Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
Complex carbohydrates undergo chemical digestion in the GI tract, but monosaccharides do not. T/F?
a) True
The first nutrient to be chemically digested is:
a) Protein
b) Fat
c) Minerals
d) Carbohydrates
d) Carbohydrates
Stretching of the GI tract by chyme will activate a gastrointestinal reflex pathway. T/F?
a) True
Sympathetic nerve impulses:
a) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva.
b) stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food.
c) decreases salivation in times of stress.
d) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva and stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food are both correct.
c) decreases salivation in times of stress
Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?
a) Because they stimulate the parasympathetic nerves supplying the GI tract
b) Because they stimulate the somatic nerves that supply the GI tract
c) Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
d) Because all emotions are controlled by the Vagus nerve
c) because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
Deglutition describes
a) formation of a bolus before swallowing.
b) chewing of food.
c) the teeth and associated structures.
d) the act of swallowing.
e) enzymatic digestion of food in the mouth
d) the act of swallowing
Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are secreted in the stomach by
a) parietal cells.
b) chief cells.
c) G cells.
d) mucous neck cells.
e) surface mucous cells
a) parietal cells
Pepsinogenis an active protease in the stomach. T/F?
b) False
Pancreatic juice does all of the following EXCEPT
a) buffer gastric juice.
b) provide protein-digesting enzymes in inactive form.
c) provide starch-digesting enzymes.
d) provide glucagon.
e) stop the action of pepsin.
d) provide glucagon
Bile breaks down fats into monoglyceridesand fatty acids. T/F?
b) False
Peristalsis in the small intestine
a) is also known as segmentation.
b) is a series of migrating motility complexes.
c) mixes chyme with digestive enzymes.
d) A and B are correct.
e) A, B, and C are correct.
b) is a series of migrating motility complexes
Absorbed nutrients reach the liver via the hepatic portal system. T/F?
a) True
You absolutely love plain, unsweetened whipped cream and you have eaten a cup of it by itself. Which of the following enzymes would be most useful in digesting this snack?
a) pancreatic amylase
b) aminopeptidase
c) gastric lipase
d) pepsine) deoxyribonuclease
c) gastric lipase
The gastrocolic reflex
a) initiates mass peristalsis.
b) intensifies peristalsis in the ileum.
c) forces chyme into the cecum.
d) is initiated by secretion of gastrin.
e) occurs segmentally in the haustra.
a) initiates mass peristalsis
Voluntary control of the external anal sphincter can occur because the smooth muscles involved are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. T/F?
b)False
The bacteria in the large intestine
a) ferment carbohydrates.
b) convert proteins to amino acids.
c) decompose bilirubin to stercobilin.
d) All of these choices are correct.
d) All of these choices are correct
As you smell food, your mouth begins to water and your stomach rumbles. This signals the beginning of the gastric phase of digestion. T/F?
b) False
Gastrin
- stimulates secretion of large amounts of gastric juice.
- strengthens contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter.
- secretion is stimulated by low pH and inhibited by high pH.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct
d) 1 and 2 are correct
The enterogastricreflex
a) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the stomach
b) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum.
c) results in decreased contraction of the pyloric sphincter.
d) increases gastric emptying.
e) is the result of parasympathetic stimulation.
b) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum
All of the following may occur in the digestive system as a result of aging EXCEPT
a) decreased incidence of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis.
b) decreased response to pain and internal sensations.
c) increased incidence of duodenal ulcers.
d) dysregulated neurosensory Learning Objective.
e) decreased sensitivity to mouth irritations and ulcers.
a) decreased incidence of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis
Anabolism
a) refers to all chemical reactions of the body.
b) is endergonic, requiring more energy than is produced.
c) breaks down complex organic molecules into less complex molecules.
d) All of these choices are correct.
e) None of these choices is correct.
b) is endergonic, requiring more energy than is produced.
When the terminal phosphate is cut off of ATP what is formed?
a) Adenosine diphosphate
b) GTP
c) Adenosine monophosphate
d) Metabolic water
e) Glucose
a) Adenosine diphosphate
Reduction is
a) The removal of protons
b) The removal of electrons
c) The addition of protons
d) The addition of electrons
e) None of these choices
d) the addition of electrons
An oxidation reaction
a) results in the loss of hydrogen atoms in most biologic systems.
b) adds electrons to a molecule.
c) increases the potential energy of a molecule.
d) allows conversion of ATP to ADP.
e) occurs in conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid
a) results in the loss of hydrogen atoms in most biologic systems.
Which of the following is a derivative of riboflavin?
a) NAD
b) FAD
c) Lactic acid
d) Pyruvic acid
e) ADP
a) FAD
Energy is transferred from ATP to complex molecules by catabolic reactions and is transferred from complex molecules to ATP by anabolic reactions. T/F?
b) False
ATP is produced in greatest quantity during
a) Glycolysis
b) Krebs cycle
c) Electron transport chain
d) Fat metabolism
c) Electron transport chain
Glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are all involved in:
a) Lipogenesis
b) Gluconeogenesis
c) Glucose catabolism oxidation/ cellular respiration
d) Formation of Glycogen
e) Formation of vitamin C
c) Glucose catabolism oxidation/cellular respiration
Glycogenolysisis _____ and stimulated by _____.
a) Anabolic, Insulin
b) Catabolic, Epinephrine and glucagon
c) Catabolic, Insulin
d) Anabolic, Epinephrine
b) Catabolic, Epinephrine and Glucagon
Insulin increases insertion of a glucose transporter in the cell membrane which allows an increased rate of facilitated diffusion. T/F?
a) True
Glycolysis
a) is the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
b) is the conversion of two molecules of glucose into one molecule of pyruvic acid.
c) concludes with formation of acetyl coenzyme A.
d) generates a usable total of 4 ATP molecules.
e) requires oxygen for efficient conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid
a) is the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Acetyl coenzyme A
a) is formed through oxidation of pyruvic acid.
b) occurs under aerobic conditions.
d) links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.
d) All of these choices are correct
d) All of these choices are correct
If glucose is not immediately needed for ATP production _________ may occur.
a) glycogenesis.
b) glycogenolysis.
c) glycolysis.
d) glucolysis
a) glycogenesis
If the body’s energy needs are met, excess glucose is converted by the liver to glycogen or fat (triglycerides).T/F?
?
Proteins and fats may serve as substrates for glucose formation during glycogenesis.T/F?
b)False
What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?
a) Insulin
b) Glucose
c) Estrogen
d) Lactic acid
e) Protease
a) Insulin
Lipogenesis is process that describes the synthesis of triglycerides. T/F?
True
Lipogenesis occurs when
a) More calories are consumed than required for ATP need
b) Less calories are consumed than required for ATP need
c) More cholesterol is consumed than required for ATP need
d) Less cholesterol is consumed than required for ATP need
A) More calories are consumed than required for ATP need
The most dramatic metabolic change that occurs with fasting is
a) Decrease in the formation of ketone bodies
b) Increase in ATP production
c) Inhibition of insulin
d) Decrease in heart rate and blood pressure
e) Increase in lipolysis
e) increase in lipolysis
Humans can generate ATP through
- substrate-level phosphorylation.
- oxidative phosphorylation. 3. photophosphorylation.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct
d) 1 and 2 are correct
Amino acids may
a) be converted into other amino acids.
b) be converted into glucose.
c) be converted into fatty acids.
d) All of these choices are possible fates of an amino acid.
e) None of these choices is possible fates of an amino acid.
d) All of these choices are possible fates of an amino acid
Which hormone(s) dominate(s) the absorptive state
a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) HGH
d) All of these
e) None of these
a) Insulin
The steps in glucose oxidation or cellular respiration are the following except:
- Glycolysis
- Formation of acetyl coenzyme A
- The Krebs cycle
- The electron transport chain
- Gluconeogenesis
formation of acteyl coenzyme A
Nonessential amino acids may be converted into essential amino acids through transamination. T/F?
b) False
Shivering on a cold day to maintain body temperature is an example of energy homeostasis. T/F?
b) False
For adequate absorption, all of the following require ingestion with other lipids EXCEPT
a) vitamin A.
b) vitamin C.
c) vitamin D.
d) vitamin E.
e) vitamin K.
b) vitamin C
Which of the following vitamins is correctly matched with its principal function?
a) vitamin A: inhibits catabolism of some fatty acids
b) vitamin E: essential for absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the GI tract
c) vitamin K: coenzyme essential for synthesis of clotting factors by the liver
d) vitamin C: coenzyme required for synthesis of red blood cells
e) folic acid: works with antibodies and promotes wound healing
c) vitamin K: coenzyme essential for synthesis of clotting factors by the liver
A nephron includes a
- renal corpuscle.
- renal tubule.
- renal capsule.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct.
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
d) 1 and 2 are correct
The glomerular filtrate contains a lower concentration of _____ than does blood plasma.
a) albumin
b) glucose
c) water
d) sodium
e) urea
a) albumin
Filtration through the glomerular capillaries is much greater than that seen in capillaries elsewhere in the body because the afferent arteriole in the glomerulus is smaller than the efferent arteriole. T/F?
b) False
Which of the following hormones increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidney?
- angiotensin II
- aldosterone
- atrial natriuretic peptide
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct
d) 1 and 2 are correct
Urine moves from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder because of
- peristalsis.
- gravity.
- hydrostatic pressure.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct.
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct
e) 1,2, and 3 are correct
Micturition is the involuntary portion of urination. T/F?
b) False
Which of the following statements accurately reflect aging of the kidneys?
- The kidneys decrease in size.
- Glomerular filtration rate decreases.
- Renal blood flow decreases.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct.
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
e) 1,2, and 3 are correct
Which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys?
a) urea
b) glucose
c) insulin
d) cholesterol
e) carbon dioxide
a) urea
Which is the correct order of filtrate flow?
a) glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), collecting duct
b) nephron loop, glomerular capsule, PCT, DCT, collecting duct
c) ascending limb of loop, PCT, DCT, collecting duct
d) collecting duct, DCT, PCT, collecting duct, glomerular capsule
a) glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule(PCT), nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule(DCT), collecting duct
Glomerular filtration (GFR) is regulated by the following assortment of local and systemic mechanisms 1-Renal autoregulation 2-Neural regulation 3-Hormonal regulation 4-All of the above
4) All of the above
This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.
a) glomerular capsule
b) nephron loop
c) ascending limb
d) collecting duct
e) renal tubule
a) glomerular capsule
This term means the return of substances into the blood stream from the filtrate.
a) reabsorption
b) filtration
c) secretion
d) excretion
e) none of these choices
a) reabsorption
This hormone is released when the blood volume increases.
a) Parathyroid Hormone
b) Renin
c) ADH
d) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
e) Aldosterone
* Know when Renin, ADH and aldosterone are released
d) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Absence of angiotensin converting enzyme will lead to
a) decreased blood pressure
b) increased blood pressure
c) will not have any effect on blood pressure
d) All of these choices are correct.
e) None of these choices is correct
a) decreased blood pressure
This is a nephron process that results in a substance entering the already formed filtrate.
a) reabsorption
b) filtration
c) secretion
d) excretion
e) none of these choices
c) secretion
The kidneys release _________ to raise blood pressure.
a) Renin
b) Albumin
c) Creatinine
d) erythropoetin
a) Renin
