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Kin 155 > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is EMG

A

Electromyography

The electrical current measured when an action potential passes along a muscle fiber towards the surface of the skin

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2
Q

What does emg activity represent

A

The traveling of an action potential

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3
Q

How does emg relate to muscle contraction

A

EMG and the electromyogram shows the recording of the electrical events of muscle contraction

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4
Q

What is the 2 raw responses

A

Amplitude - recruitment of motor units

Frequency - firing of motor units

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5
Q

What is the integrated response

A

Amplitude + frequency = recruitment and firing of the motor units

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6
Q

Motor unit recruitment we start with

Then
Then
Why do we recruit different motor units

A

SO
Then FOG
Then FG

As force goes up we have to recruit more motor units

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7
Q

When will a person produce a higher emg recording

Why

(PEOPLE USING SUB MAX FORCE)

A

When they use more of their max force

Because their workload is higher

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8
Q

What muscle fibers do we start off by using

What happens when fatigue kicks in

(MAX EFFORT OVER TIME)

A

All (SO, FOG, FG)

FG drops out
FOG then drops out
SO remains

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9
Q

What does local muscle fatigue precede

What depletes first

(MAX EFFORT OVER TIME)

A

Neural fatigue

ATP + CP
Then neurotransmitters

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10
Q

How do we know when neural fatigue is starting to kick in

A

When there is a significant drop in EMG

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11
Q

During sub max effort what happens to EMG as time increases

SUB MAX ACROSS TIME

A

Increase in EMG reponse

Because of the recruitment of FG and FOG fiber types as well as the slope of the integrated EMG combined with EMG activity of slow twitch motor units

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12
Q

Force production relationships:

Cross sectional area

Motor units/fiber type

Speed of movement

A

Greater area = greater force production

Greater FT muscle fibers = greater force production

Increase in speed = decrease in force production - because recruitment of ST motor units decreases

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13
Q

What is Isokinetic strength

Characteristics….

Has… To keep constant…

A

Higher torquel force for people with more FT muscle (assuming same area of muscle)

Involves maximal overload throughout the entire range of motion
Constant speed of movement as muscle contracts
Movement is in direction of force vector
Force is greater than resistance

Accomodating resistance gives a constant predetermined speed

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14
Q

What happens during a single effort contraction

A

Slow speed

Recruits ST and FT units

Individuals who have more FT will create a greater force production

FG > FOG > SO

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15
Q

Peak contractions at various speeds what will we see between the two individuals

A

Both will show decline in force production as speed increases

The individual with more FT muscle will show less decline = thicker axon and more intramuscular stores of myosin ATPase

At high speeds recruitment of SO ceases

FG>FOG>SO

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16
Q

Repeated contractions at constant speed will see that the individual will experience

A

As time goes on the individual with more ST muscle will show less of a decline in force production because More ST muscle = more myoglobin, mitochondria and oxidative enzymes = more ATP recycled

SO>FOG>FG

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17
Q

Endurance athletes have more

Sprinting athletes have more

A

ST Muscle

FT muscle

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18
Q

How do you work out % of FT

A

[(Pre - Post / Pre) / 0.009] - 5.2

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19
Q

Work (kgm) =

A

Force (kg) x distance (m)

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20
Q

Anaerobic power =

What does it measure

A

Rev. at 5 secs - rev at 0 secs x workload x 6

Measures the development of phospagen metabolism

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21
Q

Anaerobic capacity (kgm/30secs) =

What does it measure

A

Rev. at 30 seconds - Rev. at 0 secs x workload x 6

Measures the development of phosphagen and anaerobic glycolysis

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22
Q

Fatigue index =

Percentage of anaerobic power

A

[(kgm/first 5 secs - kgm/last 5 secs) / (kgm / first 5 secs)] x 100

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23
Q

Body weight =

A

lbs / 2.2

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24
Q

Workload =

What does it measure

A

(0.075 kp x Bw (kg)) = ______ kg of resistance to the nearest 0.25 kp

Measures the oxidative capacity of muscle by finding the percent decline in the work of first/last 5 secs

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25
Q

Sprinter tend to have a ____ work indices because ______

A

Higher

They have more FT muscle

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26
Q

A person with more lean muscle body weight will score _____ than a person with the same weight who has ____ distribution of fat

A

Higher

Higher

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27
Q

An individual with a high distribution of _____ should score high in all 3 work indices since they have _____ strength but _____ endurance

A

FT muscle (sprinter)

Higher

Less

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28
Q

** Body weight _____ effect the test results, it _____ used to determine the _______**

A

Does not

only is

Optimal pedaling resistance

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29
Q

What metabolic calculations are calculated by the computer

A

Oxygen uptake rate (VO2)

Carbon dioxide production rate (VCO2)

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30
Q

How do you convert VO2 ml/min into VO2 L/min =

What athletes does it better represent

A

(VO2 ml/min) / 1000ml

Better represents athletes whos body weight is supported e.g. swimmers

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31
Q

How do you converted VCO2 ml/min into VCO2 L/min

What athletes does it better represent

A

(VCO2 ml/min) / 1000 ml

Better represents athletes whos body weight is supported e.g. swimmers

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32
Q

RER or R value =

A

VCO2 / VO2

Carbon dioxide produced / oxygen consumed

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33
Q

** Once you have the _____ then use the chart***

A

R value

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34
Q

Kcal/min =

How do we find Kcal of CHO and fat usage

A

(Kcal/L of VO2) x VO2 L/min

Use chart to find Kcal of CHO and Kcal of Fat usage

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35
Q

VO2 in ml/kg/min =

What athletes does it better represent

A

(VO2 L/m x 1000) / BW (kg)

Better represents VO2 Max in athletes who carry own body weight

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36
Q

MET =

A

VO2 ml/kg/min = 3.5ml/kg/min

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37
Q

1 MET =

It is the _____

Known as _____

A

3.5 ml/kg/min of VO2

The oxygen needed to sustain body functions at rest

Resting metabolic rate

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38
Q

P - wave =

A

Depolarisation and contraction of atriums

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39
Q

QRS =

A

Depolarisation of ventricles

Atriums are repolarising and relaxing

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40
Q

T - wave =

A

Ventricles relax and repolarise

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41
Q

How do we measure max heart rate in:

Leg
Arm
Water based

A

220 - age

207 - age

208 - age

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42
Q

What two arteries can we monitor palpations

A

Radial or carotid artery

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43
Q

Left arm contains

A

Lead (I) = positive or negative

44
Q

Left foot contains

What is the charge in both arms

A

Lead (II) = positive
(Right arm negative)

Lead (III) = positive
(Left arm negative)

45
Q

AVR is located in

Charge is

A

Right arm

Negative

46
Q

AVL is located in

Charge is

A

Left arm

Negative

47
Q

AVF is located in

Charge is

A

Left foot

Positive

48
Q

What does V5 pick up

A

Picks up 80% of abnormalities

49
Q

Where can there be positive QRS complexes be found

A 
Leads: 2 , 3
AVF
V4
V5
V6
50
Q

Where can there be negative QRS complexes be found

A

AVR
AVL
V1
V2

51
Q

Where can QRS complexes be either or positive or negative

A

Lead 1

V3

52
Q

Depolarisation of the heart occurs where

A

Down and slightly left from the SA node

53
Q

Pathway of electrical current in heart from nodes

A

SA node
AV node
Purkinji fibres

54
Q

What is a normal resting heart rate between

A

60-100 bpm

55
Q

What is tachycardia

A

> 100 bpm

56
Q

What is bradycardia

A

< 60 bpm

Can be athletes or untrained

57
Q

What is the speed at standard paper

A

25mm/second

25 X 60 seconds = 1500 mm/min

1500 X 10 cardiac cycles = 15000 mm/10 cardiac cycles

58
Q

Each small square is how many mm or seconds

Each big square is how many mm or seconds

A

1mm or 0.04 secs

5mm or 0.2 secs

59
Q

Premature ventricular contractions can be distinguished by

A

No P wave
Pause after PVC
Wider than 3mm

60
Q

Ischemia can be distinguished by

Why is this

A

Inverted T wave

Lack of blood flow to cardiac tissue

61
Q

Ventricular flutter can be distinguished by

A

Smooth wave

Twitches at 200-300 bpm

62
Q

Ventricular fibrillation can be distinguished by

A

Twitches at 300-500 bpm

A lot of messy lines

63
Q

ST elevation can be distinguished by

What is it usually resulted by

A

Enlarged Q wave = due acute recent injury - will never go away

ST elevation = fresh infarction

64
Q

Multifilament pvc can be distinguished by

A

No P waves
No T waves
They all look different

65
Q

Significant Q waves are distinguished by

A

When there was a previous myocardial infarction
1mm wide Q wave
1/3 of total height of QRS is present in the Q wave

66
Q

V1 is

A

Negative

67
Q

V2 is

A

Negative

68
Q

V3

A

Positive or negative

69
Q

V4 is

A

Positive

70
Q

V5 is

A

Positive

71
Q

V6 is

A

Positive

72
Q

Lead 1 is

A

LA

Positive or negative

73
Q

Lead 2 is

A

LL

Positive

74
Q

Lead 3 is

A

LL

Positive

75
Q

AVR is

A

RA

Negative

76
Q

AVL is

A

LA

Negative

77
Q

AVF is

A

LL

Positive

78
Q

ST motor units have

A

Greater capillarisation

Higher intramuscular myoglobin, mitochondria and oxidative enzymes

79
Q

FT motor units have

A

Thicker axon
Myelinated axon
More intramuscular myosin ATPase

80
Q

What does training do to heart rate

A

Decreases resting heart rate

Decreases sub max heart rate

No effect on max heart rate

81
Q

What is the normal range for systolic blood pressure

What is considered mild hyper tension

What is considered major coronary heart disease risk factor

What is considered a relative contraindication to exercise testing

A

100-140 mm Hg

140-160 mm Hg

=> 160 mm Hg

> 200 mm Hg

82
Q

What is the normal range for diastolic blood pressure

What is the range considered to be coronary heart disease

What is the relative contraindication to exercise testing

A

60-90 mm Hg

> = 90 mm Hg

120 mm Hg

83
Q

What values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure should we stop a test

A

Greater than:

250 mm Hg systolic

120 mm Hg diastolic

drops in blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or more

Failure of increase in systolic blood pressure with increasing workloads

84
Q

Long term training has what effect on individuals with normal blood pressure

A

Minimal effect on resting blood pressure

85
Q

What happens to the R wave if depolarisation moves towards the positive electrodes

What happens if it moves away from the positive electrodes

A

Makes the R wave positive

Makes the R wave negative

86
Q

What is the auscultatory gap

Happens more commonly in…

A

A gap between the high pressure sounds and the sounds that occur when the pressure is reduced

Hypertensive patients

87
Q

Systolic blood pressure is

A

Pressure in the artists during contraction of ventricle

88
Q

What does the Kortocoff sound like during systolic

A

Clear
Sharp
Tapping sounds
Gradually increase

89
Q

Systolic pressure _______ during exercise

A

Increases

90
Q

Diastolic pressure is…

A

Pressure in arteries during relaxation of the ventricles

91
Q

The Kortocoff sound of diastolic is

A

Sound disappears at rest

Muffled sound during exercise

92
Q

Diastolic pressure ________ during exercise

A

Remains low

93
Q

Training can lower blood pressure in

A

Hypertensive patients

94
Q

Training has no/minimal effect on resting blood pressure in

A

Normotensive patients

95
Q

Oxygen deficit is

A

The time period during exercise when the level of oxygen uptake rate is below what is necessary to supply all the ATP that is required for exercise

96
Q

Steady state is

When can you reach steady state

A

The time period during exercise when a physiological function like vo2 remains at a relatively constant rate

Oxygen demand = oxygen supply
During low intensity exercise
+/- 2 ml/kg/min oxygen uptake rate

97
Q

What is oxygen debt

A

Payback of the oxygen deficit that occurred prior in exercise

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery from exercise above that is ordinarily consumed at rest in the same time period

98
Q

Why is oxygen debt greater than deficit (3)

A

1) Oxygen uptake rate is driven up in order to dissipate heat by circulation to the surface of the skin
2) Thyroxin and catecholamines remain active during recovery to keep stimulation of metabolic pathways - VO2 is increased by this
3) There is an increased oxygen a lactic phase needed to replenish the phosphagen stores and remove lactate by oxidation - cardiac and respiratory muscle needs oxygen to meet this need during recovery

99
Q

Alactacid phase of oxygen debt occurs within the….

This phase allows for the….

A

1st 2 mins of recovery

Replenishment of phosphagens

100
Q

Lactacid phase of oxygen debt occurs in order to…

A

Removal of lactate by oxidation that was produced during oxygen deficit

101
Q

What are the inherent pacemaker rates of the

Atria
AV node
Ventricles

A

75 bpm

60 bpm

30-40 bpm

102
Q

Ventricular asystole is

A

Flatline

103
Q

The maximum tension a muscle can generate is due to…

A

The amount of Actin and myosin binding

104
Q

The speed of a muscle is controlled by

A

The thickness of the axon

And

Stores of myosin ATPase

105
Q

The ability of muscle to continue to contract and maintain force production over extended periods is based on

A

Regeneration of ATP

Kin 155 (4 decks)

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