Lecture Exam 2

Question 1

Properties of muscle tissue

Answer 1

Excitability: signals can be sent across tissue
Contractility: When signaled muscles want to contract
Elasticity: muscles can be stretched

Question 2

Skeletal muscle functions

Answer 2

movement
posture
temperature
storage
support

Question 3

Anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber

Answer 3

Sarcolemma (transverse tubules attached [special kind of ER (sarcoplasmic Reticulum attached to this (store Ca+ ions)])
Wrapped around myofribrils which are bundles of myofilaments

Question 4

Two types of myofilaments (for our purposes)

Answer 4

Thin: actin
Thick: myosin

Question 5

Motor unit

Answer 5

motor neuron + innervated muscle fibers

Question 6

Muscle contraction

Answer 6

anytime the muscle generates force

isometric: (same length) sum of forces = 0, muscle stays same length
isotonic: (same force) sum of forces =/= 0
- in a concentric contraction: generate more force than load, so muscle shortens
- eccentric: less force than load and muscle lengthens

Question 7

Muscle patterns

Answer 7

circular
parallel
convergent: wide then narrow
pennate: long central tendom with multiple fibers that come in at an angle

Question 8

Rules of muscle actions

Answer 8

muscles always pull, never push
if a muscle crosses a joint, it acts on it
A muscle can not act on a joint it does not span / cross
*If asked what a specific muscle does, assume shortening

Question 9

Somatic Sensory Nervous System

Answer 9

Receives information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses
Sensory = signal in

Question 10

Visceral Sensory Nervous System

Answer 10

Receives sensory information from viscera

Sensory = signal in

Question 11

Somatic Motor Nervous System

Answer 11

“Voluntary” nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle

Motor = signal out

Question 12

Autonomic Motor Nervous System

Answer 12

“Involuntary” nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Motor = signal out

Question 13

Nervous tissue comprised…

Answer 13

neurons and glial cells

Question 14

Unipolar Neuron

Answer 14

Single long dendrite in with axon out, cell body sits to side. These are typically sensory neurons

Question 15

Bipolar Neuron

Answer 15

Single long dendrite in to cell body and axon out from cell body. Associated with special senses

Question 16

Multipolar Neuron

Answer 16

Motor Neuron and Inter-neuron

Many dendrites in, one axon out

Question 17

CNS Glial cells

PNS

Answer 17

Astrocyte
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocyte

Satellite Cells
Neurolemmocytes

Question 18

Astrocyte

Answer 18

Part of the blood brain barrier. Neurons do not directly receive nutrients from the blood.

Question 19

Ependymal Cells

Answer 19

Secrete and produce cerebrospinal fluid. Typically ciliated on outside

Question 20

Oligodendrocyte

Answer 20

Provides myelin sheath in CNS. Myelinates multiple axons and sections

Question 21

Satellite Cells

Answer 21

Surround some sensory neuron cell bodies

Question 22

Neurolemmocytes

Answer 22

Provide myelination for pns neurons. Work one neurolemmocyte at a time unlike the oligodendrocytes multiple coverages

Question 23

Neurofibril nodes

Answer 23

critical in nerve impulse conduction. Bare spaces along myelinated axon

Question 24

Saltatory Conduction

Answer 24

the signal jumps from unmyelinated node to node, greatly increasing speed of conduction

Question 25

Two “thickenings” in the spinal cord

Answer 25

Cervical enlargement and lumbosacral enlargement

Question 26

Epidural space

Answer 26

space just superficial to dura mater and is filled with adipose tissue.

Question 27

Funiculus?

Answer 27

The divisions of white matter in spinal cord. Posterior, lateral, and anterior

Question 28

Embryonic development of brain at 5 weeks

Answer 28

Telencephalon --> cerebrum
Diencephalon --> thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
Mesencephalon --> Midbrain structures
Metencephalon --> pons, cerebellum
Myelencephalon --> medulla oblongatta

Question 29

Frontal Lobe

Answer 29

Central area of voluntary motor movement, cognition, thinking, problem solving, behavior

Question 30

Parietal Lobe

Answer 30

somatic sensory organization and process

Question 31

Occipital Lobe

Answer 31

visual area

Question 32

Temporal Lobe

Answer 32

Hearing and smell

Question 33

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 33

Important association area and language comprehension. Usually left side

Question 34

Insula

Answer 34

Deep to frontal lobe

considered to be important for taste and memory

Question 35

Hypothalamus function

Answer 35

autonomic nervous system control
endocrine control
body temperature
emotional control
food and water intake
circadian rhythms

Question 36

Difference between tonic and phasic

Answer 36

tonic provide constant waves while phasic peter out

Question 37

Gustation

Answer 37

Taste via papilla
filliform (no sensory)
vallate
fungiform
foliate