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Bio40C > Lab Final exam > Flashcards

Lab Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following correctly traces a sperm from its formation to ejaculation? (Note: not all structures are listed)

a) straight tubules, rete testes, seminiferous tubules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct
b) straight tubules, rete testes, epididymis, seminiferous tubules, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct
c) seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct
d) seminiferous tubules, rete testes, epididymis, straight tubules, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct
e) seminiferous tubules, rete testes, straight tubules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct

A

c) seminiferous tubules, rete testes, epididymis, straight tubules, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct

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2
Q 
Which part of the uterus opens into the
vagina?
a) Urethra
b) Cervix
c) Uterine tubes
d) Inguinal canal
e) Ovaries
A

B) Cervix

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3
Q 
The uterine tubes form a direct
connection between the ovaries and
the uterus.
a) True
b) False
A

b) False

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4
Q 
Which structure is formed by the union of the duct
from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the vas
deferens?
a) Urethra
b) Spermatic cord
c) Inguinal canal
d) Ejaculatory duct
e) Prostate
A

d) Ejaculatory duct

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5
Q 
A zygote is
• a) the same as an ovum
• b) another name for secondary oocyte
• c) a diploid fertilized ovum
• d) the same as polar body
• e) the mature ovarian (Graffia) follicle
A

c) a diploid fertilized ovum

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6
Q 
Which structure lies posterior to the bladder and
anterior to the rectum and secretes an alkaline,
fructose filled fluid?
a) Prostate
b) bulbourethral gland
c) Seminal vesicles
d) Spongy urethra
e) Prostatic urethra
A

c) seminal vesicles

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7
Q 
Which of the following is the site of
fertilization?
a) Ureters
b) Urethra
c) Uterine tubes
d) Ovaries
e) Vagina
A

c) Uterine tubes

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8
Q

In hot weather, the testes are protected from the heat by
a) relaxation of the dartos muscle.
b) contraction of the cremaster muscle.
c) movement to the outside of the pelvic cavity.
d) relaxation of the dartos muscle and contraction of the cremaster
muscle are both correct.
e) relaxation of the dartos muscle, contraction of the cremaster
muscle, and movement to the outside of the pelvic cavity are all
correct.

A

a) relaxation of the dartos muscle

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9
Q

The acrosome of a sperm contains the mitochondria needed for ATP
production
a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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10
Q

The prostate secretes all of the following EXCEPT

a) sperm.
b) citric acid.
c) proteolytic enzymes.
d) acid phosphatase.
e) seminalplasmin.

A

a) sperm

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11
Q

Sperm comprise most of the volume of semen.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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12
Q

During oogenesis, the first haploid stage is the

a) oogonium
b) primary oocyte.
c) secondary oocyte.
d) ovum.
e) zygote.

A

c) secondary oocyte

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13
Q

Estrogen secretion may be stimulated by

  1. FSH.
  2. LH
  3. progesterone.

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2
e) 1, 2, and 3

A

d) 1 and 2

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14
Q

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle is associated with
a) increased secretion of progesterone and formation of the corpus
albicans.
b) increased secretion of progesterone and formation of the corpus
luteum.
c) increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and rupture of the
mature follicle.
d) increased secretion of estrogen and maturation of the secondary
follicle.
e) increased secretion of follicle stimulating hormone and ovulation.

A

b) increased secretion of progesterone and formation of the corpus luteum.

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15
Q

Which of the following correctly identifies the hormones labeled on
the figure?
a) A: FSH; B: LH; C: estrogens; D: progesterone
b) A: FSH; B: LH; C: progesterone; D: estrogen
c) A: LH; B: FSH; C: estrogens; D: progesterone
d) A: FSH; B: estrogens; C: LH; D: progesterone
e) A: LH; B: estrogens; C: FSH; D: progesterone

A

d) A: FSH, B: estrogens, C: LH, D: progesterone

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16
Q

Combined oral contraceptives decrease the likelihood of pregnancy
by
a) suppressing FSH and LH.
b) preventing development of a dominant follicle in the ovary.
c) blocking implantation in the uterus.
d) inhibiting transport of ova and sperm in the uterine tubes.
e) all of these choices

A

e) all of these choices

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17
Q

Puberty in both males and females is marked by bursts of secretion
of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones.
a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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18
Q

Which of the following cells may eventually become spermatozoa?

a) Sertoli cells
b) Sustentacular cells
c) Spermatogonia
d) Chief cells
e) Speciation cells

A

c) spermatogonia

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19
Q

What is produced by the ovaries?

a) Primary oocytes, insulin and estrogen
b) Secondary oocytes, progesterone and cortisol
c) Tertiary oocytes, insulin and estrogen
d) Secondary oocytes, estrogen and progesterone
e) Primary oocytes, estrogen and testosterone

A

d) Secondary oocytes, estrogen and progesterone

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20
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation?

a) Progesterone
b) LH
c) FSH
d) HGH

A

a) Progesterone

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21
Q

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle is associated with
a) increased secretion of progesterone and formation of the corpus
albicans.
b) increased secretion of progesterone and formation of the corpus
luteum.
c) increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and rupture of the
mature follicle.
d) increased secretion of estrogen and maturation of the secondary
follicle.
e) increased secretion of follicle stimulating hormone and ovulation.

A

b) increased secretion of progesterone and formation of the corpus albicans

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22
Q 
The uterine phase where the thickness of the endometrium doubles
is the
a) Menstrual phase
b) Preovulatory phase
c) Proliferative phase
d) Follicular phase
e) Postovulatory phase
A

c) Proliferative phase

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23
Q

A morula is a solid sphere of cells about the size of the original zygote, and still surrounded by the zona pellucida.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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24
Q

All of the following statements about a blastocyst are true EXCEPT:

a) develops about 5 days after fertilization.
b) still surrounded by the zona pellucida.
c) comprised of blastomeres reorganized around the blastocyst cavity.
d) still about the size of the original zygote.
e) organized as embryoblast and trophoblast.

A

b) still surrounded by the zona pellucida

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25
Q

The blastocyst orients with the outer cell mass towards the endometrium of the uterus.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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26
Q

The trophoblast

  1. becomes part of the chorion.
  2. secretes enzymes which help penetration of the uterine lining by the
    blastocyst.
  3. secretes estrogen and progesterone.

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct

A

d) 1 and 2 are correct

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27
Q

The bilaminar embryonic disc is formed from the

a) outer cell mass.
b) Embryoblast (inner cell mass).
c) amnion.
d) trophoblast.

A

b) Embryoblast(inner cell mass)

28
Q

The ____________ supplies nutrients to the embryo and is the source of blood cells during early embryonic development.

a) trophoblast
b) hypoblast
c) epiblast
d) bilaminary embryonic disc
e) yolk sac

A

e) yolk sac

29
Q

Failure of gastrulation in an embryo will result in

a) failure of the development of the three primary germ layers.
b) lack of trophoblast development.
c) failure of amnion formation.
d) lack of chorionic development.
e) decreased yolk sac development

A

a) Failure of the development of the three primary germ layers.

30
Q

The muscles, bones, other connective tissues, and the peritoneum are all derived from the endoderm.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

31
Q 
Which of the following is the part of the blastocyst that promotes implantation and produces hCG?
a) Blastocyte
b) Blastosphere
c) Trophoblast
d) Blastocyst cavity
e) Uterine cavity.
see next two slides.
A

c) Trophoblast

32
Q

The neural plate, neural folds, and neural tube form through the process of

a) gastrulation.
b) neurulation.
c) invagination.
d) induction.
e) somatization.

A

b) neurulation

33
Q

The placenta forms from the chorionic villi of the mother and the decidua basalis of the embryonic endoderm.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

34
Q

The extensive blood supply of the uterus is
essential to support regrowth of a new stratum
basalis following menstruation.
a) True
b) False

A

b) False

35
Q

Which of the following develops from the epiblast and carries a protective fluid?

a) Cytotrophoblast
b) Yolk sac
c) Exocoelomic membrane
d) Amnion
e) Lacunae

A

d) Amnion

36
Q

Embryonic folding refers to the process through which

a) a morula becomes a blastocyst.
b) the three primary germ layers are formed.
c) the embryonic disc is converted to a three-dimensional cylinder.
d) neurulation occurs.
e) somites form.

A

c) the embryonic disc is converted to a three-dimensional cylinder.

37
Q

Which of the following is an agent or influence that causes developmental defects in an embryo?

a) Carcinogen
b) Toxin
c) Nicotine
d) Radiation
e) Teratogen

A

e) Teratogen

38
Q 
What exam is performed between 14-16 weeks
gestation and is used to detect genetic
abnormalities?
a) Sonogram (ultrasound)
b) Amniocentesis
d) hCG in urine
e) CBC
A

b) Amniocentesis

39
Q

The structure indicated in this 32-day embryo will eventually

a) disappear.
b) become a lower limb.
c) become an upper limb.
d) fuse to form the abdominal wall.
e) form the umbilical cord.

A

a) disappear

40
Q

Slow growth, characteristic facial features, various organ
abnormalities, mental retardation, and behavioral problems are all characteristic of prenatal exposure to high levels of
a) some antibiotics
b) ionizing radiation.
c) alcohol.
d) papilloma viruses.

A

c) alcohol

41
Q

CVS (chorionic villi sampling) is taking cells from where?

a) Amnion
b) Chorion
c) Placenta
d) Umbilical cord
e) Uterus

A

b) Chorion

42
Q

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with 1. low infant birth weight.

  1. SIDS.
  2. development of cleft lip and palate.
    a) 1 only
    b) 2 only
    c) 3 only
    d) 1 and 2
    e) 1, 2, and 3
A

e) 1, 2 and 3

43
Q

Involution is

a) When the placenta is expelled
b) When the umbilical cord is cut
c) When the uterus decreases in size
d) When the cervix dilates
e) None of these choices

A

c) when the uterus decreases in size

44
Q

Genetic disorders in a fetus can be detected through

  1. amniocentesis.
  2. chorionic villi sampling.
  3. ultrasonography.
    a) 1 only
    b) 2 only
    c) 3 only
    d) 1 and 2 are correct.
    e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
A

d) 1 and 2 are correct

45
Q

Progesterone is required during pregnancy to

a) stimulate the corpus luteum.
b) ensure relaxation of the uterine myometrium.
c) increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis.
d) decrease glucose usage by the mother while making it more available to the fetus.
e) help establish the timing of labor and delivery

A

b) ensure relaxation of the uterine myometrium

46
Q

Hormones of Pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
– Secreted by chorion to maintain corpus luteum until about 4th month, when placenta produces enough progesterone and estrogens

Progesterone and estrogens
– Secreted initially by corpus luteum, then chorion, and later placenta
– High estrogen level prepares myometrium for labor;
progesterone ensures myometrium is relaxed and cervix tightly closed

Relaxin
– Secreted initially by corpus luteum, and later by placenta
– Increases the flexibility of pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis and helps dilate cervix for delivery

47
Q

Varicose veins may occur during pregnancy because of the

a) hormonal changes experienced during pregnancy.
b) decreased venous return due to compression of the inferior vena cava.
c) increased blood volume required by the mother.
d) increased cardiac output by the mother.
e) inability to exercise normally during pregnancy.

A

b) decreased venous return due to compression of the inferior vena cava.

48
Q

In order for labor to begin

  1. oxytocin must be released.
  2. estrogen levels must rise.
  3. the effects of progesterone must be inhibited.

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct

A

e) 1,2 and 3 are correct

49
Q

Control of contractions occurs via a positive feedback
cycle.
Process by which fetus is expelled from the uterus
through the vagina
Controlled by complex interactions of several hormones

A

– Rising levels of estrogens stimulate release of
prostaglandins by placenta, which cause softening of
the cervix
– Estrogens also increase number of oxytocin
receptors in uterine muscle fibers, enhancing
oxytocin stimulation of uterine contractions by
positive feedback cycle
– Relaxin increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and
helps dilate cervix

50
Q

False labor exhibits which of the following symptoms?
a) contractions at regular intervals.
b) pain at irregular intervals that does not intensify.
c) discharge of blood-containing mucus into the
cervical canal.
d) alteration of pain by walking.
e) cervical dilation.

A

b) pain at irregular intervals that does not intensify.

51
Q

Expulsion of the placenta may occur well after (>30 minutes) after delivery of the fetus.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

52
Q

Closure of the ductus arteriosus requires

a) closure of the foramen ovale.
b) functioning of the lungs.
c) decreasing blood oxygen levels at birth.
d) ligation of the umbilical cord.
e) collapse of the ductus venosus.

A

b) functioning of the lungs

53
Q

Adjustments of the Infant at Birth

A

After the baby’s first breath, many changes must be made in the cardiovascular system over time.
The foramen ovale closes to become the fossa ovalis.
The ductus arteriosus closes to become the ligamentum arteriosum.
The umbilical arteries fill with connective tissue.
The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres of the liver.

54
Q

Prolactin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in the breast to cause milk ejection.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

55
Q

Lactation

A

Secretion and ejection of milk from mammary glands
Prolactin
– Secreted by anterior pituitary gland
– Promote milk synthesis and secretion
– Inhibited by progesterone until maternal levels drop after delivery
– Suckling of baby stimulates stretch receptors, initiating nerve impulses
from hypothalamus

Oxytocin
– Secreted by posterior pituitary gland
– Promotes milk ejection reflex and contraction of myoepithelial cells
– Suckling of baby stimulates stretch receptors, initiating nerve impulses
from hypothalamus

56
Q

Some of the benefits of breast-feeding are
1. delivery of beneficial
molecules such as maternal IgA.
2. lower incidence of allergy to
breast milk than to other types of milk.
3. suppression of ovulation.

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct

A

d) 1 and 2 are correct

57
Q

Thirst may be stimulated by

  1. decreased flow of saliva.
  2. decreased blood pressure.
  3. decreased blood osmolarity.
    a) 1 only
    b) 2 only
    c) 3 only
    d) 1 and 2 are correct
    e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct
A

d) 1 and 2 are correct

58
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide helps to regulate the volume and osmolarity of body fluids by

a) stimulating the desire to drink fluids to quench thirst.
b) stimulating the secretion of aldosterone.
c) increasing urinary excretion of sodium and chloride ions accompanied by water.
d) increasing the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
e) increasing urinary reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions accompanied by water.

A

c) increasing urinary excretion of sodium and chloride ions accompanied by water.

59
Q

Decreased blood sodium levels may cause cells to swell because of decreased interstitial fluid osmolarity.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

60
Q

Fluid Compartments and Fluid Homeostasis

A

Water intoxication occurs when excess body
water causes cells to swell dangerously.
This may occur when a person consumes water
faster than the kidneys can excrete it.
It also occurs when the amount of sodium in
blood is decreased. Decreased blood sodium
levels may cause cells to swell because of
decreased interstitial fluid osmolarity

61
Q

The major hormone that regulates water loss is

a) ANP
b) Angiotensin II
c) Renin
d) ADH
e) Angiotensin

A

d) ADH

62
Q

Which of the following occurs when water loss is greater than water gain?

a) Dehydration
b) Evaporation
c) Precipitation
d) Insensible loss
e) None of these choices

A

a) Dehydration

63
Q

Which protein is the main protein buffer in blood plasma?

a) Albumin
b) Hemoglobin
c) Complement
d) Fibrin

A

a) Albumin

64
Q

What part of the brain is considered to be the thirst center?

a) Thalamus
b) Hypothalamus
c) Midbrain
d) Brain stem
e) Cerebrum

A

b) Hypothalamus

65
Q

In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is

a) Na+
b) Cl
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3

A

a) Na+

66
Q

In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is:

a) Na+
b) Cl
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3

A

c) K+

67
Q

In extracellular fluid the most abundant anion is:

a) Na+
b) Cl
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3

A

b) Cl-

Bio40C (4 decks)

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