Lab Exam 2 Flashcards by Tommes Saatvedt

Muscles of the Head

Occipitofrontalis
Obicularis oculi
Obicularis Oris
Temporalis
Buccinator
Masseter

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Forearm anterior

Flexor Retinaculum (ct band on wrist)
Flexor Carpi Radialis (acts on ct band, next to brachioradialis)
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (acts on ct band, medial)
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (intermediate)
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (deep)

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Forearm posterior superficial

Extensor carpi radialis (starts from elbow and extends along medial aspect of forearm [supine])
Extensor digitorum (medial center, superficial)
Extensor carpi ulnaris (lateral center, superficial)

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Forearm posterior deep

abductor pollicis longus (more medial [supine])

extensor pollicis longus

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Medial Compartment of the Thigh

Gracilis (long, straplike, not to be confused with lateral tensor fasciae latae)
Adductors (group of 3)

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Anterior Compartment of the Thigh

Sartorius (extends from ilium to the tibia, crossing two joints)
Quadriceps femoris:
- Rectus Femoris (superficial middle)
-Vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius (deep middle)

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Posterior Compartment of the Thigh

Biceps Femoris (lateral center)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus (most lateral of hamstring group)
Popliteus is behind the knee

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Lateral Compartment of the Thigh

Tensor Fasciae Latae (originates on ilium and inserts on...) 
iliotibial tract (connective tissue)

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Lower Leg anterior

(move the foot upwards) 
Tibialis Anterior (central, shin) 
Extensor digitorum longus (lateral and slightly deep to above) 
Extensor Hallucis longus (deep to both)

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Lower Leg posterior

Gastrocnemius (superficial)
Soleus (fish filet, deep to above)
Achilles Tendon

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Lower Leg lateral

Fibularis Longus (superficial) 
Fibularis Brevis

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Tongue Muscles

Genioglossus (deep from chin to tongue)

Hyoglossus (sheet from side of hyoid)

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Suprahyoid muscles

Geniohyoid (most medial, not needed for donor)
Stylohyoid (most lateral)
Digastric (split by stylohyoid)
Myohyoid (deep sheet)

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Infrahyoid muscles

Sternohyoid (most medial)
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid

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Muscles of the trunk

Trapezius (occipital bone and spine to spine of scapula and the clavicle)
Latissimus Dorsi (triangular, inferior to trapezius, originates for lower half of spine)
Levator scapulae (deep to trapezius and originates from first four vertebrae)
Rhomboid (deep to trapezius, extends from vertebrae to vertebral border of scapula)

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Muscles of vertebral column

Errector Spinae (deep to latissimus dorsi, parallel to spine)
Splenius (articulate from back of head and to upper thoracic vertebrae)

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Muscles of Thorax

Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor (3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs to coracoid process)
serratus anterior

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Deep thorax muscles

External / Internal intercostals (between ribs)
Scalenes (insert on first and second ribs)
diaphragm (dome)

Abdomen

Rectus abdominis (six pack)
Transversus abdominis (horizontal) 
External / internal oblique 
Quadratus Lumborum (from iliac crest to upper lumbar and 12th rib)

Acting on the arm from scapula

Deltoid (triangular, top of arm)
Coracobrachialis (inserts medially)
Teres Major (inferior border of scapula, inserts on lesser tubercle)

Acting on arm from scapula (rotator cuff)

subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor (inserts on greater tubercle)

Muscles acting on scapula

Biceps brachii
Brachialis (lateral to biceps brachii)
Triceps brachii

Muscles primarily or entirely in forearm

Brachioradialis (most visible on forearm flex)
Supinator (deep, wide)
Pronator Teres (deep, slashes across)
Pronator Quadratus (donors only, band across wrist posterior)

Intrinsic Hand Muscles

Thenar (act on thumb from base)
Hypothenar (act on pinky from base)
intermediate group:
lumbricals (four, wormlike, in palm and deep to tendons)
palmar interossei (three, deep to lumbricals)
dorsal interossei (four, posterior side)

Thigh Flexors

psoas | iliacus (extend from inferior aspect of iliac crest)

Thigh Extensors

Gluteus Maximus and medius | Adductors

Lower Leg Deep

Flexor Digitorum Longus (Medial) Tibilais Posterior Flexor Hallucis Longus (Lateral) All are deep and insert into flexor retinaculum (ankle ct band)

Donor foot

Plantar Aponeurosis

Histology (muscle types)

``` Smooth Muscle (bacon) Cardiac Muscle (intercalated disks [bamboo]) Skeletal Muscle (large cylinders with longitudinally cut muscle fibers) ```

Muscle Histology Components

Skeletal muscle fibers nuclei striations

Sarcomere

``` Sarcomere Z line I band A band H zone (around M line) ```

Meninges

``` Dura mater (outer) Arachnoid mater (middle layer) ```

Blood supply to brain

vertebral arteries (tail) basilar artery (body) circle of willis dural venous sinuses (located within dura mater)

Spinal Cord

Also has dura mater Dorsal roots (tube coming off spinal cord) Dorsal root ganglion (bulb / swelling on root) Conus Medularis (cone shaped portion of cord) Cauda Equina

Spinal cord cross section

Dura mater is close to bone around cord Horns are in the matter while the roots go out Posterior horn (dorsal) (if the grey matter connects, it is the posterior side) Anterior horn (ventral) Posterior root (dorsal) Anterior root (ventral) Spinal nerve is where the roots unite

The brain

cerebrum (right / left cerebral hemisphere) cortex (outer layer) parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal lobe

Primary structures of CNS

Cerebrum (Primary) Cerebellum (nob) Spinal Cord

Groovy

``` Longitudinal fissure (split the hemispheres) Lateral sulcus (separate temporal and parietal lobes) ```

Brain Features

Olfactory Tract / bulb corpus callosum lateral ventricles septum pellucidum

Diencephalon

``` Pineal gland pituitary gland optic chiams / tracts third ventricle thalamus hypothalamus ```

Mesencephalon

Cerebral peduncles superior / inferior colliculi cerebral aqueduct

Brainstem

Mesencephalon Pons Medulla oblongata

Pons

middle cerebellar peduncles | fourth ventricle

Medulla oblongata

pyramids | fourth ventricle