentration of myosin ATPase

Endurance is based on the ability to recycle or regenerate ATP

79
Q

What are the 3 motor unit characteristics

A

Homogeneous - all ST etc

Differs in sensitivity to stimulation

Operates on all or none response

80
Q

What muscle fibre type has the easiest sensitivity

A

SO

81
Q

What is the all or none response

A

All fibres in one unit have the same sensitivity and contract all at the same time

82
Q

What are the determinants of force production

A

Actin/myosin binding **

Number of fibres in active motor unit (increase = hyperplasia)

Number of motor units activated - balance between stimulation and inhibition

Frequency of impulses

83
Q

Fusiform run….

They have

A

Parallel running length

Have greater range of movement
Longer muscle fibres
Less strength and resistance to pull
Greater injury risk

84
Q

Penniform run…

They have…

A

Run diagnosed to direction of pull

Have poor range of movement
Shorter muscle fibres
More strength and resistance to pull
Less injury risk

85
Q

What formations cause Fatigue effects on force production

What do these formations do

A

Formation of ketone bodies and lactic acid

Decrease pH - causes interference with Ca release, actin/myosin binding, ATP breakdown, less ATPase activity

86
Q

What happens with local muscle fatigue

A

Decrease in torque

Then neural fatigue - depletion of neurotransmitter

87
Q

What are the determinants of speed production

A

Size of axon - myelination

Myosin ATPase

Fibre type being used - increase FT = increase speed

Increase force vs decrease resistance - Increase acceleration = increase force/decrease mass

Coordination - synchronised recruitment

88
Q

What causes force to increase

A

Hyper trophy

Hyperplasia

Increase motor unit recruitment

Pre stretch muscle

Fibre type change - strength training = Increase FT

89
Q

What are the training influences on contractile forces (similar to other flash card)

A

Hyper trophy

Hyperplasia

Reduced neural inhibition

Strength training - increase FT area

Increase phosphagen stores

90
Q

Does strength help endurance

Does endurance help strength

A

Yes

No

91
Q

Phosphagen metabolism has…

Located in…

Enzymes…

Substrates…

Byproducts…

A

The highest power
Lowest capacity

Sarcoplasm

Myosin ATPase, CPK, AK

ATP and CP

ADP, AMP, Pi

92
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis has…

Located in…

Enzymes…

Substrates…

Byproducts…

A

2nd power
3rd in capacity

Sarcoplasm

PFK, PK, HK (M-LDH), Phosphorylase (H-LDH), Citrate

CHO, glucose, glycogen

Lactic acid and alanine to liver

93
Q

Phosphagen metabolism happens in the…

A

First 30 seconds of high intensity

94
Q

How do you increase the capacity of phosphagen metabolism

A

Increase:
Creatine
Muscle mass
Training

95
Q

Power =

A

How quick you can make ATP

96
Q

Capacity =

A

Total kCal you can get from the energy systems

97
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis occurs from…

Yields how much ATP…

A

30secs - 3/4min

2 net ATP

98
Q

What does citrate do in the anaerobic glycolysis

A

Inhibits PFK - spares CHO to prime the pump for fat usage

99
Q

How do you increase the capacity of the anaerobic glycolysis

A 
Increase:
Training
H-LDH
Muscle mass
Alanine tranominase

Decrease:
M-LDH

100
Q

What does H-LDH do

What does M-LDH do

A

Clears lactic acid

Forms lactic acid

101
Q

Aerobic glycolysis has…

Located in…

Enzymes…

Substrates…

Byproducts…

A

3rd in power
2nd in capacity

Starts in sarcoplasm, ends in mitochondria

CS, SDH, IDH

Glucose and glycogen

Co2 and h2o

102
Q

Aerobic glycolysis happens…

Yields how much ATP…

A

3/4mins - 2/3 hours of moderate intensity

36 in skeletal muscle - sarcoplasm can’t take in NADH + H
38 in cardiac muscle - 8 = sarcoplasm, 30 = mitochondria

103
Q

How do you increase the capacity of aerobic respiration

A

Increase:
Training
CH6 loading - increase glycogen
CHO ingestion

104
Q

What type substances enter the kerbs cycle

A

Acetyl COA

Oxaloacetate

105
Q

Beta oxidation has…

Located in…

Enzymes…

Substrates…

Starting products…

Byproducts…

A

Highest capacity
Lowest Power

Mitochondria

Lipase, Thiokinase, Thiolase, Fatty acyl CoA, Camitine fatty acid transferase

Triglycerides

Acyl CoA and glycerol in liver

Ketone bodies = Decrease pH

106
Q

When does Beta oxidation occur

Yield of ATP…

A

During continuous low intensity exercise

100-150 ATP

107
Q

What is ATP generated from in Beta Oxidation

What is needed to increase the capacity of Beta Oxidation

A

Acetyl CoA, pyruvate, glucose in liver

More CHO

108
Q

What are the substrates of ETS

Where does it occur

A

NAD + H = 3 ATP (cardiac muscle, Krebs, beta, pyruvate to Acetyl CoA)

FAD + H = 2 ATP (Skeletal muscle, krebs, beta)

Occurs in the inner mitochondria membrane for oxidation

109
Q

What are cytochromes

What do they act as

A

Act like enzymes to speed things up

They are carriers of H+ and E- in the ETS

110
Q

What are the starting products and by products of the ETS

A

O2

H2O

111
Q

Stages of Priming the Pump

A

CHO to Pyruvate

Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate

Ocaloacetate combines with Acetyl CoA from fat to form Citrate

Citrate inhibits PFK

112
Q

Stages of Glycogen sparing

A

Citrate inhibits PFK to spare glycogen

Forms oxaloacetate = priming the pump

113
Q

Hitting the wall refers to

A

No CHO left to access fat for energy

Ketone bodies form = decrease force production because of fatigue

114
Q

What is Acetyl CoA

A

Common entry molecule for fat and carbohydrates to enter the krebs cycle

of Acetyl CoA formed from a triglyceride = #of carbons / 2

115
Q

What does Fat yield

What does CHO yield

A

9 Kcal/GM

4 Kcal/GM

116
Q

What are the 4 fates of pyruvate

A
  1. Lactate (anaerobic)
  2. Alanine (anaerobic)
  3. Acetyl CoA (aerobic)
  4. Oxaloacetate (aerobic)
117
Q

What does Alanine act as

What does it minimise

What is it converted back into

A

Acts as a temporary reservoir for the excessive breakdown of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions

Minimises the formation of lactate

Converted back into glucose in the liver

118
Q

What is PFK inhibited by

What is it stimulated by

A

High levels of phosphagens, hydrogen ion concentration from excess lactate formation, Citrate for glycogen sparing

ADP, AMP + Pi

119
Q

What is HK inhibited by

What is it stimulated by

A

High levels of G - G - P

Insulin

120
Q

What is Phosphorylase inhibited by

What is it stimulated by

A

High levels of G - G - P

Calcium, AMP and Epinephrine

121
Q

What are the 6 hormones that stimulate HSL for mobilisation of fat

What inhibits HSL

A

TSH - thyroxine

ACTH - Cortisol

Growth hormone

Glucagon

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Insulin inhibits HSL

122
Q

What does caffeine stimulate

A

HSL and Fat mobilisation

Phosphorlyse in glycolysis

Glycogen mobilisation

123
Q

What is the best load program for CHO

What does it increase

A

Long hard exercise with mixed diet - 90mins

Then low CHO diet

Then High Carb diet

Ingestion of carb fluids during exercise - increases muscle glycogen

Increases:
Capacity for Aerobic glycolysis
Capacity for Beta oxidation

124
Q

What occurs from creatine ingestion

Where can you access it from

A

Increase CP = Increases ATP
Hypertrophy
Protein synthesis

From raw meat and powder

125
Q

What does sodium bicarbonate do for you

What type of performance does it help with

A

Increases lactic acid tolerance and capacity of anaerobic glycolysis

Helps with performance in high intensity short duration exercise

126
Q

What does endurance training do on:

Phospagens

A

Increase in 25% ATP

Increase in 40% CP

Increase in capacity

127
Q

What does endurance training do on:

Glycolysis

A

80 - 100% increase in PFK

Increase in H-:LDH

Decrease in M-LDH (Increase alanine transaminase)

INCREASE IN LACTIC ACID TOLERANCE

INCREASE IN CAPACITY OF ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS - POWER

128
Q

What does endurance training do on:

Oxidative

A

Increase in power of CHO and fat oxidation

Increase in myoglobin (O2 delivery)

Increase 200% in muscle mitochondria

Increase in Krebs cycle/ beta enzymes and cytochromes
Increase 100% in lipase activity = Increase capacity of aerobic glycolysis and beta oxidation

Increase in capillary fiber CO2 delivery

129
Q

What does endurance training do on:

Children

A

Increase Capacity phospagens

Increase Power glycolysis

130
Q

What does the A band do

A

Where muscle contraction happens via sliding filament

131
Q

What is Saltatory conduction

A

Faster propogation of action potentials between node of ranvier

132
Q

Order of muscle structure

A

Muscle
Muscle fiber (cell)
Myofibrils
Myofilaments

133
Q

What happens during contraction to:

I band

H zone

A band

A

Shorten

Shorten

Does not change

134
Q

Max tension is dependent on

What fiber type is better

A

Actin - myosin binding

FT > ST

135
Q

Speed of contraction is dependent on

What fiber type is better

A

Size of axon

Myosin ATPase

FT > ST

136
Q

Continuation of muscle contraction is dependent on

What fiber type is better

A

Ability to regenerate ATP

ST > FT

137
Q

Do muscle fiber types vary in:

Men and women

Individuals

Parts of the body

A

No - genetics is not a factor between fiber types

Yes - some people are born with more or less FT or ST

Yes - varies in different muscles

138
Q

Sprint interval training causes

A

FT to increase
ST to decrease

Conversion of ST to FT

139
Q

Endurance training causes

A

ST to increase
FT to decrease

Conversion of FT to ST

140
Q

What volume and intensity of training is required to:

Increase hypertrophy

Increase hyperplasia

Reduce neural inhibition

Increase Phosphagen stores

A

High volume, Low intensity

Low volume, High intensity

Low volume, Low intensity

All types of training

141
Q

The addition of Strength training to an endurance program will

The addition of endurance training to a strength program

A

Increase time to exhaustion during submax workload

May reduce the potential strength from strength training if:

  1. Same muscles used in both trainings
  2. strength training is more than 3 times a week

Kin 155 (4 decks)

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