Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Kin 155 > Lecture Exam 1 - Brain and Contraction > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 - Brain and Contraction Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Cerebrum contain

A

Motor Cortex and Sensory Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of the Cerebrum (5)

A
  1. Higher mental processes
  2. Movement
  3. Visceral functions
  4. Perception
  5. Behavioural reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Cerebrum responsible for

A

The association and integration of the functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the motor cortex consist of

A

Primary motor cortex

Pre motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the Primary cortex do and where is it

A

Anterior to central sulcus

Conscious motor movements = pyramidal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the Pre motor cortex do and where is it

A

Anterior to primary motor cortex

Unconscious fine tuning of muscle activity, balance and muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the pre motor cortex cause to happen

Where does this then happen

A

general patterns of movement involving groups of muscles that perform specific functions

Basal ganglia and thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the Sensory cortex do and where is it

A

Lies posterior to central sulcus

Relays information through sensory receptors to the motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia

What does it do

A

Cluster of cell bodies that make up the central gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres

Muscle tone and control of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens if the basal ganglia gets damage

A

Paralysis/jerky involuntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the Thalamus do

A

relay station of sensory input as well as interpretation of some sensory input

Pain, temp, crude pressure and touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the hypothalamus do (7)

A

releases hormones (and inhibits them) to control:

  1. water
  2. balance
  3. sleep
  4. temp
  5. hunger
  6. visceral activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Coordination of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata do (6)

A

Controls:

  1. Heart rate
  2. Blood flow
  3. Equilibrium
  4. Swallowing
  5. Salivation
  6. Respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do the pyramidal tracts cross over

A

Medulla Oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the medulla oblongata contain

A

Ascending and descending communication tracts for spinal cord and other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the pons control and what else does it do (7)

A

Respiration

  1. Acts as a bridge between spinal cord
  2. Responsible for eye movement
  3. Facial expressions
  4. Taste
  5. Salivation
  6. Equilibrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the Midbrain do

What does it regulate

A

Sends sensation of:

Touch
Proprioception
Vibrations

To the thalamus

Regulation of pupil size, eye movement and lens shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Motor tracts in the pyramidal system

  1. originate in
  2. % cross over
  3. Synapse with
A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. 90% X over
  3. Motor neurons in the anterior gray horn of spinal cord to innervate muscles involved in specific movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Ipselateral training and which system does it occur in

A

One side of the body is developed through training

Will be some cross over effect as neural stimulation occurs on the opposite side of the body

Pyramidal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens in the Extrapyramidal system

  1. Motor tracts
  2. Type of movement
  3. Originates
  4. Movement patterns
  5. Synapse with
A
  1. Motor tracts do not cross
  2. Fine tuning of highly skilled movements
  3. Originates in premotor cortex
  4. General movement patterns like muscle tone, posture, vision, hearing, equilibrium and control of head movement
  5. Do not synapse directly with motor neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the limbic system provide

A

input to motor cortex due to motivation drive and needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the different sensory receptors (5)

A
  1. Muscle spindles
  2. Golgi tendon organs
  3. Proprioceptors
  4. Joint receptors
  5. Kinesthetic awareness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the functions of muscle spindles (3) Where are they located
1. Sense length of fibers 2. Reflex contraction 3. Coactivation In between in between intrafusal fibers
26
What do golgi tendon organs do (3) Where are they located
1. Reflex inhibition for protection of the muscles 2. Facilitate recruitment of additional motor units to maintain force production 3. help to equalise contractile forces of separate muscle fiber Insert to bone Function at spinal cord not all the way to brain
27
What do proprioceptors do What do they regulate and facilitate
sense position, length, pressure, tension and temperature in a muscle regulates change in length and facilitate kinesthetic awareness
28
What do joint receptors do Where does this occur and what does it facilitate
Proprioceptors for feedback Sensory cortex and facilitate kinesthetic awareness
29
What does kinesthetic awareness involve (3)
Deformation/compression Acceleration/deceleration Space awareness
30
What are Krause
Receptors for cold stimuli
31
What are pacinian corpuscles
detect changes in vibrations
32
What are Ruffini corpuscles
detect changes in temperature
33
What are the two main components of muscle spindles
Intrafusal fibers Extrafusal muscle fibers
34
What do intrafusal fibers do What are they activated by What senses the change in intrafusal fibers information is sent back to the spinal cord via
gross muscle contraction Gamma motor neurons Annulospiral endings Sensory afferent neurons
35
Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by
Alpha motor neurons
36
What is a motor unit
A neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
37
A neuron is
a nerve cell
38
Soma is
cell body of neuron
39
Schwann cell is
Responsible for the production of myelin
40
Synaptic vesicles store
Neurotransmitters
41
Node of ranvier is where Because
Salutatory conduction occurs not covered by myelinated sheath
42
What happens during an action potential
Na gates open Influx of Na Stimulates electrical current (AP)
43
What is a synapse
point of contact where the nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another
44
What is the size principle
Motor units with smaller cell bodies are generally recruited first since larger motor units require more stimulation
45
At rest What are actin and myosin Where is ATP bound Where is CA stored
Separate Bound to cross bridge CA stored in SR
46
Steps of excitation
Voluntary movement from Primary Motor Cortex Stimulation causes CA to bind to troponin to inhibit the effects of seperating actin and myosin
47
Steps of contraction
Actin slides over myosin Coupling activiates myosin ATPase which breaks down ATP to cause a power stroke
48
Steps of Recharging
New ATP molecule binds to the cross bridge causing myosin to uncouple with actin New coupling with different actin then occurs
49
Steps of relaxation
No more neural stimulation Ca returns to the SR Myosin ATPase is turned off
50
Sarcolemma is where
ACh binds to receptors to open Na channels to depolarise cell
51
Epimysium is Inserts where
Connective tissue = Muscle belly Inserts into tendon and surrounds muscle
52
Perimysium is
Connective tissue = Fasicles
53
Endomysium is
Connective tissue = Muscle fiber
54
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is What does it contain
Cytoplasm of muscle Contains sarcomere Where anaerobic metabolism occurs
55
What does the S-1 unit head of myosin attach to What does it change
Actin Changes its orientation to 45 degrees axis
56
What does "the tilt" refer to What is released
Power stroke for muscle contraction ATPase breaks down ATP to release ADP and Pi
57
What does tropomyosin do
Blocks actin and myosin from forming cross bridges
58
What causes tropomyosin to move out of the way
Ca binds to troponin which causes a conformational change
59
What are the two roles of Ca
Influx of Ca into axon terminal stimulates release of ACh Binds with troponin to move tropomyosin out of the way
60
What are the roles of ATP (3)
Energy for power stroke of S-1 myosin head - leads to sliding filament A new molecule of ATP binds to myosin S-1 head to cause dissociation of actin/myosin - when broken down myosin head moves back away from actin ATP used to actively pump Ca back into the SR through longitudinal tubules when nerve stimulation stops
61
What does the Z lines do
keeps actin around myosin Provides a pathway for AP to travel down t-tubule Initiates pulling mechanism
62
What does the M line do
Holds myosin in place
63
What does the I band do What is it
Shortens during contraction Actin only
64
What happens to the H zone What is it
Disappears during contraction Myosin only
65
What is the sarcomere What is it from
Contracting unit of muscle cell Z line to Z line
66
How fast can a muscle twitch
120 m/s
67
What is the SR triad What does it do What does training do
2 cisternae and t-tubule Cisternae store Ca Increases from 5% to 12%
68
What is the anaerobic enzyme
Myosin ATPase
69
What is the aerobic enzyme
SDH staining
70
There is high levels of Myosin ATPase in what muscle fibre
Fast twitch
71
There is high levels of SDH staining in what muscle fibre
Oxidative muscle
72
Dark myosin ATPase means it is
Fast
73
Dark SDH staining means it is
High oxidative
74
Slow twitch is Acid... Basic...
Acid stabile | Basic labile
75
Fast twitch is Acid... Basic...
Acid labile | Basic stabile
76
FOG is Acid... Basic...
Acid labile | Basic stabile
77
IIc twitch fibres are... In adults In children
Stability at all levels Renovation or training in adults Undifferentiated fibres in children - become FT or ST eventually
78
What are the 3 fundamental properties of exercise physiology
Max tension is dependent on actin and myosin binding Speed of contraction is dependent on the size of axon and the concentration of myosin ATPase Endurance is based on the ability to recycle or regenerate ATP
79
What are the 3 motor unit characteristics
Homogeneous - all ST etc Differs in sensitivity to stimulation Operates on all or none response
80
What muscle fibre type has the easiest sensitivity
SO
81
What is the all or none response
All fibres in one unit have the same sensitivity and contract all at the same time
82
What are the determinants of force production
Actin/myosin binding **** Number of fibres in active motor unit (increase = hyperplasia) Number of motor units activated - balance between stimulation and inhibition Frequency of impulses
83
Fusiform run.... They have
Parallel running length Have greater range of movement Longer muscle fibres Less strength and resistance to pull Greater injury risk
84
Penniform run... They have...
Run diagnosed to direction of pull Have poor range of movement Shorter muscle fibres More strength and resistance to pull Less injury risk
85
What formations cause Fatigue effects on force production What do these formations do
Formation of ketone bodies and lactic acid Decrease pH - causes interference with Ca release, actin/myosin binding, ATP breakdown, less ATPase activity
86
What happens with local muscle fatigue
Decrease in torque Then neural fatigue - depletion of neurotransmitter
87
What are the determinants of speed production
Size of axon - myelination Myosin ATPase Fibre type being used - increase FT = increase speed Increase force vs decrease resistance - Increase acceleration = increase force/decrease mass Coordination - synchronised recruitment
88
What causes force to increase
Hyper trophy Hyperplasia Increase motor unit recruitment Pre stretch muscle Fibre type change - strength training = Increase FT
89
What are the training influences on contractile forces (similar to other flash card)
Hyper trophy Hyperplasia Reduced neural inhibition Strength training - increase FT area Increase phosphagen stores
90
Does strength help endurance Does endurance help strength
Yes No
91
Phosphagen metabolism has... Located in... Enzymes... Substrates... Byproducts...
The highest power Lowest capacity Sarcoplasm Myosin ATPase, CPK, AK ATP and CP ADP, AMP, Pi
92
Anaerobic glycolysis has... Located in... Enzymes... Substrates... Byproducts...
2nd power 3rd in capacity Sarcoplasm PFK, PK, HK (M-LDH), Phosphorylase (H-LDH), Citrate CHO, glucose, glycogen Lactic acid and alanine to liver
93
Phosphagen metabolism happens in the...
First 30 seconds of high intensity
94
How do you increase the capacity of phosphagen metabolism
Increase: Creatine Muscle mass Training
95
Power =
How quick you can make ATP
96
Capacity =
Total kCal you can get from the energy systems
97
Anaerobic glycolysis occurs from... Yields how much ATP...
30secs - 3/4min 2 net ATP
98
What does citrate do in the anaerobic glycolysis
Inhibits PFK - spares CHO to prime the pump for fat usage
99
How do you increase the capacity of the anaerobic glycolysis
``` Increase: Training H-LDH Muscle mass Alanine tranominase ``` Decrease: M-LDH
100
What does H-LDH do What does M-LDH do
Clears lactic acid Forms lactic acid
101
Aerobic glycolysis has... Located in... Enzymes... Substrates... Byproducts...
3rd in power 2nd in capacity Starts in sarcoplasm, ends in mitochondria CS, SDH, IDH Glucose and glycogen Co2 and h2o
102
Aerobic glycolysis happens... Yields how much ATP...
3/4mins - 2/3 hours of moderate intensity 36 in skeletal muscle - sarcoplasm can't take in NADH + H 38 in cardiac muscle - 8 = sarcoplasm, 30 = mitochondria
103
How do you increase the capacity of aerobic respiration
Increase: Training CH6 loading - increase glycogen CHO ingestion
104
What type substances enter the kerbs cycle
Acetyl COA Oxaloacetate
105
Beta oxidation has... Located in... Enzymes... Substrates... Starting products... Byproducts...
Highest capacity Lowest Power Mitochondria Lipase, Thiokinase, Thiolase, Fatty acyl CoA, Camitine fatty acid transferase Triglycerides Acyl CoA and glycerol in liver Ketone bodies = Decrease pH
106
When does Beta oxidation occur Yield of ATP...
During continuous low intensity exercise 100-150 ATP
107
What is ATP generated from in Beta Oxidation What is needed to increase the capacity of Beta Oxidation
Acetyl CoA, pyruvate, glucose in liver More CHO
108
What are the substrates of ETS Where does it occur
NAD + H = 3 ATP (cardiac muscle, Krebs, beta, pyruvate to Acetyl CoA) FAD + H = 2 ATP (Skeletal muscle, krebs, beta) Occurs in the inner mitochondria membrane for oxidation
109
What are cytochromes What do they act as
Act like enzymes to speed things up They are carriers of H+ and E- in the ETS
110
What are the starting products and by products of the ETS
O2 H2O
111
Stages of Priming the Pump
CHO to Pyruvate Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate Ocaloacetate combines with Acetyl CoA from fat to form Citrate Citrate inhibits PFK
112
Stages of Glycogen sparing
Citrate inhibits PFK to spare glycogen Forms oxaloacetate = priming the pump
113
Hitting the wall refers to
No CHO left to access fat for energy Ketone bodies form = decrease force production because of fatigue
114
What is Acetyl CoA
Common entry molecule for fat and carbohydrates to enter the krebs cycle of Acetyl CoA formed from a triglyceride = #of carbons / 2
115
What does Fat yield What does CHO yield
9 Kcal/GM 4 Kcal/GM
116
What are the 4 fates of pyruvate
1. Lactate (anaerobic) 2. Alanine (anaerobic) 3. Acetyl CoA (aerobic) 4. Oxaloacetate (aerobic)
117
What does Alanine act as What does it minimise What is it converted back into
Acts as a temporary reservoir for the excessive breakdown of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions Minimises the formation of lactate Converted back into glucose in the liver
118
What is PFK inhibited by What is it stimulated by
High levels of phosphagens, hydrogen ion concentration from excess lactate formation, Citrate for glycogen sparing ADP, AMP + Pi
119
What is HK inhibited by What is it stimulated by
High levels of G - G - P Insulin
120
What is Phosphorylase inhibited by What is it stimulated by
High levels of G - G - P Calcium, AMP and Epinephrine
121
What are the 6 hormones that stimulate HSL for mobilisation of fat What inhibits HSL
TSH - thyroxine ACTH - Cortisol Growth hormone Glucagon Epinephrine Norepinephrine Insulin inhibits HSL
122
What does caffeine stimulate
HSL and Fat mobilisation Phosphorlyse in glycolysis Glycogen mobilisation
123
What is the best load program for CHO What does it increase
Long hard exercise with mixed diet - 90mins Then low CHO diet Then High Carb diet Ingestion of carb fluids during exercise - increases muscle glycogen Increases: Capacity for Aerobic glycolysis Capacity for Beta oxidation
124
What occurs from creatine ingestion Where can you access it from
Increase CP = Increases ATP Hypertrophy Protein synthesis From raw meat and powder
125
What does sodium bicarbonate do for you What type of performance does it help with
Increases lactic acid tolerance and capacity of anaerobic glycolysis Helps with performance in high intensity short duration exercise
126
What does endurance training do on: Phospagens
Increase in 25% ATP Increase in 40% CP Increase in capacity
127
What does endurance training do on: Glycolysis
80 - 100% increase in PFK Increase in H-:LDH Decrease in M-LDH (Increase alanine transaminase) INCREASE IN LACTIC ACID TOLERANCE INCREASE IN CAPACITY OF ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS - POWER
128
What does endurance training do on: Oxidative
Increase in power of CHO and fat oxidation Increase in myoglobin (O2 delivery) Increase 200% in muscle mitochondria Increase in Krebs cycle/ beta enzymes and cytochromes Increase 100% in lipase activity = Increase capacity of aerobic glycolysis and beta oxidation Increase in capillary fiber CO2 delivery
129
What does endurance training do on: Children
Increase Capacity phospagens Increase Power glycolysis
130
What does the A band do
Where muscle contraction happens via sliding filament
131
What is Saltatory conduction
Faster propogation of action potentials between node of ranvier
132
Order of muscle structure
Muscle Muscle fiber (cell) Myofibrils Myofilaments
133
What happens during contraction to: I band H zone A band
Shorten Shorten Does not change
134
Max tension is dependent on What fiber type is better
Actin - myosin binding FT > ST
135
Speed of contraction is dependent on What fiber type is better
Size of axon Myosin ATPase FT > ST
136
Continuation of muscle contraction is dependent on What fiber type is better
Ability to regenerate ATP ST > FT
137
Do muscle fiber types vary in: Men and women Individuals Parts of the body
No - genetics is not a factor between fiber types Yes - some people are born with more or less FT or ST Yes - varies in different muscles
138
Sprint interval training causes
FT to increase ST to decrease Conversion of ST to FT
139
Endurance training causes
ST to increase FT to decrease Conversion of FT to ST
140
What volume and intensity of training is required to: Increase hypertrophy Increase hyperplasia Reduce neural inhibition Increase Phosphagen stores
High volume, Low intensity Low volume, High intensity Low volume, Low intensity All types of training
141
The addition of Strength training to an endurance program will The addition of endurance training to a strength program
Increase time to exhaustion during submax workload May reduce the potential strength from strength training if: 1. Same muscles used in both trainings 2. strength training is more than 3 times a week

Kin 155 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions